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Market Size (market + size)
Selected AbstractsCOMPETITION FOR MARKET SHARE OR FOR MARKET SIZE: OLIGOPOLISTIC EQUILIBRIA WITH VARYING COMPETITIVE TOUGHNESS,INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC REVIEW, Issue 3 2007Claude D'Aspremont For an industry producing a composite commodity, we propose a comprehensive concept of oligopolistic equilibrium, allowing for a parameterized continuum of regimes varying in competitive toughness. Each firm sets simultaneously its price and its quantity under two constraints, relative to its market share and to market size. The price and the quantity equilibrium outcomes always belong to the set of oligopolistic equilibria. When firms are identical and we let their number increase, any sequence of symmetric oligopolistic equilibria converges to the monopolistic competition outcome. Further results are derived in the symmetric CES case, concerning in particular the collusive solution enforceability. [source] Market Size, Technology Choice, and Market StructureGERMAN ECONOMIC REVIEW, Issue 1 2002Walter Elberfeld We introduce technology choice into a model of monopolistic competition and analyze the structural effects of changes in market size. A larger market leads to the adoption of a large-scale technology. If a technology switch occurs, the number of firms decreases, and a rationalizing effect arises: individual and aggregate output increases; prices fall. This need not benefit consumers since a technology switch is associated with a decrease in product variety. [source] Market Size, Service Quality, and Competition in BankingJOURNAL OF MONEY, CREDIT AND BANKING, Issue 1 2007ASTRID A. DICK banks; market size; quality; sunk costs Local banking markets depict enormous variation in population size. Yet this paper finds that the nature of bank competition across markets is strikingly similar. First, markets remain similarly concentrated regardless of size. Second, the number of dominant banks is roughly constant across markets of different size; it is the number of fringe banks that increases with market size. Third, service quality increases in larger markets and is higher for dominant banks. The findings suggest that banks use fixed-cost quality investments to capture the additional demand when market size grows, thereby raising barriers to entry. [source] Growth of Stocker Channel Catfish to Large Market Size in Single-Batch CultureJOURNAL OF THE WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY, Issue 1 2004Bartholomew W. Green Catfish farmers increasingly are producing fish larger than the traditional size of 0.45-0.57 kg/fish in order to meet processing plant requirements for larger fish. Production of larger channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus in multiple-batch culture has been investigated in a few studies, but the impact of understocked fingerlings on growth of carry-over fish is unknown. The present study was conducted to quantify growth, feed conversion ratio, net daily yield, and net and total yield of stocker channel catfish grown in single-batch, one-season culture to mean individual weights of 0.60, 0.72, 0.91, or 1.17 kg/fish. Channel catfish (mean weight = 0.26 kg/fish) were stocked into 12 0.1-ha ponds at 11,115 fish/ha. Fish were fed a 32% crude protein floating extruded feed once daily to apparent satiation. When the average weight of the fish population reached the target weight, three randomly selected ponds were harvested. Fish growth was linear in all treatments. Growth rates were similar for fish grown to 0.60, 0.72, and 0.91 kg/fish, and significantly lower (P < 0.05) than for fish grown to 1.17 kg. Variation in individual fish weight increased linearly with increased duration of culture period. Feed conversion ratio averaged 1.9 and did not differ significantly among treatments. The percentage of the fish population at harvest that fell within the 0.57 to 2.04 kg-size range preferred by processing plants increased from 56.6 to 98-5% as the mean weight at harvest increased from 0.60 to 1.17 kg/fish. [source] Market Size and the Survival of Foreign-owned Firms,THE ECONOMIC RECORD, Issue 2007ROD FALVEY We develop a general equilibrium model with heterogeneous firms and foreign direct investment cost uncertainty and investigate the survival of foreign-owned firms. The survival probabilities of foreign-owned firms depend on firm-level characteristics, such as productivity, and host country characteristics, such as market size. We show that a foreign-owned firm will be less likely to be shut down when its parent firm's productivity is higher and its indigenous competitors are less productive. Although a larger market size will always reduce the survival probability of indigenous firms, it can lead to a higher survival probability for foreign-owned firms if their parent firms are sufficiently productive. [source] Export Processing Zones: Free Market Islands or Bridges to Structural Transformation?DEVELOPMENT POLICY REVIEW, Issue 2 2001Andrew Schrank Do export processing zones draw local manufacturers into world markets , and thereby engender broader market reform , by way of a ,demonstration effect'? The answer is likely (i) to be determined, not in the EPZ, but in the host country's