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Meal Diet (meal + diet)

Distribution by Scientific Domains

Earth and Environmental Science	66%

Kinds of Meal Diet

fish meal diet

Selected Abstracts

Evaluation of Reduced Fish Meal Diets for Second Year Growout of the Largemouth Bass, Micropterus salmoides

JOURNAL OF THE WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY, Issue 6 2009
Nathan J. Cochran
Development of efficient cost-effective diets is a critical component in the refinement of production technologies for the largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides (LMB). One of the first steps in reducing feed costs can be to decrease the amount of fish meal in the diet. The objective of this study was to evaluate reduced levels of fish meal, and a least-cost formulation diet, for second year growout of LMB under practical pond conditions. Twelve 0.04-ha ponds were stocked with juvenile LMB (210.1±3.3 g) at a stocking density of 8650 fish/ha (350 fish/pond). Each pond was randomly assigned one of the four dietary treatments with three replicate ponds per treatment. The three experimental diets contained varying levels of fish meal. Diets FM-45, FM-24, and FM-8 contained 45, 23.5, and 8% fish meal, respectively. In diets FM-24 and FM-8, fish meal was replaced by varying levels of poultry by-product meal, soybean meal, and blood meal. The fourth diet was a commercial salmonid diet widely used as a LMB growout feed (Nelson and Sons, Inc., SilvercupTM, Steelhead, Murray, UT, USA). This diet served as a commercial control (CC) and contained 46% crude protein. The experimental diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isocaloric with the CC diet and were fed once daily to apparent satiation for 180 d. At harvest, there were no significant differences between treatments (P > 0.05) in terms of survival, which averaged 95% overall. Mean weights of fish fed the three experimental diets FM-45, FM-24 and FM-8 were not significantly different (P > 0.05) and averaged 518, 546, and 529 g, respectively, but were all significantly greater (P, 0.05) than those fed the CC (488 g). Feed conversion ratio (FCR) of fish fed the FM-45 and FM-8 diets (1.43 and 1.46, respectively) was significantly greater (P, 0.05) than those fed the FM-24 diet (1.34). The FCR of fish fed the CC diet (1.39) was not significantly different (P > 0.05) from fish fed other diets. Feed cost per unit of weight gain ($US/kg) was significantly lower (P, 0.05) in fish fed the FM-24 and FM-8 diets ($0.73 and $0.72/kg, respectively) than in fish fed other diets. Feed cost per unit gain of fish fed the FM-45 diet ($0.83/kg) was significantly lower (P, 0.05) than those fed the CC diet ($1.04/kg). There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in dress-out percentages or proximate composition among fish fed the four diets. This study indicates that fish meal levels in feeds used for the second year growout of LMB can be reduced to,8% of the formulation without reducing survival or growth and without negatively impacting body composition. [source]

Production and behavioural responses of high- and low-yielding dairy cows to different periods of access to grazing or to a maize silage and soyabean meal diet fed indoors

GRASS & FORAGE SCIENCE, Issue 4 2006
O. Hernandez-Mendo
Abstract The study examined whether high-yielding cows grazing pasture respond differently from low-yielding cows in milk production and feeding behaviour, to increasing the time made available for eating a maize silage and soyabean meal (TAMS) diet indoors and reducing the time available for grazing (TAG). Two experiments, each lasting 42 d, were carried out in spring (Experiment 1) and autumn (Experiment 2) using Holstein-Friesian cows at two different levels of milk yield (MYL). Milk production and feeding behaviour were examined for TAG + TAMS systems of 19 h, TAG plus 1 h TAMS (19 + 1), and 5 h TAG plus 15 h TAMS (5 + 15). There were two levels of concentrate (0 and 6 kg d,1), and in the spring experiment two sward heights (4,6 and 8,10 cm) were also studied. Milk yield, persistency of milk yield, liveweight change and estimated total DM intake were significantly higher on the 5 + 15 than on the 19 + 1 grazing system in Experiment 1 but not in Experiment 2. There were no significant interactions of TAG + TAMS treatment with MYL for any production or behavioural measurements except for maize silage feeding time, where high MYL cows spent a significantly greater time eating maize silage than low MYL cows on the 5 + 15 treatment but not on the 19 + 1 treatment. It can be concluded that high- and low-yielding cows respond similarly in milk production and feeding behaviour to different combinations of TAG and TAMS. In autumn, estimated daily intakes of herbage were lower on both grazing treatments relative to spring, resulting from lower rates of herbage intake with no compensatory increase in grazing time. In contrast, rates of intake of maize silage were higher in autumn especially on the 19 + 1 system. These results may imply a change of preference from herbage to maize silage between spring and autumn. [source]

