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Many Chronic Diseases (many + chronic_disease)
Selected AbstractsThe therapeutics of lifestyle management on obesityDIABETES OBESITY & METABOLISM, Issue 11 2010P. A. Dyson The global incidence and prevalence of obesity continue to increase, with the fastest rate of increase in the developing world. Obesity is associated with many chronic diseases including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and some cancers. Weight loss can reduce the risk of developing these diseases and can be achieved by means of surgery, pharmacotherapy and lifestyle interventions. Lifestyle interventions for prevention and treatment of obesity include diet, exercise and psychological interventions. All lifestyle interventions have a modest but significant effect on weight loss, but there is little evidence to indicate that any one intervention is more effective. There is evidence of an additive effect for adjunct therapy, and the combination of diet, exercise and behavioural interventions appears to be most effective for both the prevention and treatment of obesity. [source] Progenitor cells in vascular diseaseJOURNAL OF CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR MEDICINE, Issue 3 2005Neil Roberts Abstract Stem cell research has the potential to provide solutions to many chronic diseases via the field of regeneration therapy. In vascular biology, endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) have been identified as contributing to angiogenesis and hence have therapeutic potential to revascularise ischaemic tissues. EPCs have also been shown to endothelialise vascular grafts and therefore may contribute to endothelial maintenance. EPC number has been shown to be reduced in patients with cardiovascular disease, leading to speculation that atherosclerosis may be caused by a consumptive loss of endothelial repair capacity. Animal experiments have shown that EPCs reendothelialise injured vessels and that this reduces neointimal formation, confirming that EPCs have an atheroprotective effect. Smooth muscle cell accumulation in the neointimal space is characteristic of many forms of atherosclerosis, however the source of these cells is now thought to be from smooth muscle progenitor cells (SMPCs) rather than the adjacent media. There is evidence for the presence of SMPCs in the adventitia of animals and that SMPCs circulate in human blood. There is also data to support SMPCs contributing to neointimal formation but their origin remains unknown. This article will review the roles of EPCs and SMPCs in the development of vascular disease by examining experimental data from in vitro studies, animal models of atherosclerosis and clinical studies. [source] Sexual dysfunction in dermatological diseasesJOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN ACADEMY OF DERMATOLOGY & VENEREOLOGY, Issue 9 2009AT Ermertcan Abstract Decrease or loss of sexual function in many chronic diseases has recently attracted significant attention owing to its impact on quality of life. Generic and disease-specific quality-of-life questionnaires measure changes in work, school, social life and emotional status regarding the disease and its treatment. Specific questionnaires have been designed to evaluate changes in sexuality and sexual function. Sexual dysfunction, especially female sexual dysfunction, in different diseases became a popular and important health concern in recent years. There are a lot of studies about sexual dysfunction in the areas of other specialities of medicine, but there are only a few studies in dermatological diseases. In this paper, sexual dysfunction and the studies performed about this subject in dermatology will be reviewed. Conflict of Interest None declared. [source] Using Family History to Assess Women's Cancer Risk in a Parish Nurse SettingNURSING & HEALTH SCIENCES, Issue 2 2006Carol Cherry This health promotion project fulfillled required field study in a graduate public health nursing program. Family history, an important risk factor for many chronic diseases including cancer, is gaining importance as a public health tool. The author used cancer risk assessment expertise to assess women's cancer risk based on family history in two parish settings. Women completed cancer family history using the U.S. Surgeon General's Family Health Portrait. They received pedigree, tailored risk communication and educational materials for cancer prevention/detection. Of 23 women, the majority reported intention to: (i) change behavior to reduce risk; (ii) change screening practice; and (iii) share family history with healthcare providers. One woman at high risk sought formal genetic counseling. Risk information was based on family history only, although multiple factors affect risk. Women's intention to change behavior may not lead to actual change. Population was homogeneous and well educated so results may not be generalizable to other populations. Even though most parish nurses would not have expertise in cancer risk assessment, they can advocate use of the Family Health Portrait. Women respond positively to personalized risk feedback presented in the context of their faith communities. The project facilitated genomic understanding within a public health setting. [source] Macronutrient intakes and their role in obesityNUTRITION BULLETIN, Issue 2007P. Skidmore Summary, Obesity is the leading public health problem in the 21st