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Main Points (main + point)
Selected AbstractsCopenhagen Accord: Main PointsAFRICA RESEARCH BULLETIN: ECONOMIC, FINANCIAL AND TECHNICAL SERIES, Issue 12 2010Article first published online: 9 FEB 2010 No abstract is available for this article. [source] Drip loss in pork: influencing factors and relation to further meat quality traitsJOURNAL OF ANIMAL BREEDING AND GENETICS, Issue 2007K. Fischer Summary The paper deals with some general features of drip loss and the most important factors influencing it. Moreover, it shows some exemplary results of an own investigation. Up to now there is no generally valid definition of drip loss available. Therefore measurement procedures have to be strongly standardized, otherwise they provide no comparable results. Drip loss depends on the shortening of sarcomeres which is regulated by the interaction of muscle temperature and rigour development. Hence, the chilling conditions are highly important. However, the main point is the velocity and the extent of the pH fall after slaughter. All factors influencing the occurrence of quality deviations like PSE, DFD, Acid meat, RSE, PFN will inevitably affect the degree of drip loss too. Under the conditions of an own study, investigating material of a progeny testing station, untypically, one third of the loins with higher-than-average wateriness were red rather than pale, and one third of the loins with higher-than-average brightness were only slightly exudative, which is untypical too. Pork with higher-than-average brightness and low wateriness exhibited, apart from the colour deviation, no crucial disadvantages. It showed only a marginally higher loss during storage, thawing and heating. Pork with higher-than-average drip loss , regardless of dark or pale colour , was predominantly combined with a pH1 less than 6.2, an electrical conductivity 24 h p.m. higher than 5.0 and a loin area higher than 56 cm2. [source] Antitumor activity of a novel antisense oligonucleotide against Akt1JOURNAL OF CELLULAR BIOCHEMISTRY, Issue 4 2009Heejeong Yoon Abstract The AKT pathway is an important therapeutic target for cancer drug discovery as it functions as a main point for transducing extracellular and intracellular oncogenic signals. Moreover, alternations of the AKT pathway have been found in a wide range of cancers. In the present study, we found that an Akt1 antisense oligonucleotide (Akt1 AO) significantly downregulated the expression of AKT1 at both the mRNA and protein levels and inhibited cellular growth at nanomolar concentrations in various types of human cancer cells. Combined treatment of Akt1 AO with several cytotoxic drugs resulted in an additive growth inhibition of Caki-1 cells. The in vivo effectiveness of Akt1 AO was determined using two different xenograft nude mouse models. Akt1 AO (30,mg/kg, i.v. every 48,h) significantly inhibited the tumor growth of nude mouse subcutaneously implanted with U251 human glioblastoma cells after 27 days treatment. Akt1 AO (30,mg/kg, i.p continuously via osmotic pump) also significantly inhibited the tumor formation in nude mice implanted with luciferase-expressing MIA human pancreatic cancer cells (MIA-Luc) after 14 days of treatment. The luciferase signals from MIA-Luc cells were reduced or completely abolished after 2 weeks of treatment and the implanted tumors were barely detectable. Our findings suggest that Akt1 AO alone or in combination with other clinically approved anticancer agents should be further explored and progressed into clinical studies as a potential novel therapeutic agent. J. Cell. Biochem. 108: 832,838, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Correspondence between supervisors and trainees in their perception of supervision eventsJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 7 2002Sissel Reichelt The focus of this study is on how the participants in 16 supervisory dyads perceive the content and process in a supervisory session, and on the meaning they attach to supervisory events. A central issue is to what degree the participants in each dyad correspond in their perceptions and evaluation of supervisory events. Another question is how lack of correspondence affects the trainees' experience of satisfaction with the supervision. A majority of the dyads were rated low or moderate in correspondence, and it is discussed whether the influence of low correspondence on trainee satisfaction may be related to supervisory intentions and style characteristics. A main point in the discussion is whether role ambiguity may be related to obscure communication and reduced correspondence, and it is suggested that more attention should be paid to negotiating and renegotiating rules for the supervisory relationship. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 58: 759-772, 2002. [source] Unsuitable Suitors: Anti-Miscegenation Laws, Naturalization Laws, and the Construction of Asian IdentitiesLAW & SOCIETY REVIEW, Issue 3 2007Deenesh Sohoni In this article, I use state-level anti-miscegenation legislation to examine how Asian ethnic groups became categorized within the American racial system in the period between the Civil War and the civil rights movement of the 1960s. I show how the labels used to describe Asian ethnic groups at the state level reflected and were constrained by national-level debates regarding the groups eligible for U.S. citizenship. My main point is that Asian ethnic groups originally were viewed as legally distinct,racially and ethnically, and that members of these groups recognized and used these distinctions to seek social rights and privileges. The construction of "Asian" as a social category resulted primarily from congressional legislation and judicial rulings that linked immigration with naturalization regulations. Anti-miscegenation laws further contributed to the social exclusion of those of Asian ancestry by grouping together U.S.-born and foreign-born Asians. [source] On the convergence of the finite integration technique for the anisotropic boundary value problem of magnetic tomographyMATHEMATICAL METHODS IN THE APPLIED SCIENCES, Issue 9 2003Roland Potthast The reconstruction of a current distribution from measurements of the magnetic field is an important problem of current research in inverse problems. Here, we study an appropriate solution to the forward problem, i.e. the calculation of a current distribution given some resistance or conductivity distribution, respectively, and prescribed boundary currents. We briefly describe the well-known solution of the continuous problem, then employ the finite integration technique as developed by Weiland et al. since 1977 for the solution of the problem. Since this method can be physically realized it offers the possibility to develop special tests in the area of inverse problems. Our main point is to provide a new and rigorous study of convergence for the boundary value problem under consideration. In particular, we will show how the arguments which are used in the proof of the continuous case can be carried over to study the finite-dimensional numerical scheme. Finally, we will describe a program package which has been developed for the numerical implementation of the scheme using Matlab. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] INCENTIVE REGULATION AND THE ROLE OF CONVEXITY IN BENCHMARKING ELECTRICITY DISTRIBUTION: ECONOMISTS VERSUS ENGINEERSANNALS OF PUBLIC AND COOPERATIVE ECONOMICS, Issue 2 2008Emili GRIFELL-TATJÉ ABSTRACT,:,This note illustrates the potential impact of the specification of a convex production technology on establishing minimal costs compared to the use of a non-convex technology when benchmarking electricity distributors. This methodological reflection is mainly motivated by recent engineering literature providing evidence for non-convexities in electricity distribution. An empirical illustration using non-parametric specifications of technology illustrates this main point using a sample of Spanish electricity distribution firms earlier analysed in Grifell-Tatjé and Lovell (2003). [source] A collaborative approach to the environmental assessment process prior to oil exploration activities offshore the Falkland IslandsAQUATIC CONSERVATION: MARINE AND FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS, Issue 1 2002Liz Hopkins Abstract 1.Operating Companies awarded acreage in the Falkland Islands First Offshore Licensing Round began exploration for oil and gas in 1996. Appropriate environmental management is an important aspect of exploration activities in any new frontier area and the Falklands Islands were no exception. Operators with drilling commitments established the Falklands Operators Sharing Agreement (FOSA), which included an Environmental Workgroup (EWG) to take responsibility for the environmental issues associated with exploration activities. 2.The EWG was established early in the exploration programme and commissioned a number of specific environmental studies relating to the offshore environment of the Islands. The data made available by this research provided a valuable input to the assessment of potential environmental impacts from the planned exploration activities. By undertaking environmental impact assessments prior to exploration activities FOSA were able to identify and adopt operational and management controls to ensure potential environmental impacts were, where possible, minimized or avoided. 3.The EWG also provided the main point of contact with the regulators on environmental matters and through the Falkland Islands Exploration & Production Environmental Forum facilitated consultation with government departments such as Fisheries, and other stakeholders such as Falklands Conservation. 4.The co-operative approach taken by the operators with regard to the environmental management of the exploration activities offshore the Falkland Islands is considered to have been very successful. The most obvious benefits were through the shared resources resulting in financial savings, however, other benefits have included, avoiding duplication of effort, the promoting of ,working togetherness' and a reduced burden on consultees. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Beginning of the super-soft phase of the classical nova V2491 CygniASTRONOMISCHE NACHRICHTEN, Issue 2 2010D. Takei Abstract We present the results of soft X-ray studies of the classical nova V2491 Cygni using the Suzaku observatory. On day 29 after outburst, a soft X-ray component with a peak at ,0.5 keV has appeared, which is tantalising evidence for the beginning of the super-soft X-ray emission phase. We show that an absorbed blackbody model can describe the observed spectra, yielding a temperature of 57 eV, neutral hydrogen column density of 2 × 1021 cm,2, and a bolometric luminosity of ,1036 erg s,1. However, at the same time, we also found a good fit with an absorbed thin-thermal plasma model, yielding a temperature of 0.1 keV, neutral hydrogen column density of 4 × 1021 cm,2, and a volume emission measure of ,1058 cm,3. Owing to low spectral resolution and low signal-to-noise ratio below 0.6 keV, the statistical parameter uncertainties are large, but the ambiguity of the two very different models demonstrates that the systematic errors are the main point of concern. The thin-thermal plasma model implies that the soft emission originates from optically thin ejecta, while the blackbody model suggests that we are seeing optically thick emission from the white dwarf (© 2010 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Should we measure corporate social responsibility?CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, Issue 1 2003Dr Jouni Korhonen This paper is critical towards efforts that try and measure corporate social responsibility (CSR). A critical approach can be important for the development of the theory of the emerging field of corporate social responsibility. A critical and provocative approach can generate discussion and debate. Three main points of critique are presented toward the current efforts in the literature to measure corporate contributions to economic, social and ecological sustainability. First, the use of the concepts of eco-efficiency and eco-efficacy in measuring corporate contributions to sustainability are criticized from the viewpoint of the complementarity relation of human-manufactured capital, natural capital and social sustaining functions. Second, the use of measures that focus on an individual process or an individual company are reconsidered with an approach to industrial and firm networks. Third, the use of the monetary value is reconsidered, e.g. by suggesting an approach based on physical material and energy flows and on a new paradigmatic foundation for social responsibility. The social and ecological indicators illustrating the social and environmental impacts of economic activity and of firms can be combined with economic indicators, but not expressed in monetary terms. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment. [source] On the Spatial Dynamics of Democratic Politics: Analysing the Bolivian CaseDEVELOPMENT AND CHANGE, Issue 4 2003David Slater After an initial discussion of the ,diverse spaces of democracy', which sets out the main points of the author's approach to democratic politics, this article considers three perspectives on the relations between governmental decentralization and territorial democracy in Latin America. These two interrelated sections provide a thematic and conceptual background to a more specific treatment of the development and dynamics of decentralization in the Bolivian case. In examining the decentralization process in Bolivia, the article highlights the two spatial modes of this process , the regional and the local , and includes an appraisal of the relation between both modes and the nature of democratic politics. [source] Patterns of damage in igneous and sedimentary rocks under conditions simulating sea-salt weatheringEARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS, Issue 1 2003C. Cardell Abstract A saline-spray artificial ageing test was used to simulate the effects produced in granites and sedimentary rocks (calcarenites, micrites and breccia) under conditions in coastal environments. Three main points were addressed in this study: the durability of the different kinds of rock to salt decay, the resulting weathering forms and the rock properties involved in the weathering processes. For this, mineralogical and textural characterization of each of the different rocks was carried out before and after the test. The soluble salt content at different depths from the exposed surfaces was also determined. Two different weathering mechanisms were observed in the granite and calcareous rocks. Physical processes were involved in the weathering of granite samples, whereas dissolution of calcite was also involved in the deterioration of the calcareous rocks. We also showed that microstructural characteristics (e.g. pore size distribution), play a key role in salt damage, because of their influence on saline solution transport and on the pressures developed within rocks during crystallization. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] From gene amplification to V(D)J recombination and back: A personal account of my early years in B cell biologyEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY, Issue S1 2007Frederick Abstract I have been invited to write a short historical feature in the context of being a co-recipient with Klaus Rajewsky and Fritz Melchers of the 2007,Novartis Prize in Basic Immunology that was given in the general area of the molecular biology of B cells. In this feature, I cover the main points of the short talk that I presented at the Award Ceremony at the International Immunology Congress in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. This talk focused primarily on the work and people involved early on in generating the models and ideas that have formed the basis for my ongoing efforts in the areas of V(D)J recombination and B cell development. [source] Progress in the Field of Electrospinning for Tissue Engineering ApplicationsADVANCED MATERIALS, Issue 32-33 2009Seema Agarwal Abstract Electrospinning is an extremely promising method for the preparation of tissue engineering (TE) scaffolds. This technique provides nonwovens resembling in their fibrillar structures those of the extracellular matrix (ECM), and offering large surface areas, ease of functionalization for various purposes, and controllable mechanical properties. The recent developments toward large-scale productions combined with the simplicity of the process render this technique very attractive. Progress concerning the use of electrospinning for TE applications has advanced impressively. Different groups have tackled the problem of electrospinning for TE applications from different angles. Nowadays, electrospinning of the majority of biodegradable and biocompatible polymers, either synthetic or natural, for TE applications is straightforward. Different issues, such as cell penetration, incorporation of growth and differentiating factors, toxicity of solvents used, productivity, functional gradient, etc. are main points of current considerations. The progress in the use of electrospinning for TE applications is highlighted in this article with focus on major problems encountered and on various solutions available until now. [source] Presentation and comments on EU legislation related to food industries,environment interactions: organic contaminants (chemicals, pesticides, dioxins, furans, biocides and their waste management)INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, Issue 7 2006Ioannis S. Arvanitoyannis Summary The first part of this review on European Union (EU) legislation related to food industries,environment interactions deals with chemicals which, in their majority, make their way to food. Such substances are the pesticides and fertilizers the residues of which abound in many agricultural produces (both of plant or animal origin). Another crucial issue is the unintentional release of dioxins and furans through combustion. Detergents or sanitizers in conjunction with compounds considered hazardous or corrosive or flammable stand for other topics falling in the general category of chemicals employed in the food industry. The aim of this review is to cover all the current EU legislation in the field of chemicals (dioxins, furans, pesticides, biocides products, fertilizers, sanitizers) coming directly or indirectly in contact with food and their waste management by providing six comprehensive and easy-to-use tables, and a synopsis of the main points of the currently in force EU legislation. [source] An update of EU legislation (Directives and Regulations) on food-related issues (Safety, Hygiene, Packaging, Technology, GMOs, Additives, Radiation, Labelling): presentation and commentsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, Issue 10 2005Ioannis S. Arvanitoyannis Summary This review aims at providing an update of the current European Union (EU) Regulations and Directives on food-related issues. Initially, a brief presentation of EU legislation in terms of structure (horizontal, vertical) was attempted. EU Regulations and Directives were classified into the following categories: food safety (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points, pesticides, radioactive, hormones, contaminants, freezing , ionisation, food additives, flavourings, packaging), genetically modified organisms, food quality, labelling, food products of plant or animal origin, imports from third countries. Apart from a synoptical presentation of all laws related to the above-mentioned topics, proper tables were compiled where the main points of each law are cited in conjunction with its effect on previous laws (repeal, modification, amendments, replacement). In such a way the reader can rapidly