Does the pelleting process affect the nutritive value of a pre-starter diet for suckling piglets?

JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, Issue 5 2010
Ex vivo studies on mineral absorption
Abstract BACKGROUND: The effects of pelleting on the extent of the Maillard reaction (MR) and on calcium, magnesium and zinc solubility and absorption were analysed in a conventional pre-starter diet for suckling piglets. Development was tested measuring colour, absorbance (280/420 nm), fluorescence, residual free lysine, furosine, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and furfural contents before and after pelleting. Fluorescence, absorbance and mineral solubility were also measured after in vitro digestion of diets. The effects on mineral absorption were tested using Caco-2 cells. RESULTS: MR indexes confirmed the development of the reaction during the pelleting of this particular diet compared with the meal diet. The CIE-Lab colour parameters showed a decrease in luminosity (L*) and progress of the colour to the red zone (a*) in the pelleted diet. A 36% decrease in free lysine content was observed. Significant correlations were observed between fluorescence intensity and furosine levels, HMF and furfural. The pelleting process did not modify calcium and magnesium solubility after in vitro digestion, but soluble zinc increased. The efficiency of calcium and zinc transport across Caco-2 cell monolayers was greater in the pelleted diet. CONCLUSIONS: Evidence of MR development is shown, resulting in various nutritional consequences. Optimisation of pelleting could result in a better formulation of diets for feedstuffs. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry [source]

Estimation of metabolisable energy content of date pit and its effect on lipid and protein oxidation in broiler chicks

JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, Issue 13 2009
Mojtaba Zaghari
Abstract BACKGROUND: Two experiments were conducted to evaluate date pit as a feed ingredient in broiler chick diets. In the first experiment, apparent metabolisable energy (AME) of date pit was determined using 72 Ross (308) broiler chicks. Broiler chicks received experimental diets from 25 to 30 days of age. Two diets were fed: diet 1, basal diet and diet 2, 60% basal diet + 40% date pit. Date pit ileal AMEn was estimated to be 704 kcal kg,1. The second study was conducted to evaluate the AMEn value obtained and also the effectiveness of using a commercial multi-enzyme in diets containing date pit. Diets with three levels of date pit (10, 20 and 30% date pit) with or without enzyme supplementation were fed to broiler chicks from day old to 42 days of age. RESULTS: Chicks receiving different levels of dietary date pit had comparable body weight to those fed on corn,soybean meal diet. Both date pit levels and enzyme supplementation had a significant effect on feed conversion ratio. Plasma total antioxidant levels of positive control were significantly lower than the experimental diets. CONCLUSION: Results obtained in our study suggested that date pit could be used as a feed ingredient in the diet of broiler chicks without any negative effect on performance. Furthermore, date pit may have beneficial effects on plasma antioxidant status in broiler chicks. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry [source]

Replacement of Fish Meal with Soybean Meal in the Production Diets of Juvenile Red Snapper, Lutjanus campechanus