national customs area, and (ii) to vary systematically with the size of the relevant market. While manufacturers from large economies are able to compete in world markets, and are therefore susceptible to the demonstration effect, their counterparts from small economies are unable to do so, and are therefore intractable. Thus, the nature of the EPZ life-cycle, like the legacy of import-substituting industrialisation, is in no small measure a function of market size. [source] Two ways of estimating the euro value of the illicit market for cannabis in FranceDRUG AND ALCOHOL REVIEW, Issue 5 2008STEPHANE LEGLEYE Abstract Introduction. The most recent health surveys in general population are used in order to estimate the annual market size for cannabis in France in 2005. Methods. Two methods for arriving at an estimate are proposed: the first based on reported consumption, the other on reported expenditure on cannabis. Results. The annual sales figure for cannabis in France is between746 and 832 million euros. Men's expenditure accounts for between 80 and 85% of total expenditure and those aged between 15 and 24 years account for the greatest part of the size of the cannabis market, between 57 and 60%, depending upon the method. Conclusions. According to these estimates, consumers' average annual expenditure on cannabis is around ,202 in France, compared to estimates obtained for New Zealand and Holland (,124) and the United States (,362). [source] Market Size, Technology Choice, and Market StructureGERMAN ECONOMIC REVIEW, Issue 1 2002Walter Elberfeld We introduce technology choice into a model of monopolistic competition and analyze the structural effects of changes in market size. A larger market leads to the adoption of a large-scale technology. If a technology switch occurs, the number of firms decreases, and a rationalizing effect arises: individual and aggregate output increases; prices fall. This need not benefit consumers since a technology switch is associated with a decrease in product variety. [source] SHAKEOUTS AND MARKET CRASHES,INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC REVIEW, Issue 2 2007Alessandro Barbarino This article provides a microfoundation for the rise in optimism that seems to precede market crashes. Small, young markets are more likely to experience stock-price run-ups and crashes. We use a Zeira,Rob type of model in which demand size is uncertain. Optimism then grows rationally if traders' prior distribution over market size has a decreasing hazard. Such prior beliefs are appropriate if most new markets are duds and only a few reach a large size. The crash occurs when capacity outstrips demand. As an illustration, for the period 1971,2001 we fit the model to the Telecom sector. [source] PREFERENTIAL TRADE AGREEMENTS AND MULTILATERAL TARIFF COOPERATION*INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC REVIEW, Issue 1 2006Kamal SaggiArticle first published online: 23 JAN 200 Are preferential trade agreements (PTAs) building or stumbling blocks for multilateral trade liberalization? I address this question in an infinitely repeated tariff game between three countries engaged in intraindustry trade under oligopoly. The central result is that when countries are symmetric, a free trade agreement (FTA) undermines multilateral tariff cooperation by adversely affecting the cooperation incentive of the nonmember whereas a customs union (CU) does so via its effect on the cooperation incentives of members. However, when countries are asymmetric with respect to either market size or cost, there exist circumstances where PTAs facilitate multilateral tariff cooperation. [source] US Outward Foreign Direct Investment in the European Union and the Implementation of the Single Market: Empirical Evidence from a Cohesive FrameworkJCMS: JOURNAL OF COMMON MARKET STUDIES, Issue 5 2008FRAGKISKOS FILIPPAIOS In this article we investigate the determinants of US outward Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in the European Union for the period 1982,2002. The data set allowed us to discern differences in the pattern of US FDI between EU core and EU periphery countries, as well as over different time periods during the last two decades. The results indicate that the US FDI pattern varies among different groups of countries and that there was a restructuring in multinational firms' investment activity after the implementation of the single market plan. Agglomeration factors, market size, qualified and productive labour and cost efficiency of local production seem to dominate in the location choice of US investors. [source] Anaerobic co-digestion of potato processing wastewater with pig slurry and abattoir wastewaterJOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY, Issue 12 2008Maria Monou Abstract BACKGROUND: Small-scale experimental investigations were carried out on the anaerobic digestion of potato processing wastewater and its co-digestion with pig slurry and/or abattoir wastewater. A simple and rapid procedure was used to determine the suitability of these wastes for digestion. RESULTS: During the initial 5-day acclimation phase, the seed (digested brewery waste) was replaced by the test waste before allowing the tests to incubate without further addition, where methanogenesis was measured. Although