acquire a first approach to the topic of his interest. [source] Reflections on International Organisations and International Legitimacy: Constraints, Pathologies, and PossibilitiesINTERNATIONAL SOCIAL SCIENCE JOURNAL, Issue 170 2001Jean-Marc Coicaud It may appear questionable at first sight to connect international legitimacy and international organisations. However a strong link exists between them. International organisations are the expression, defence, promotion, and projection of a socialised vision of international relations that is key to the claims and gradual implementation of a sense of international legitimacy. As a result, one way to reflect upon global governance , its present situation and what its future is likely to be , is to analyse how international organisations express and contribute to the making of international legitimacy. The paper touches upon three main points. First, it assesses the current legitimacy of international organisations. Second, the paper will examine the contribution of international organisations to international socialisation, which is another word for international or global governance. Thirdly, it attempts to foresee and map some of the key issues around which the future of the international system, international organisations and global governance and the future of their legitimacy will probably revolve. [source] On the efficient evaluation of Fourier patterns for nanoparticles and clustersJOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY, Issue 9 2006Antonio Cervellino Abstract Samples made of an isotropically oriented ensemble of atomic clusters or structures that are not large crystals (i.e. extended less than 10 periods in each direction) are at the frontier of today's material science and chemistry. Examples are nanoparticles, nanotubes, amorphous matter, polymers, and macromolecules in suspension. For such systems the computation of powder diffraction patterns (which may provide an efficient characterization) is to be performed the hard way, by summing contributions from each atom pair. This work deals with performing such computation in the most practical and efficient way. Three main points are developed: how to encode the enormous array of interatomic distances (which increase as the square or higher powers of the cluster diameter) to a much smaller array of equispaced values on a coarse grid (whose size increases linearly with the diameter); how to perform a fast computation of the diffraction pattern from this equispaced grid; how to optimize the grid step to obtain an arbitrarily small error on the computed diffraction pattern. Theory and examples are jointly developed and presented. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 27: 995,1008, 2006 [source] Sexual conflict and indirect benefitsJOURNAL OF EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY, Issue 5 2003E. Cameron Abstract Recent work on sexual selection and sexual conflict has explored the influence of indirect effects on the evolution of female mating behaviour. It has been suggested that the importance of these effects has been underestimated and that the influence of indirect effects may actually be of relatively greater significance than direct effects. Additionally, it has also been suggested that all indirect effects, both good genes and sexy son, are qualitatively equivalent. Here a counterpoint to these suggestions is offered. We argue two main points: (1) it is unlikely that indirect effects will commonly outweigh direct effects, and (2) that there are important differences between good genes and sexy son indirect effects that must be recognized. We suggest that acknowledgement of these distinctions will lead to increased understanding of processes operating in both sexual conflict and sexual selection. [source] Food Safety Education Using Music ParodiesJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE EDUCATION, Issue 3 2009Carl K. Winter ABSTRACT:, Musical parodies of contemporary songs with their lyrics altered to address current food safety issues were incorporated into a variety of food safety educational programs and the effectiveness of the music was evaluated by semiquantitative and qualitative measures. Audiences receiving the music-enriched curricula included school foodservice supervisors, school foodservice managers, culinary arts instructors, culinary arts students, Family and Consumer Sciences teachers, and youth aged 8 to 12 y and studies were conducted in South Carolina, North Carolina, and Delaware. Among school foodservice supervisors, school foodservice managers, and culinary arts students, most participants were able to recall the main points of each song that was introduced in the curriculum. The culinary arts students were less likely to recall the main points of each song than were the other 2 groups, possibly because of the lack of prior knowledge of food safety practices as well as a lack of preference for the style of songs used. Family and Consumer