JOURNAL OF THE WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY, Issue 1 2005
D. Allen Davis
The replacement of fish meal with soybean meal in fish diets has met with varying degrees of success. Quite often, poor responses to high soybean meal diets are either due to shifts in the nutrient profile or a reduced palatability of the diet when fish meal is removed. The present research was designed to evaluate the replacement of menhaden fish meal with solvent-extracted soybean meal in practical diets containing 10% poultry by-product meal and formulated to contain 40% protein, 8% lipid, and a total sulfur amino acid content of > 3.0% of the protein. The response of red snapper (mean initial weight 10.9 g) to diets containing graded levels of fish meal (30,20, 10, 0%) as well as the response to a low fish meal diet (10%) without poultry by-product meal were evaluated over a 6-wk growth period. Significant (P± 0.05) differences in final mean weight, percent weight gain, and feed conversion were observed. Final weights (percent gain) ranged from 30.9 g (185.5%) for fish offered diets with 30% fish meal to 12.6 g (16.3%) for fish offered diets with 0% fish meal. Corresponding feed conversion efficiencies ranged from 60.1% to 7.7%. No significant differences were observed for survival between treatment means. Although there was a clear reduction in performance as the fish meal was replaced with soybean meal, the use of 10% poultry by-product meal or 10% fish meal resulted in similar performance of the fish. This is a good indication that poultry by-product meal does not have palatability problems and could be used as a substitute. The present findings suggest that replacing fish meal with high levels of soybean meal appears to reduce the palatability of the diet. While the cost reducing benefit, with respect to the replacement of fish meal, has been shown with other species, before high levels of inclusion can be efficiently utilized further research is needed to address the palatability problems observed with red snapper. [source]

Brewer's yeast efficiently degrades phytate phosphorus in a corn-soybean meal diet during soaking treatment

ANIMAL SCIENCE JOURNAL, Issue 4 2009
Gyo-Moon CHU
ABSTRACT Microbes such as yeast and Aspergillus are known to produce phytase, and Aspergillus phytase has been used as a feed additive for improving phytate-phosphorus bioavailability in monogastric animals. We measured phytase activity in some by-products from fermented food and beverage productions by yeast and Aspergillus. The phytase activity was as high as 3577 and 2225 PU/kg DM in raw and dried brewer's yeasts, respectively. On the other hand, the phytase activity was approximately 400 PU/kg DM in white-wine yeast and red-wine yeast. The phytase activity was further low in natto (fermented soybean) residue, soy sauce cake, rice brewer's grain and the activity was not detected in dried corn-barley distiller's grain with soluble and sweet-potato distiller's residue. The stability of phytase against pepsin was much lower in the brewer's yeast than in an Aspergillus phytase preparation. On the other hand, the addition of raw brewer's yeast effectively degraded phytate phosphorus in a corn-soybean meal diet during soaking. These results suggest that phytase in the examined by-products is not suitable for the phytase source of conventional diets, but that the soaking treatment with a raw brewer's yeast is an alternative method for improving phytate-phosphorus bioavailability in corn-soybean meal diets for pigs. [source]

Evaluation of fisheries by-catch and by-product meals in diets for red drum Sciaenops ocellatus L.

AQUACULTURE RESEARCH, Issue 16 2005
Kasey W Whiteman
Abstract This study evaluated various by-catch and by-product meals of marine origin with red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus L.). Four different kinds of by-catch or by-product meals [shrimp by-catch meal from shrimp trawling, Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone)) processing waste meal, red salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka (Walbaum)) head meal, and Pacific whiting (Merluccius productus (Ayres)) meal] were substituted for Special SelectÔ menhaden fish meal at 33% or 67% of crude protein in diets formulated to contain 40% crude protein, 12% lipid, and 14.6 kJ digestible energy g,1. Each of these diets and three additional diets consisting of shrimp processing waste meal formulated on a digestible-protein basis and two Pacific whiting diets containing reduced levels of ash were also evaluated in two 6-week feeding trials with juvenile red drum (initial weight of 4,5 and 1,2 g fish,1 in trials 1 and 2). Red drum fed by-catch meal at either level of substitution performed as well as fish fed the control diet; whereas, fish fed shrimp processing waste meal diets had significantly (P,0.05) reduced weight gain and feed efficiency ratio values compared with the controls, even when fed on a digestible-protein basis. The diets containing Pacific whiting at either levels of substitution and regardless of ash level supported similar performance of red drum as those fed the control diet. Fish fed the red salmon head meal diet fared poorly, probably owing to an excessive amount of lipid in the diet that became rancid. Overall, by-catch meal associated with shrimp trawling and Pacific whiting appear to be suitable protein feedstuffs for red drum. [source]