century, both in its own right and as a risk factor for many chronic diseases, and it occurs when there is an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure. This review will focus on the role of energy density, protein, fat, carbohydrate, fruit and vegetables, and alcohol in weight loss and weight management, and the biochemical, social and behavioural factors that influence dietary intake. [source] Energetic Adaptation to Chronic Disease in the ElderlyNUTRITION REVIEWS, Issue 3 2000Michael J. Toth Ph.D. Several chronic diseases occur with increased prevalence in the elderly. Body weight loss is a common feature of many chronic diseases. Weight loss increases the risk for morbidity and mortality and contributes to decreased functional independence and poor quality of life. Thus, an understanding of the effect of chronic disease on energy balance has important implications for nutritional supplementation and clinical outcome. This brief review will consider recent studies that have examined the effect of several chronic diseases (i.e., Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and congestive heart failure) on daily energy expenditure in elderly individuals. Additionally, we put forth a model to explain the energetic adaptation to chronic disease in the elderly that is based on measurements of daily energy expenditure and its components. Studies suggest that chronic disease decreases daily energy expenditure in elderly individuals due to a marked reduction in physical activity energy expenditure. Moreover, these changes in daily energy expenditure often occur in the presence of increased resting energy expenditure. Thus, the net effect of chronic disease is to decrease daily energy expenditure. These results do not favor the hypothesis that increased energy expenditure contributes to disease-related weight loss. Instead, reduced energy intake appears to be a more likely mediator of the negative energy imbalance and weight loss that frequently accompany chronic disease in the elderly. [source] Ultra scale-down studies of the effect of shear on cell quality; Processing of a human cell line for cancer vaccine therapyBIOTECHNOLOGY PROGRESS, Issue 5 2009Ryan McCoy Abstract Whole cell therapy is showing potential in the clinic for the treatment of many chronic diseases. The translation of laboratory-scale methods for cell harvesting and formulation to commercial-scale manufacturing offers major bioprocessing challenges. This is especially the case when the cell properties determine the final product effectiveness. This study is focused on developing an ultra scale-down method for assessing the impact of the hydrodynamic environment on human cells that constitute the therapeutic product. Small volumes of a prostate cancer cell line, currently being developed in late phase II clinical trials as an allogeneic whole cell vaccine therapy for prostate cancer, were exposed to hydrodynamic shear rates similar to those present in downstream process, formulation and vial filling operations. A small scale rotating disc shear device (20 mL) was used over a range of disc speeds to expose cells to maximum shear rates ranging from 90 × 103 to 175 × 103 s -1 (equivalent maximum power dissipation rates of 14 × 103 to 52 × 103 W kg -1). These cells were subsequently analyzed for critical cell quality attributes such as the retention of membrane integrity and cell surface marker profile and density. Three cell surface markers (CD9, CD147, and HLAA-C) were studied. The cell markers exhibited different levels of susceptibility to hydrodynamic shear but in all cases this was less than or equal to the loss of membrane integrity. It is evident that the marker, or combination or markers, which might provide the required immunogenic response, will be affected by hydrodynamic shear environment during bioprocessing, if the engineering environment is not controlled to within the limits tolerated by the cell components. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2009 [source] Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-, coactivator-1, in muscle links metabolism to inflammationCLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PHARMACOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY, Issue 12 2009Christoph Handschin Summary 1. In higher eukaryotes, metabolism and immunity are tightly coupled. However, whereas in evolutionary terms a compromised immune response due to undernourishment has been the predominant problem, the inflammatory response to obesity and other lifestyle-associated diseases has increased in relevance in Western societies in the past 100 years. 2. Traditionally, fat tissue has been considered as the major source of pro-inflammatory secreted factors in these pathologies. However, in recent years the contribution of other tissues to disease-causing chronic inflammation has been increasingly appreciated. 3. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-, coactivator-1, (PGC-1,) is one of the key regulatory factors in active skeletal muscle. Aberrant expression of PGC-1, in inactive muscle fibres could be linked to a sedentary lifestyle, persistent systemic inflammation and a higher risk for many chronic diseases. Accordingly, modulation of PGC-1, activity in skeletal muscle may have a broad range of therapeutic effects. Here, recent advances in the understanding of the role of muscle PGC-1, in health and disease are reviewed. [source] | ||||||||||