potato processing wastewater has low pH, with high fat content treatment via anaerobic digestion was still feasible in spite of low methane production. Co-digestion with pig slurry and abattoir wastewater was therefore investigated to enhance the process. Pig slurry improved the process, which, when co-digested with potato processing wastewater in equal ratio achieved 72% volatile solids removal, 35 mL average daily biogas production and 32% maximum methane content in 22 days (following the acclimation period). Co-digestion with abattoir wastewater did not improve the digestion process due to poor buffering and low pH value. CONCLUSION: Anaerobic co-digestion may be a feasible treatment option for industrial bio-wastes and livestock wastes produced in Cyprus and indeed in similar other countries of comparable market size and activities. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Asymmetric Information, Bargaining, and International MergersJOURNAL OF ECONOMICS & MANAGEMENT STRATEGY, Issue 4 2001Satya P. Das The formation of international mergers is examined in the presence of two kinds of asymmetric information, one when a local firm has private information on market size and the other when a foreign firm has private information on its technology. In each situation, parametric configurations are identified under which a merger offer may or may not be made. It also examines the kind of offer and the probability of its acceptance. The likelihood of a merger beingformed is also related to the basic market size, demand uncertainty, and cost uncertainty. Welfare effects of tax/subsidy policies by the host country are also analyzed. [source] Understanding foreign direct investment in the southern African development community: an analysis based on project-level dataAGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS, Issue 3-4 2010Nomathemba Mhlanga Foreign direct investment (FDI); FDI determinants; Africa Abstract This article uses a uniquely rich project-level data set to analyze determinants and trends of foreign direct investment (FDI) flows to the Southern African Development Community region. We control for the source of the investment, the sector in which the investment is undertaken, and the investment type in addition to project size. The results indicate market size to have a positive impact on FDI flows under all specifications,a result consistent with earlier studies. Other variables are unstable depending on specification and the subset of the data used. Furthermore, we find no significant differences in factors that drive FDI flows by source country, while greenfield investments are seen to respond more to the growth potential of the market relative to other forms of investment. In general, we find macroeconomic variables to be poor at explaining project-level FDI in the region. The descriptive analysis of the data points us more in the direction of the gravity model, with factors such as colonial ties and proximity of the investing country appearing to matter. Limited flows and minimal sectoral diversity call for enhanced investment promotion and collaborative efforts among member states. [source] International Pricing in a Generalized Model of Ideal VarietyJOURNAL OF MONEY, CREDIT AND BANKING, Issue 2009DAVID HUMMELS Lancaster ideal variety; price to market We examine international markups and pricing in a generalized version of an "ideal variety" model. In this model, entry causes crowding in variety space, so that the marginal utility of new varieties falls as market size grows. Crowding is partially offset by income effects, as richer consumers will pay more for varieties closer matched to their ideal types. We show theoretically and confirm empirically that declining marginal utility of new varieties results in: a higher own-price elasticity of demand (and lower prices) in large countries and a lower own-price elasticity of demand (and higher prices) in rich countries. The model is also useful for generating facts from the literature regarding cross-country differences in the rate of variety expansion. [source] Market Size, Service Quality, and Competition in BankingJOURNAL OF MONEY, CREDIT AND BANKING, Issue 1 2007ASTRID A. DICK banks; market size; quality; sunk costs Local banking markets depict enormous variation in population size. Yet this paper finds that the nature of bank competition across markets is strikingly similar. First, markets remain similarly concentrated regardless of size. Second, the number of dominant banks is roughly constant across markets of different size; it is the number of fringe banks that increases with market size. Third, service quality increases in larger markets and is higher for dominant banks. The findings suggest that banks use fixed-cost quality investments to capture the additional demand when market size grows, thereby raising barriers to entry. [source] Production Characteristics, Water Quality, and Costs of Producing Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus at Different Stocking Densities in Single-batch ProductionJOURNAL OF THE WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY, Issue 1 2006Brent E. Southworth Channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus farming is the largest component of aquaculture in the USA. Culture technologies