Sciences teachers were enthusiastic about the use of the music but also identified potential barriers to the successful use of the music, due to the potential lack of appropriate audiovisual equipment, a lack of skills in using such equipment, and time constraints for the use of music in curricula due to the strong emphasis on end of year testing. Participants in the summer youth groups demonstrated significant increases between pre- and posttest examinations of safe food handling behaviors and most were able to quote lines or phrases from the songs. [source] European Manifesto on Basic Standards of Health Care For People with Intellectual DisabilitiesJOURNAL OF POLICY AND PRACTICE IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES, Issue 1 2004M. M. Meijer Abstract An invitational conference organized by the Netherlands Society of Physicians for Persons with Intellectual Disabilities (NVAVG) and the European Association of Intellectual Disability Medicine (MAMH), in collaboration with the Erasmus Medical Center's Department of Specialist Training for Physicians for People with Intellectual Disabilities, had as its aim the development and issuance of an European manifesto on adequate health care for people with intellectual disabilities (ID). This paper provides an overview of the basis for the conference and the manifesto and lays out recommendations for the implementation of the manifesto's main points. The group's product, the European Manifesto on Basic Standards of Health Care for People with Intellectual Disabilities, summarizes the core elements of adequate health care for individuals with ID, and offers guidance on how Europe's nations may address deficiencies in health provision for people with ID. The manifesto's main points include a call for greater available and accessible health care, increasing the competencies in ID of health professionals, educators, and researchers, a greater reliance on a multidisciplinary approach to health care, more specialist services, and a proactive emphasis on personal health management. [source] NICHOLAS WOLTERSTORFF'S JUSTICE: RIGHTS AND WRONGS: AN INTRODUCTIONJOURNAL OF RELIGIOUS ETHICS, Issue 2 2009Paul Weithman ABSTRACT This introduction sets the stage for four papers on Nicholas Wolterstorff's Justice: Rights and Wrongs, written by Harold Attridge, Oliver O'Donovan, Richard Bernstein, and myself. In his book, Wolterstorff defends an account of human rights. The first section of this introduction distinguishes Wolterstorff's account of rights from the alternative account of rights against which he contends. The alternative account draws much of its power from a historical narrative according to which theory and politics supplanted earlier ways of thinking about justice. The second section sketches that narrative and Wolterstorff's counter-narrative. The third section draws together the main points of Wolterstorff's own account. [source] Globalization, Societal Change, and New Technologies: What They Mean for the Future of AdolescenceJOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE, Issue 1 2002Reed W. Larson Nations around the world are undergoing rapid changes that are altering the nature of adolescence in their societies. This volume examines current trends in adolescent experience across nations, with the objective of identifying emerging problems and opportunities in adolescents' preparation for adulthood. This introduction reviews methods used by futurists and how these methods are applicable to adolescence, and provides an overview of some of the macrochanges that are shaping the societies in which adolescents of the future will live. The macrochanges considered include demographic trends, globalization, trends in government, and changes in technology. Subsequent articles in this volume examine how these and other changes are altering adolescents' transition to adult work, preparation for adult interpersonal lives, civic and community engagement, and health and well-being. The final article focuses on social policy and is followed by a conclusion with the main points and trends in the volume. [source] How the skin reacts to environmental factorsJOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN ACADEMY OF DERMATOLOGY & VENEREOLOGY, Issue 2007L. Misery Abstract The skin is one of the main points of contact with the environment. Usually, interactions between skin and environmental factors are harmonious. But sometimes, the skin barrier is modified (dry or greasy skin) or skin inflammation can occur (irritated, reactive, allergic or atopic skin). [source] The poverty of anti-nationalist modernismNATIONS AND NATIONALISM, Issue 3 2003Anthony D. Smith In this reply to Dr Özkirimli's article, after considering the relationship between modernist and ethnosymbolic approaches, I propose some arguments for, and explanations of ethnosymbolic accounts. I concentrate here on the four main points raised by Dr Özkirimli: (1) the restrictions on the role of elites, (2) the