Evaluation of In Vitro Apparent Protein Digestibility by Shrimp Using Gut Enzyme Extracts

JOURNAL OF THE WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY, Issue 3 2009
Joe M Fox
Knowledge of apparent protein digestibility (APD) is required for optimization of feed formulae for the production of marine penaeid shrimp. The purpose of this study was to evaluate an in vitro method for determining APD in marine penaeid shrimp using gut enzyme extracts. A high correlation (r2 = 0.95) was shown between single-ingredient APD values for fish meal diets using in vivo methodology and those derived from in vitro testing of ingredients. A second study showed positive correlation (r2 = 0.71) between in vitro APD of selected purified and semipurified ingredients and their reported in vivo APDs. This correlation was much higher for purified ingredients (r2 = 0.93) versus less-refined ingredients (r2 = 0.24). A third trial compared in vitro APD at three different enzyme extract pH values and showed that for most protein sources, APD was significantly highest (P < 0.05) at pH = 7.0 and lower at pH = 6.1 or 7.9, indicating a neutral pH optimum for this methodology. [source]

Replacement of Fish Meal with Soybean Meal in the Production Diets of Juvenile Red Snapper, Lutjanus campechanus

Brewer's yeast efficiently degrades phytate phosphorus in a corn-soybean meal diet during soaking treatment

Growth performance, feed efficiency and fatty acid composition of juvenile Murray cod, Maccullochella peelii peelii, fed graded levels of canola and linseed oil

AQUACULTURE NUTRITION, Issue 5 2007
D.S. FRANCIS
Abstract In two independent experiments, the effects of dietary inclusion of canola and linseed oil were evaluated in juvenile Murray cod (Maccullochella peelii peelii, Mitchell) over a 112-day period. In each experiment, fish received one of five semi-purified diets in which the dietary fish oil was replaced with canola oil (Experiment A) or linseed oil (Experiment B) in graded increments of 25% (0,100%). Murray cod receiving the graded canola and linseed oil diets ranged in final weight from 112.7 ± 7.6 to 73.8 ± 9.9 g and 93.9 ± 3.6 to 74.6 ± 2.2 g, respectively, and exhibited a negative trend in growth as the inclusion level increased. The fatty acid composition of the fillet and liver were modified extensively to reflect the fatty acid composition of the respective diets. Levels of oleic acid (18:1 n-9) and linoleic acid (18:2 n-6) increased with each level of canola oil inclusion while levels of , -linolenic acid (18:3 n-3) increased with each level of linseed oil inclusion. The concentration of n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids in the fillet and liver decreased as the amount of vegetable oil in the diets increased. It is shown that the replacement of fish oil with vegetable oils in low fish meal diets for Murray cod is possible to a limited extent. Moreover, this study reaffirms the suggestion for the need to conduct ingredient substitution studies for longer periods and where possible to base the conclusions on regression analysis in addition to anova. [source]

Nutritional, physiological, and histological responses in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. fed diets with genetically modified maize

