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Male Rates (male + rate)
Selected AbstractsCumulative adversity and drug dependence in young adults: racial/ethnic contrastsADDICTION, Issue 3 2003R. Jay Turner ABSTRACT Aims To study cumulative exposure to stressors as a risk factor for drug dependence, and evaluate whether group differences in exposure contribute to differences in prevalence. Design Cross-sectional community survey of life-time adverse experiences and substance and psychiatric disorders. Setting Data collected between 1997 and 2000 in Miami,Dade County, USA. Participants A total of 1803 former Miami,Dade public school students, 93% between ages 19 and 21 years when interviewed. Males and females of Cuban origin, other Caribbean basin Hispanics, African-Americans and non-Hispanic whites are represented equally. Measurements Drug dependence disorder assessed by DSM-IV criteria using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview, and a 41-item checklist of life-time exposure to major and potentially traumatic experiences. Both measures include age at time of first occurrence. Findings Life-time rate of drug dependence disorder (total 14.3%) did not vary significantly (P > 0.05) by socio-economic group. Male rate (17.6%) was significantly greater than female rate (10.9%). The African-American rate (6.5%) was dramatically lower than non-Hispanic white (17.0%), Cuban (18.1%) and non-Cuban Hispanic (16.0%) rates despite their dramatically higher exposure to adversity. Twenty-eight of 33 individual adversities were associated with the subsequent onset of drug dependence (P < 0.05). Cumulative life-time exposure was greatest for males and for African-Americans, and was associated inversely with socio-economic level. Multivariate discrete-time event history analysis revealed significant independent effects of distal (>1 year earlier) and proximal (previous year) exposure to adverse events (P < 0.05), controlling for childhood conduct disorder, attention deficit hyperactive disorder and previous psychiatric disorder. Conclusions Life-time cumulative exposure to distant as well as more recent adversity predicts risk of subsequent drug dependence, although it does not explain ethnic group differences in risk. [source] Lifetime sexual dimorphism in Juniperus communis var. communisPLANT SPECIES BIOLOGY, Issue 1 2007LENA K. WARD Abstract The sexes of dioecious Juniperus communis were differentially affected over their lifetime in response to ecological and physiological stress in populations of different ages studied over 23 years in southern England. In a young population, the female survival rate was less than the male rate, with more females dying during a severe attack by rabbits and later with fungus disease in the roots. The sex ratio (female : male) in marked individuals was predicted by age, changing from 1:1.13 in 1983 to 1:1.32 in 2005. In an old senescing population, where two-thirds of the individuals died, the sex ratio varied, but overall became more male biased (1:1.51,1:2.10). Males had a greater resistance to terminal disease, and were slightly older than females at death (110 years compared to 106). Young females grew less than males, presumably because of greater trade-offs with reproductive effort: the mean annual shoot growth was 6.7 cm compared to 8.1 cm in males. By approximately 30 years of age, heights of the sexes were significantly different. The annual growth of old females (4.8 cm) was greater than that in males (4.3 cm), possibly because males survived longer in poor health. Sexual differences in height in the old population were progressively lost. Cone abundance in females was less than that in males and cone production had greater periodicity; the young population outperformed the old. There were slightly longer time lags in inverse correlations between growth and reproductive indices in females. [source] GENDER, STRUCTURAL DISADVANTAGE, AND URBAN CRIME: DO MACROSOCIAL VARIABLES ALSO EXPLAIN FEMALE OFFENDING RATES?,CRIMINOLOGY, Issue 2 2000DARRELL STEFFENSMEIER Building on prior macrosocial-crime research that sought to explain either total crime rates or male rates, this study links female offending rates to structural characteristics of U.S. cities. Specifically, we go beyond previous research by: (1) gender disaggregating the Uniform Crime Report (UCR) index-crime rates (homicide, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny-theft) across U.S. cities; (2) focusing explicitly on the effects of structural disadvantage variables on the index-offending rates of females; and (3) comparing the effects of the structural variables on female rates with those for male rates. Alternative measures of structural disadvantage are used to provide more theoretically appropriate indicators, such as gender-specific poverty and joblessness, and controls are included for age structure and structural variables related to offending. The main finding is consistent and powerful: The structural sources of high levels of female offending resemble closely those influencing male offending, but the effects tend to be stronger on male offending rates. [source] Trends in oesophageal cancer incidence and mortality in EuropeINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 5 2008Cristina Bosetti Abstract To monitor recent trends in mortality from oesophageal cancer in 33 European countries, we analyzed the data provided by the World Health Organization over the last 2 decades, using also joinpoint regression. For selected European cancer registration areas, we also analyzed incidence rates for different histological types. For men in the European Union (EU), age-standardized (world population) mortality rates were stable around 6/100,000 between the early 1980s and the early 1990s, and slightly declined in the last decade (5.4/100,000 in the early 2000s, annual percent change, APC = ,1.1%). In several western European countries, male rates have started to level off or decline during the last decade (APC = ,3.4% in France, and ,3.0% in Italy). Also in Spain and the UK, which showed upward trends in the 1990s, the rates tended to level off in most recent years. A levelling of rates was observed only more recently in countries of central and eastern Europe, which had had substantial rises up to the late 1990s. Oesophageal cancer mortality rates remained comparatively low in European women, and overall EU female rates were stable around 1.1,1.2/100,000 over the last 2 decades (APC = ,0.1%). In northern Europe a clear upward trend was observed in the incidence of oesophageal adenocarcinoma, and in Denmark and Scotland incidence of adenocarcinoma in men is now higher than that of squamous-cell carcinoma. Squamous-cell carcinoma remained the prevalent histological type in southern Europe. Changes in smoking habits and alcohol drinking for men, and perhaps nutrition, diet and physical activity for both sexes, can partly or largely explain these trends. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Comparison of suicide in people aged 65,74 and 75+ by gender in England and Wales and the major Western countries 1979,1999INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GERIATRIC PSYCHIATRY, Issue 1 2005Colin Pritchard Abstract Background The factors most strongly associated with suicide are age and gender,more men than women, and, more people over 65 kill themselves. As a number of Governments have targets to reduce suicide levels we compare elderly suicide rates over a 20-year period in England and Wales. And the major Western countries focusing upon age and gender. Method WHO mortality data were used to calculate three-year average General Population Suicide Rates (GPSR) for 1979,1981 to 1997,1999 and rates of people aged 65,74 and 75+ suicide by gender to provide ratios of change and a statistical comparison of England and Wales and the Major Western countries over the period. Results Male GSPR: ,65,74' suicide ratios fell significantly in six countries and in three for the ,75+'. Female GSPR: ,65,74' suicide ratios fell in every country except Spain. Proportionately, there were more suicides in the over 65s in countries with an ,extended family' tradition, Spain, Italy, Germany, France and Japan, than in the five ,secular' countries. England and Wales male ,65,74' suicide fell significantly more than Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Spain, Netherlands and the USA, and did significantly better than the other countries for all female senior citizen suicides. Conclusion Suicide of the over-65s has improved in seven countries, especially in England and Wales, who had the greatest proportional reduction, which reflects well upon the psycho-geriatric and community services. However, in all countries, male 65,74 rates did not match the female out so extra efforts are needed to improve male rates. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] | ||||||||||