limitations of presentism, (3) the importance of collective passion and attachment and (4) the plurality of ethnic heritages. I conclude with an explanation of my normative stance in relation to the question of ,romantic nationalism'. [source] Summary, Conclusions, and the Future of External PartnershipsNEW DIRECTIONS FOR STUDENT SERVICES, Issue 96 2001Larry H. Dietz This chapter pulls together the main points of the preceding chapters, encouraging reflection and further speculation on the prospect of external partnerships. [source] Knowledge-based Diagnosis Aiding in Regulation ThermographyPROCEEDINGS IN APPLIED MATHEMATICS & MECHANICS, Issue 1 2003Hagen Knaf Dr. Regulation Thermography is a diagnostic tool in the medical science based on the measurement of the body's thermoregulation ability , the so-called thermogram. The expert's rules for the interpretation of a thermogram can be modelled using Fuzzy Logic. In the present article this modelling process is briefly explained; it leads to a Fuzzy Inference System capable of evaluating thermograms with respect to e.g. signals for the presence of Breast Cancer. Some of the main points of a comparison between the expert rules and the result of a stepwise linear discriminant analysis performed on classified thermograms are presented. [source] System aspects of the EUDOXOS observatories networkASTRONOMISCHE NACHRICHTEN, Issue 8 2006N. H. Solomos Abstract The networking architecture of the EUDOXOS' robotic telescopes is presented. We have studied adopted and tested various software & hardware approaches for developing an observational facility equipped with the very high availability needed to achieve continuous operation, inherent capacity for effective multiuser support, fully robotic unattended operation, fast response to targets of opportunity and accommodation of tele-operating instruments. Critical practical aspects and considerations of our operating implementation as well as the main points of an ongoing upgrade initiative expected to be of general interest, are discussed. (© 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Discal attachments of the human temporomandibular jointAUSTRALIAN DENTAL JOURNAL, Issue 3 2005JE Christo Abstract Background: Despite its clinical significance, the anatomy of the human temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and its relationship to the lateral pterygoid muscle remains poorly described and often misrepresented in standard texts. The aim of this study was to describe how the anterior and posterior attachments of the TMJ disc vary between lateral, central and medial regions of the joint. Methods: Ten left TMJs were removed en bloc from cadavers and serial sections were made at 3,4mm intervals. Observations were made to ascertain the anterior and posterior attachments of the disc and the joint structures were traced from standardized photographs. Results: Laterally, the capsule and lateral discal ligament merged prior to their attachment at the condylar pole. Medially, muscle fibres, capsule and the disc converged on the medial pole of the condyle. There was no evidence that fibres of the upper head of the lateral pterygoid muscle inserted directly into the disc. The upper head inserted into the condyle either directly at the pterygoid fovea or via a central tendon or indirectly via the capsule. Posteriorly, the superior part of the posterior attachment of the disc attached to the cartilaginous meatus and tympanic part of the temporal bone. The inferior part of the posterior attachment of the disc attached to the posterior surface of the condyle. In four joints, this attachment was folded beneath the posterior band of the disc, creating a wedge-shaped flap that ran medio-laterally. Conclusion: This study is in broad agreement with other anatomical TMJ studies but there are two main points of difference. Firstly, a true muscle insertion of the superior head of the lateral pterygoid muscle to the disc was not observed. Secondly, a wedge-shaped flap of retrodiscal tissue was identified between the condyle and the disc. [source] The Real Exchange Rate Always FloatsAUSTRALIAN ECONOMIC PAPERS, Issue 4 2002Thorvaldur Gylfason This paper makes two main points. First, irrespective of nominal exchange rate arrangements, the real exchange rate always floats , if not through nominal exchange rate adjustment, then through price change. Further, because prices and wages tend to be sticky, the adjustment of real exchange rates towards long,run equilibrium takes time, as witnessed by long,lasting currency misalignments around the world. In second place, real exchange rates are rather likely to fluctuate on their way towards long,run equilibrium because of the dynamic interaction between real exchange rates and the current account or, put differently, because the structure of lags with which exchange rates impact the volume of exports and imports may give rise to oscillatory behaviour. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||