AQUACULTURE NUTRITION, Issue 3 2007
G.-I. HEMRE
Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate whether standard fish meal diets prepared with increasing levels of genetically modified (GM; 150 and 300 g kg,1) maize (event MON810®) as a starch source, showed any nutritional or physiological adverse effects on Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. postsmolt. The diets with low or high inclusions of GM maize and its near-isogenic parental line (nongenetically modified; nGM maize), were balanced with Suprex maize (Reference) to obtain compositional equivalency of diet starch, sugars and all other nutrients. Total starch level in all diets was 160 g kg,1. After 82 days of feeding, fish growth was high in all groups, however fish fed the GM maize showed slight but significant lower feed intake, which was followed by slight but significant lower specific growth rate and final body weights, compared with fish fed nGM maize, none of the groups varied significantly from fish fed the Reference diet. There was no variation in feed conversion ratios (FCR), protein and lipid efficiency ratios (PER and LER), or protein- and lipid-productive values (PPV and LPV) in this study. No significant effect of maize type was detected on apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of dry matter, protein or lipid. Hematological analysis and plasma nutrients varied within normal ranges for Atlantic salmon in all diet groups, except for somewhat elevated aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) values in all groups. Hepatosomatic index (HSI) with values ranging from 1.37 to 1.60, was significantly higher for the high GM maize group compared with the high nGM maize group but not when compared with the Reference diet group. Lowered spleen (SSI) and head-kidney somatic indices (H-KSI) were registered when fed GM compared with nGM maize, the Reference treatment was however, equal to both. Distal intestine somatic index (DISI) was significantly higher for GM maize-fed fish compared with nGM maize-fed fish, but not significantly different from the Reference diet group. Histological evaluation of the mid- and distal intestine, liver, spleen and head-kidney did not reveal any diet-related morphological changes. Maltase activities in the mid- and distal intestinal tissue homogenates were affected by diet, the fish fed high GM maize having higher activities compared with high nGM maize-fed fish. Leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) and alkaline phosphatase (AP) activities were not affected by diet. Sodium-dependent d -glucose uptake in brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) isolated from pyloric caeca of fish fed high GM maize was significantly higher than that found in fish fed the analogous diet with high nGM maize. Based on the present findings, the conclusions made are: Atlantic salmon smolts fed GM maize (event MON810®), its near-isogenic parental line and suprex maize (Reference diet), all resulted in high growth rates, ADC and feed utilization. Health, when evaluated by means of mortality (low), normal ranges of blood and plasma parameters, except somewhat elevated ASAT values and minor variations in organ sizes, were considered good in all diet groups. The changes in the glucose transport mechanism and intestinal maltase enzyme activity in the gastrointestinal tract warrant further studies. [source]

Evaluation of fisheries by-catch and by-product meals in diets for red drum Sciaenops ocellatus L.

Potential of meat meal to replace fish meal in extruded dry diets for barramundi, Lates calcarifer (Bloch).

AQUACULTURE RESEARCH, Issue 1 2003

Abstract Juvenile barramundi (,220,280 g start weight) were fed extruded dry-pelleted diets containing varying amounts of fish meal and meat meal in three experiments (E). E1 and E2 were each 66-day farm studies utilizing 16 floating cages (400 fish per cage) in an aerated freshwater pond. E3 examined the same diets as fed in E2 but under controlled water temperature (28 ± 0.7 °C) and photoperiod (12:12) laboratory conditions in a 42-day study involving 24 aquaria (eight fish per aquarium). In all studies, the same 430 g kg,1 crude protein (CP), 15 kJ g,1 digestible energy (DE) control (Ctl) diet (containing 35% Chilean anchovy fish meal) was compared with two high-inclusion meat meal diets and a proprietary diet. The meat meal diets evaluated in E1 were a high-ash (260 g kg,1) meat meal that contained 520 g kg,1 CP and a low-ash (140 g kg,1) meat meal that contained 600 g kg,1 CP when included at either 450 or 400 g kg,1, respectively, in combination with 100 g kg,1 Chilean fish meal in diets that were isonitrogenous and isoenergetic with the Ctl diet. Growth rates and feed conversions were similar (P > 0.05) for all diets. In E2 and E3, the 520 g kg,1 CP meat meal was included at 500 g kg,1 without any marine protein source in diets formulated to provide either 15 or 16.2 kJ g,1 DE and the same CP/DE ratio (29 mg kJ,1) as the Ctl diet. Fish performance ranking of diets was similar in both experiments, with the 16.2 kJ g,1 DE diet supporting better (P < 0.05) growth rates than the Ctl diet and feed conversion ratios equivalent to the Ctl diet but better (P < 0.05) than all other diets. [source]