have evolved over time, and little recent work has been conducted on the effects of stocking density on production characteristics and water quality. Twelve 0.1-ha ponds were stocked with 13- to 15-cm fingerlings (16 g) at either 8600, 17,300, 26,000, or 34,600 fish/ha in single-batch culture with three replicates per treatment. Fish were fed daily to apparent satiation with a 32% floating commercial catfish feed. Nitrite-N, nitrate-N, total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), total nitrogen, total phosphorus, chemical oxygen demand (COD), Secchi disk visibility, chlorophyll a, chloride, total alkalinity, total hardness, pH, temperature, and dissolved oxygen (DO) were monitored. Ponds were harvested after a 201-d culture period (March 26, 2003 to October 13, 2003). Net yield increased significantly (P < 0.05) as stocking density increased, reaching an average of 9026 kg/ha at the highest density. Growth and marketable yield (>0.57 kg) decreased with increasing stocking density. Survival was not significantly different among densities. Mean and maximum daily feeding rates increased with density, but feed conversion ratios did not differ significantly among treatments (overall average of 1.42), despite the fact that at the higher stocking densities, the feeding rates sometimes exceeded 112 kg/ha per d (100 lb/ac per d). Morning DO concentrations fell below 3 mg/L only once in a 34,600 fish/ha pond. Concentrations of chlorophyll a, COD, nitrite-N, and TAN increased nominally with increasing feed quantities but did not reach levels considered problematic even at the highest stocking densities. Breakeven prices were lowest for the highest stocking density even after accounting for the additional time and growth required for submarketable fish to reach market size. While total costs were higher for the higher density treatments, the relatively higher yields more than compensated for higher costs. [source] Cost-effectiveness analysis at the development phase of a potential health technology: examples based on tissue engineering of bladder and urethraJOURNAL OF TISSUE ENGINEERING AND REGENERATIVE MEDICINE, Issue 5 2007Helen McAteer Abstract Objectives: We demonstrate the use of health economics to guide investment decisions in regenerative medicine. Our examples are based on proposed tissue engineering applications in the urinary tract. We show that health economics have a role in strengthening the supply side, not just the demand side of the health economy. Methods: We reviewed the epidemiology and treatment of the clinical conditions where TE of urothelium may be considered using literature identified from a range of sources including electronic databases, article bibliographies and references, online articles and expert opinion in the field. Results: Careful analysis of current best treatment suggested that urethral defects and bladder resection for cancer offered the most propitious applications of TE. The headroom for engineered urethral tissue was estimated at £186. This is unlikely to be large enough to support the launch of a TE product populated with viable cells. The headroom for TE bladder, on the other hand, was estimated at around £16 268. However, the market size is limited reducing potential profitability. Conclusions: The Headroom Method can help inform instrumental decisions concerning new treatments without having to build a complex model with very wide parameter uncertainty. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] R&D investment as a signal in corporate takeoversMANAGERIAL AND DECISION ECONOMICS, Issue 5 2009M. Pilar Socorro The purpose of this paper is to analyze the effects that takeover threats have on firms' preacquisition R&D intensity. Critics of takeovers usually argue that takeover threats may reduce target firms' R&D investments. However, I find that target firms may increase R&D investment in order to signal their compatibility with the acquiring firm. The identity of the acquired firm depends on the market size and target firms' efficiency and compatibility. Through R&D investments, target firms may affect this result, signaling potential outsiders the kind of competition they may face, and forcing them to accept lower takeover offers. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Time distances and labor market integrationPAPERS IN REGIONAL SCIENCE, Issue 3 2002Börje Johansson Accessibility; regional labor markets; commuting Abstract This article investigates how time distances within and between municipalities determine the spatial extent of local and regional labor markets. As time distances change, the extent of the labor market will also change. Diminishing time distances will bring about increases in labor market size by integrating formerly spatially separate markets. We analyze such processes using accessibility measures derived from a random choice preference function approach. Accessibility is measured in terms of number of jobs, labor supply and supply of service functions. The aim of the work is to illustrate the usefulness of the purpose-specific accessibility measure we introduce. [source] Th e Decision to Contract Out: A Study of Contracting for E-Government Services in State GovernmentsPUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REVIEW, Issue 