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Breeding for resistance: conventional breeding for Plum pox virus resistant apricots (Prunus armeniaca L.) in Greece

EPPO BULLETIN, Issue 2 2006
I. Karayiannis
A large apricot breeding programme has been conducted at NAGREF-Pomology Institute, Naoussa-Greece, for the control of sharka disease, since 1989. Ten apricot cultivars of North American origin: ,Stark Early Orange', ,Stella', ,NJA2', ,Sunglo', ,Veecot', ,Harlayne', ,Henderson', ,Goldrich', ,Orangered' and ,Early Blush', selected for their resistance to the highly virulent local strain of Plum pox virus (PPV)-M (Marcus), have been used as parents in crosses with quality cultivars, mainly with the local cv. Bebecou, from 1989 to 2003. Approximately 7000 hybrids have been created. Resistance to PPV was the main criterion of selection. Most hybrids have been subjected to artificial inoculation by PPV-M and examined for symptom expression for more than five years. Indexing to GF-305, as well as laboratory diagnostic tests, have been applied. The genetic analysis showed that: (1) 50% of the hybrids inherited resistance to PPV in the families where cvs. Stark Early Orange, NJA2, Sunglo, Veecot and Harlayne were used as a parent, and (2) 100% of the hybrids inherited resistance to PPV in the families where cv. Stella was one of the parents. Resistance to PPV appears to be under simple genetic control involving one gene locus. Promising apricot selections resistant to PPV-M have been released. [source]

Value of regional cerebral blood flow in the evaluation of chronic liver disease and subclinical hepatic encephalopathy

JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY, Issue 10 2003
YUSUF YAZGAN
Abstract Aims:, Regional changes in cerebral blood flow in patients with chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and subclinical hepatic encephalopathy were investigated in the present study using single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Methods:, Twenty patients with cirrhosis, 11 patients with chronic hepatitis, and nine healthy controls were included in the study. Cerebral SPECT were obtained for all patients. The percentages of cerebral blood flow of 14 regions to the cerebellar blood flow were determined. Only the patients with cirrhosis underwent psychometric evaluation: visual evoked potentials (VEP) measurements and electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings along with blood levels of albumin, bilirubin, and ammonia were measured and prothrombin time was determined in cirrhotic patients. These patients were classified according to the Child,Pugh classification. Results:, Among cirrhotic patients, six had abnormal results in VEP studies, 11 in psychometric tests and with six in EEG evaluation. Any abnormality in psychometric tests and/or VEP studies is taken as the main criterion; subclinical hepatic encephalopathy was detected in 12 of 20 patients. According to SPECT results in patients with subclinical encephalopathy, a statistically significant decrease in cerebral blood flow in right thalamus and nearly significant decrease in left thalamus were observed. Regional blood flow was significantly higher in the frontal lobes of patients with cirrhosis when compared with healthy controls. Similarly, cerebral blood flow in frontal and cingulate regions was significantly higher in patients with chronic hepatitis than in healthy controls. There was no relationship between cerebral blood flow and blood levels of ammonia or Child,Pugh score, in cirrhotic patients. Conclusion:, Significant changes in cerebral blood flow may be present in chronic liver diseases and the authors suggest that the measurement of changes in cerebral blood flow might be useful in detecting subclinical hepatic encephalopathy. [source]

College Size as the Major Discriminator

NEW DIRECTIONS FOR COMMUNITY COLLEGES, Issue 122 2003
Arthur M. Cohen
College size is a valid, readily available, easily understood, and nonjudgmental criterion that relates directly to other important college characteristics. Therefore, size should be considered the main criterion in the classification of community colleges. [source]

Moving Kidney Allocation Forward: The ASTS Perspective

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTATION, Issue 7 2009
R. B. Freeman
In 2008, the United Network for Organ Sharing issued a request for information regarding a proposed revision to kidney allocation policy. This plan described combining dialysis time, donor characteristics and the estimated life years from transplant (LYFT) each candidate would gain in an allocation score that would rank waiting candidates. Though there were some advantages of this plan, the inclusion of LYFT raised many questions. Foremost, there was no clear agreement that LYFT should be the main criterion by which patients should be ranked. Moreover, to rank waiting candidates with this metric, long-term survival models were required in which there was no incorporation of patient preference or discounting for long survival times and for which the predictive accuracy did not achieve accepted standards. The American Society of Transplant Surgeons was pleased to participate in the evaluation of the proposal. Ultimately, the membership did not favor this proposal, because we felt that it was too complicated and that the projected slight increase in overall utility was not justified by the compromise in individual justice that was required. We offer alternative policy options to address some of the unmet needs and issues that were brought to light during this interesting process. [source]

Qualitätssicherung bei der Verwendung von hochfestem Beton

BETON- UND STAHLBETONBAU, Issue 2 2005
Frank Dehn Dr.-Ing.
Die Verwendung von hochfestem Beton hat in den letzten Jahren stetig zugenommen. Dies belegen mehrere nationale und internationale Bauvorhaben [1], [2], [3]. Als Hauptargumente für die Verwendung dieser Betone werden vielfach die verbesserten Dauerhaftigkeitseigenschaften und die statisch-konstruktiven Aspekte, wie z. B. die Reduzierung von Überbaudicken, genannt. Aus Sicht der Betontechnologie sollen in den nachfolgenden Abschnitten einige Aspekte der Qualitätssicherung für hochfesten Beton beschrieben werden. Hinsichtlich der praktischen Erfahrungen mit hochfestem Beton im Brückenbau wird auf den folgenden Beitrag "Brücken aus hochfestem Beton , Praxiserfahrungen mit Pilotprojekten in Sachsen und Thüringen" auf Seite 106 bis 115 in diesem Heft verwiesen. Quality Assurance for the use of ready-mixed High Strength Concrete (HSC). The application of high strength concretes has been increased continuously in the recent years. This is shown by several national and international construction projects [1], [2], [3]. As main criterions for the use of these concretes improved durability properties but also static-constructive aspects are mentioned, e.g. the reduction of superstructure thicknesses. In the following chapters from a concrete technological point of view some aspects for a quality assurance of high strength concrete are described. Some practical experiences with high-strength concrete for bridges constructions are described in paper "Brücken aus hochfestem Beton , Praxiserfahrungen mit Pilotprojekten in Sachsen und Thüringen" on p. 106 to 115 in this magazine. [source]