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Selected AbstractsResponse of the charophyte Nitellopsis obtusa to heavy metals at the cellular, cell membrane, and enzyme levelsENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY, Issue 3 2002Levonas Manusad, ianas Abstract The responses of the freshwater macroalga Nitellopsis obtusa to heavy metal (HM) salts of Hg, Cd, Co, Cu, Cr, and Ni were assessed at different levels: whole-cell mortality (96-h LC50), in vivo cell membrane (45-min depolarization of resting potential, EC50), and enzyme in plasma membrane preparations (K+, Mg2+ -specific H+ -ATPase inhibition, IC50). To measure ATPase activity, a novel procedure for isolation of plasma membrane,enriched vesicles from charophyte cells was developed. The short-term ATPase inhibition assay (IC50 from 6.0 × 10,7 to 4.6 × 10,4 M) was slightly more sensitive than the cell mortality test (LC50 from 1.1 × 10,6 to 2.6 × 10,3 M), and the electrophysiological test with the end point of 45-min depolarization of resting potential was characterized by less sensitivity for HMs (EC50 from 1.1 × 10,4 to 2.2 × 10,2 M). The variability of IC50 values assessed for HMs in the ATPase assays was close to that of LC50 values in the mortality tests (CVs from 33.5 to 83.5 and from 12.4% to 57.7%, respectively), whereas the EC50 values in the electrophysiological tests were characterized by CVs generally below 30%. All three end points identified two separate HM groups according to their toxicity to N. obtusa: Co, Ni, and Cr comprised a group of less toxic metals, whereas Hg, Cu, and Cd comprised a group of more toxic metals. However, the adverse effects within each group were discriminated differently. For example, the maximum difference between the highest and lowest LC50 for the group of less toxic metals in the long-term mortality test was approximately 60% of the response range, whereas the corresponding difference in IC50 values in the ATPase assay was 30%. In contrast, the LC50 values of the more toxic metals occupied only 10% of the response range, whereas the IC50 values were spread over 70%. Further investigation should be done of the underlying mechanism or mechanisms responsible for the observed differences in the dynamic range of a particular end point of the groups of toxicants of varying strength. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 17: 275,283, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/tox.10058 [source] Simplification of analytical models and incorporation with CFD for the performance predication of closed-wet cooling towersINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENERGY RESEARCH, Issue 13 2002Ala Hasan Abstract Simplified analytical models are developed for evaluating the thermal performance of closed-wet cooling towers (CWCTs) for use with chilled ceilings in cooling of buildings. Two methods of simplification are used with regard to the temperature of spray water inside the tower. The results obtained from these models for a prototype cooling tower are very close to experimental measurements. The thermal performance of the cooling tower is evaluated under nominal conditions. The results show that the maximum difference in the calculated cooling water heat or air sensible heat between the two simplified methods and a general computational model is less than 3%. The analytical model distribution of the sensible heat along the tower is then incorporated with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to assess the thermal performance of the tower. It is found that CFD results agree well with the analytical results when the air flow is simulated with air supply from the bottom of the tower, which represents a uniform air flow. CFD shows the importance of the uniform distribution of air and spray water to achieve optimum design. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Brief communication: Is variation in the cranial capacity of the Dmanisi sample too high to be from a single species?AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY, Issue 3 2005Sang-Hee Lee Abstract This study uses data resampling to test the null hypothesis that the degree of variation in the cranial capacity of the Dmanisi hominid sample is within the range variation of a single species. The statistical significance of the variation in the Dmanisi sample is examined using simulated distributions based on comparative samples of modern humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas. Results show that it is unlikely to find the maximum difference observed in the Dmanisi sample in distributions of female-female pairs from comparative single-species samples. Given that two sexes are represented, the difference in the Dmanisi sample is not enough to reject the null hypothesis of a single species. Results of this study suggest no compelling reason to invoke multiple taxa to explain variation in the cranial capacity of the Dmanisi hominids. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Transient simulation of a catalytic converter for a dual fuel engineTHE CANADIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, Issue 3 2000Benlin Liu Abstract An experimental and modelling study was performed for a catalytic converter attached to a natural gas/diesel dual fuel engine. The catalytic converter was a ceramic monolith honeycomb substrate coated with a washcoat of catalyst. A multiple segmented design of converter was used. This paper describes the application of a one-dimensional finite element model for the transient and steady state operation of this converter. The model is a single channel model. The laminar flow was approximated using a dispersed plug flow model. The chemical kinetics were simulated using LHHW type expressions. Comparison of simulated results are made with experimental results for heating and cooling cycles that resulted from speed and load changes on the engine. These comparisons showed a maximum difference between experimental and predicted emission levels of about 10%. On a mené une étude expérimentale et réalisé la modération d'un convertisseur catalytique relié è un moteur è combustible double gaz naturel/diesel. Le convertisseur catalytique est un substrat de monolithes céramique en nid d'abeille enduit d'une couche de catalyseur. Une conception segmentée multiple a étée utilisée pour le convertisseur. On décrit dans cet article l'application d'un modèle d'éléments finis unidimensionnel pour un fonctionnement en régime transitoire et permanent du convertisseur. Ce modèle est un modèle à canal unique. L'écoulement laminaire a été approximé à l'aide d'un modèle à écoulement piston dispersé. La cinétique chimique a été simulée au moyen d'expressions de type LHHW. On effectue une comparaison entre les résultats simulés et les résultats expérimentaux pour les cycles de chauffe et de refroidissement qui résultent des changements de vitesse et de charge sur le moteur. Ces comparaisons montrent une différence maximum entre les taux d'émission expérimentaux et prédits d'environ 10%. [source] Mudstone compaction curves in basin modelling: a study of Mesozoic and Cenozoic Sediments in the northern North SeaBASIN RESEARCH, Issue 3 2010Ø. Marcussen ABSTRACT Basin modelling studies are carried out in order to understand the basin evolution and palaeotemperature history of sedimentary basins. The results of basin modelling are sensitive to changes in the physical properties of the rocks in the sedimentary sequences. The rate of basin subsidence depends, to a large extent, on the density of the sedimentary column, which is largely dependent on the porosity and therefore on the rate of compaction. This study has tested the sensitivity of varying porosity/depth curves and related thermal conductivities for the Cenozoic succession along a cross-section in the northern North Sea basin, offshore Norway. End-member porosity/depth curves, assuming clay with smectite and kaolinite properties, are compared with a standard compaction curve for shale normally applied to the North Sea. Using these alternate relationships, basin geometries of the Cenozoic succession may vary up to 15% from those predicted using the standard compaction curve. Isostatic subsidence along the cross-section varies 2.3,4.6% between the two end-member cases. This leads to a 3,8% difference in tectonic subsidence, with maximum values in the basin centre. Owing to this, the estimated stretching factors vary up to 7.8%, which further gives rise to a maximum difference in heat flow of more than 8.5% in the basin centre. The modelled temperatures for an Upper Jurassic source rock show a deviation of more than 20 °C at present dependent on the thermal conductivity properties in the post-rift succession. This will influence the modelled hydrocarbon generation history of the basin, which is an essential output from basin modelling analysis. Results from the northern North Sea have shown that varying compaction trends in sediments with varying thermal properties are important parameters to constrain when analysing sedimentary basins. [source] Comparison and Origin of Forest and Grassland Ant Assemblages in the High Plateau of Madagascar (Hymenoptera: Formicidae),BIOTROPICA, Issue 1 2002Brian L. Fisher ABSTRACT We assessed species richness and composition of ant assemblages in adjacent montane forest and secondary (anthropogenic) grassland habitats in the central plateau of Madagascar. We used five quantitative methods (leaf litter sifting, two types of pitfall traps, beating low vegetation, and soil digging) and compared methods within and across habitats. Sample,based and occurrence,based accumulation curves demonstrated that