3 2007Anna Ya Ni Government contracting, especially for information technology products and services, has accelerated in recent years in the United States. Drawing on the insights of privatization studies, the authors examine the economic and political rationales underpinning government decisions to contract out e-government services. This article tests the extent to which economic and political rationality influence governments' contracting decisions using data from multiple sources: a survey conducted by National Association of State Chief Information Officers, a survey by the National Association of State Procurement Officers, the Council of State Legislatures, and macro-level state data from the U.S. Census Bureau. Important factors affecting the state-level contracting decision are population size, market size, the competitiveness of the bidding process, the professional management of contracts, the partisan composition of legislatures, and political competition. Political rationales appear to play a major role in state contracting decisions. Some arguments associated with markets and economic rationality are clearly politically motivated. [source] Market Size and the Survival of Foreign-owned Firms,THE ECONOMIC RECORD, Issue 2007ROD FALVEY We develop a general equilibrium model with heterogeneous firms and foreign direct investment cost uncertainty and investigate the survival of foreign-owned firms. The survival probabilities of foreign-owned firms depend on firm-level characteristics, such as productivity, and host country characteristics, such as market size. We show that a foreign-owned firm will be less likely to be shut down when its parent firm's productivity is higher and its indigenous competitors are less productive. Although a larger market size will always reduce the survival probability of indigenous firms, it can lead to a higher survival probability for foreign-owned firms if their parent firms are sufficiently productive. [source] DESIGNING A MARKET STRUCTURE WHEN FIRMS COMPETE FOR THE RIGHT TO SERVE THE MARKET,THE JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL ECONOMICS, Issue 3 2005Michel Mougeot In many industries, a regulator designs an auction to select ex-ante the firms that compete ex-post on the product market. This paper considers the optimal market structure when firms incur sunk costs before entering the market and when the government is not able to regulate firms in the market. We prove that a free entry equilibrium results in an excessive entry when the entry costs are private information. Then, we consider an auction mechanism selecting the firms allowed to serve the market and show that the optimal number of licences results in the socially optimal market structure. When all the potential candidates are actual bidders, the optimal number of firms in the market increases with the number of candidates and decreases with the social cost of public funds. When the market size is small, as the net profit in the market decreases with the number of selected firms, entry is endogenous. As increasing competition in the market reduces competition for the market, the optimal structure is more concentrated than in the previous case. [source] How New Product Introductions Affect Sales Management Strategy: The Impact of Type of "Newness" of the New ProductTHE JOURNAL OF PRODUCT INNOVATION MANAGEMENT, Issue 4 2003Kamel Micheal How do firms adjust sales management strategy for new product launch? Does sales management strategy change more radically for different types of new products such as new-to-the-world products versus product revisions? Because firms introducing a new product rely considerably on their sales force in the product launch effort, the types and degree of changes made in managing the selling effort are important issues. Past studies have demonstrated that firms make substantial adjustments in their sales management strategy when they introduce a new product. This study expands on previous investigations by examining whether sales management strategy changes are conditioned by the type of newness of the new product to the market and to the firm. Australian sales managers were asked to respond to a mail questionnaire concerning pre- and post-new product launch sales management activities. Three groups of firms were compared: (1) those with new-to-the-market and new-to-the-firm products (i.e., new-to-the-world products); (2) those with products new to the firm but not new to the market; and (3) those with products that are revisions to the firm and not new to the market. The study finds that firms do not make the most adjustments for products with the greatest degree of market newness,the new-to-the-world types of products,except in the sales management strategy categories of compensation and supervision. In the other sales management strategy categories defined for study,organization, training, quotas and goals, and sales support as well as for all categories in the aggregate,sales management strategy changes were greatest in incidence, as measured both by the percent of firms making changes and the average number of changes per firm, when the new product was new to the firm but not new to the market. These results suggest that, because different types of new products face different competitive environments, there may be greater incentive for a not-new-to-the-market new-to-the-firm product to make changes in sales strategy. Uncertainties about market size and customer location with new-to-the-world products may limit the understanding of what changes to make in the strategy categories of quotas and territories. Similarly, uncertainties about product use and customer acceptance of new-to-the-world products may limit the development of training and sales support materials by these firms. Instead, these firms may rely more on compensation and supervision to direct sales efforts for new-to-the-world products. However, observing the market experience and performance of the first-to-market product can benefit firms launching a not-new-to-market and new-to-the-firm product, allowing them to rely more on strategy changes in training, sales support materials, organizational adjustments such as redeployments, and quotas. [source] Does Sutton apply to supermarkets?THE RAND JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS, Issue 1 2007Paul B. Ellickson I present empirical evidence that endogenous fixed costs play a central role in determining the equilibrium structure of the supermarket industry. Using the framework developed in Sutton (1991), I construct a model of supermarket competition where escalating investment infirm-level distribution systems is driven by the incentive to produce a greater variety of products in every store. Employing a store-level census and 51 distinct geographic markets, I demonstrate that the supermarket industry is a natural oligopoly in which a small number of firms (between four and six)capture the majority of sales, regardless of market size. [source] Impact of pond management on tambaqui, Colossoma macropomum (Cuvier), production during growth-out phaseAQUACULTURE RESEARCH, Issue 7 2009Levy Carvalho Gomes Abstract This study evaluated the impact of pond management on tambaqui, Colossoma macropomum (Cuvier), rearing during the growout phase. Juvenile tambaqui were stocked in ponds with three different management regimes: (1) natural ponds (Nat); (2) limed ponds (Lim); and (3) limed and bimonthly fertilized ponds (LimFer). The experiment lasted 210 days and the growth parameters were evaluated monthly. Water quality and effluent measurements were performed every 15 days and at the end of the experiment yield parameters were obtained. There was no difference in weight and length among treatments. Stomach contents and zooplankton availability were not influenced by pond management, but the rearing period had an influence on them. Food conversion rate (FCR) was better in fish from the Lim treatment than in fish from the Nat treatment. The pH, hardness and alkalinity values were significantly higher in the Lim and LimFer ponds, where the liming procedure was performed. The effluent analysis showed a more potentially impacting effluent in the LimFer treatment, where phosphorus and orthophosphate concentrations showed values significantly higher than those in Lim and Nat ponds. The results show that the Lim treatment is the best approach, as in this treatment fish achieve market size, better FCR, yield and have a reduced environmental impact. [source] Trade, market size, and industrial structure: revisiting the home-market effectCANADIAN JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS, Issue 1 2005Zhihao Yu It is shown that, in general, market size matters for industrial structure even when both the homogeneous and the differentiated goods face transport costs. The home-market effect for production structure can arise, disappear, or even reverse in sign. The analysis shall change a common perception about de-industrialization of (small) economies and may also have important implications for the empirical research strategies in this area. JEL classification: F12, L1 Commerce international, taille du marché, et structure industrielle : un autre coup d',il à l'effet du marché intérieur., Ce mémoire montre que les problèmes entourant «l'effet de marché intérieur» sont plus complexes qu'on l'avait cru. On montre que, en général, la taille du marché est un élément important pour la structure industrielle même si les biens homogènes et les biens différenciés font face à des coûts de transport significatifs. L'effet de marché intérieur sur la structure de production peut se matérialiser, disparaître ou même changer de signe. L'analyse va changer les perspectives quant à la «désindustrialisation» des (petites)économies, et cela peut avoir des conséquences importantes pour la recherche de stratégies de recherche empirique dans ce domaine. [source] Brief Overview of BioMicroNano TechnologiesBIOTECHNOLOGY PROGRESS, Issue 1 2005Paul L. Gourley This paper provides a brief overview of the fields of biological micro-electromechanical systems (bioMEMs) and associated nanobiotechnologies, collectively denoted as BioMicroNano. Although they are developing at a very rapid pace and still redefining themselves, several stabilized areas of research and development can be identified. Six major areas are delineated, and specific examples are discussed and illustrated. Various applications of the technologies are noted, and potential market sizes are compared. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||