die efficiency of ant inventory methods is habitat specific. Litter sifting, however, was the single most efficient method in both habitats. Overall, our analyses of the relative efficiency of methods recommend the use of sifting and beating in the montane forest site, and sifting alone in the grassland site. In four of five methods, more species were collected in the grassland site (31 spp.) than in the forest site (26 spp.). Occurrence,based accumulation curves based on all methods demonstrated that species richness was similar in the two habitats, reaching a maximum difference of approximately one species. Only five species were shared between the grassland and forest sites. The presence of a high number of ant species restricted to the grassland site (18 spp.) is the first record of high endemism in this habitat in Madagascar and may have strong implications for the reconstruction of the natural vegetation types at the time humans arrived. Their presence suggests that a comparable open habitat, such as montane woodland, shrubland, or thicket, was present on Madagascar long before humans developed the secondary grasslands less than 2000 years ago. These results are contrary to the "classical hypothesis" that the central plateau was a continuous region of closed forest. These results support the hypothesis that the montane regions, including the central plateau, once contained areas of habitat with an open structure and that the endemic ants now found in the secondary grasslands were originally native to such a habitat. RéSUMé La richesse en espéces et la composition des fourmis ont été inventoriées dans la for,t montagneuse du plateau central de Madagascar et dans la prairie secondaire adjacente. Cinq méthodes quantitatives ont été utilisées (tamisage des litières, deux types de trous-pièges, battage des végétations basses et lavage de terre). Nous avons comparé I'efficacité de ces méthodes dans chacun et entre les deux habitats. Les courbes d'accumulation d'espèces basées sur I'échantillon et sur I'occurrence ont montré que I'efficacité des méthodes d'inventaire de fourmis est habitat-dépendant. Cependant, le tamisage des litières se montrait la méthode la plus efficace dans les deux habitats. Nos analyses sur I'efficacité relative des méthodes recommandent I'utilisation combinée du tamisage des litières et du battage de végétation dans la for,t montagneuse, et I'utilisation seule du tamisage des litières dans la prairie secondaire. Dans quatre des cinq méthodes, plus d'espèces ont été collectées dans la prairie (31 spp.) que dans la for,t (26 spp.). Les courbes d'accumulation d'occurrence basées sur routes les méthodes ont démontré que la richesse en espèces de ces deux habitats est similaire, atteignant seulement une difference maximale d'approximativement une espèce. Pourtant, seulement cinq espèces parta-geaient les deux habitats. La présence de plusieurs espèces de fourmis uniquement trouvées dans la prairie (18 spp.) est la première observation d'une forte endémicité de cet habitat et peut avoir une importante implication pour la restauration des types de végétation naturelle initiale de I'ile. Leur présence suggère que des habitats ouverts similaires tels que les formations arbustives de montagnes et les fourrés, étaient présentsà Madagascar longtemps avant la transformation de ces habitats en prairie secondaire par les humains. Ces résultats contredisent I'hypothèse classique qui avance que le plateau central a é té uniquement composé d'une région de for,t dense. Ainsi, ces résultats supportent I'hypothese que la région montagneuse contenant le plateau central, renfermait des habitats àstructure ouverte et que les fourmis endémiques actuellement trouvées dans la prairie secondaire sont, a I'origine natives de ces habitats. [source] Influence of leptin levels and body weight in survival of children with sepsisACTA PAEDIATRICA, Issue 6 2002A Blanco-Quirós High levels of serum leptin (LPT) were reported in adult patients with sepsis and a protective role was suggested. LPT was determined in sera from 55 children with severe sepsis at admission (0 h), 6, 24 and 48 h. LPT levels were higher at 0 h than at 24 h (2.80 vs 1.61 ng/ml; p= 0.009) and a negative correlation was found with IL-13 (p= 0.009), and granulocyte counts (p= 0.035), but not with other factors. Infants younger than 12 mo of age had higher LPT levels than older infants (5.88 vs 2.38 ng/ml; p= 0.0005). The increase in LPT levels was higher in non-survivor patients than in survivors, with a maximum difference at 24 h (5.30 vs 1.45 ng/ml; p= 0.0042). However, LPT levels were not associated with shock, multiorgan failure or the severity score. Children who died showed higher percentiles of weight than survivors (p= 0.025). A subgroup with higher LPT (
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