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Male Parent (male + parent)
Selected AbstractsWithin- and between-year variation in the juvenile survival of Common Guillemots Uria aalgeIBIS, Issue 3 2007MICHAEL P. HARRIS We studied juvenile survival of 20 cohorts of Common Guillemot Uria aalge chicks colour-ringed on the Isle of May, Scotland, using both live observations at the colony and dead recoveries, allowing estimation of fidelity to the colony as well as survival. In this seabird, chicks leave the colony when only partly grown and are cared for by the male parent for several weeks afterwards. First-year survival varied strongly between cohorts, with a mean of 56% (range 30,91%). We did not identify any covariates which could explain this variation, whether relating to climate, population size or prey density. Survival was low during two regime shift episodes in the North Sea (1987,90 and 2000 onwards). Early hatched chicks were substantially more likely to survive than those hatching later in most years, whereas body condition at ringing had no detectable effect. Ringing recoveries indicated that mortality was highest in mid-winter, i.e. well after the cessation of paternal care. These results do not support the hypothesis that variation in prey quantity or energy content before fledging is a primary driver of variation in juvenile survival. Rather, it seems that chicks of high-quality parents are more likely to survive, as high-quality females tend to lay earlier in the season, and high-quality males presumably are better able to prepare their chicks to survive their first winter at sea. Very few (4%) Guillemots emigrated permanently before age 3 years, but from age 5 onwards 25,30% of birds annually left the colony or otherwise became unobservable. [source] Developmental plasticity in a passerine bird: an experiment with collared flycatchers Ficedula albicollisJOURNAL OF AVIAN BIOLOGY, Issue 3 2007Gergely Hegyi Young birds often face poor food supply, which reduces their growth and development. However, if the shortage of resources is only temporary, there is a possibility to adjust the growth trajectory of morphological traits after the end of the short-term limitation period. The two main ways of compensatory growth are delayed development (parallel growth) and growth acceleration (catch-up growth). Parallel growth has been widely demonstrated in birds, but the presence of catch-up growth in altricial species has been questioned. However, most experiments have been conducted in laboratory conditions. We manipulated the food supply of nestling collared flycatchers Ficedula albicollis in the wild by removing the male parent for three days at 4,7 days of chick age. We performed early partial swapping to control for origin effects on growth, and total swapping after the period of food limitation to ensure similar late growth environment for deprived and control chicks. Both body mass and tarsus length of deprived chicks was negatively affected by the food scarcity. Body mass showed efficient catch-up growth, but this compensation was absent in skeletal size. Body mass is an important determinant of postfledging survival in this long-distance migrant. Further studies are needed in a variety of species to examine developmental plasticity in relation to age at food scarcity and the allocation hierarchy of various morphological traits. [source] The effect of egg size on post-hatching development in the Razorbill: an experimental studyJOURNAL OF AVIAN BIOLOGY, Issue 2 2000J. Mark Hipfner A recent experimental study reported that Thick-billed Murre Uria lomvia chicks that hatched from large eggs grew their wing feathers more quickly than did small-egg chicks. There is little evidence of this (or any other) egg-size effect on post-hatching development in other birds. Thick-billed Murres are marine birds of the family Alcidae that employ the unique "intermediate" developmental strategy: chicks go to sea after 15-30 days at the nest site, at <30% of adult mass, accompanied by their male parent. Rapid feather growth during the brief nestling period is critical to enable chicks to make the transition from life at the nest site to life at sea quickly and safely. At the Gannet Islands, Labrador, Canada, in 1996 and 1997, I tested whether egg size has the same effect on wing-feather growth in the Razorbill Alca torda, another of the intermediate auks. To control for underlying correlations between egg size and other parental attributes, eggs were switched randomly among pairs. As in other birds, egg size strongly predicted hatchling mass, and to less extent hatchling size (tarsus length), but had no effect on the rate at which nestlings gained mass. However, egg size had the same effect on wing growth in Razorbills as in Thick-billed Murres: the wings of large-egg chicks began rapid, linear growth sooner, indicating that early development of wing feathers was enhanced in large-egg chicks. Differences in wing length established in this manner persisted through the nestling period. Egg-size effects on feather growth have not been detected in experimental studies on other birds, suggesting that effects of the magnitude seen in Razorbills and Thick-billed Murres might reflect evolutionary priorities in the post-hatching development of intermediate auks. [source] Introgression of a gene for delayed pigment gland morphogenesis from Gossypium bickii into upland cottonPLANT BREEDING, Issue 6 2005S. J. Zhu Abstract The presence of gossypol and its derivatives above the WHO/FAO standards (0.02,0.04%) in cotton seed oil and meal limits its usage as food and feed. To the contrary, the presence of pigment glands filled with gossypol and its derivatives helps to protect cotton plants from phytophageous pests. Thus a desirable cultivar would have glandless seeds on a glanded plant. This paper describes results on the successful introgression of this trait from Gossypium bickii into cultivated upland cotton. Five different tri-specific hybrids (ABH1, ABH2, ABH3, ABH4 and ABH5) were obtained by crossing the amphidiploid F1 (G. arboreum × G. bickii) with different gland genotypes of G. hirsutum as male parent. The hybrids were highly sterile, and their chromosome configuration at meiosis metaphase 1 (M1) in pollen mother cell (PMC) was 2n = 52 = 41.04 I + 4.54 II + 0.57 III + 0.04 IV. All five hybrids were similar in morphological characters, except for the gland expression and gossypol contents. The hybrid (ABH3) derived from genotype Gl2Gl2gl3gl3 of upland cotton (a single gene dominant line) had completely introgressed the target trait of G. bickii. While ABH1 and ABH2, which derived from recessive (gl2gl2gl3gl3) or dominant (GlGl) glandless upland cotton genotypes, had glandless seeds too, but the density and size of the glands on the plant were reduced significantly. [source] Development of dominant nuclear male-sterile lines with a blue seed marker in durum and common wheatPLANT BREEDING, Issue 1 2001N. Tian Abstract In order to develop genie male-sterile lines with a blue seed marker, male-sterile plants, controlled by a dominant nuclear gene Ms2, were used as female parents against a 4E disomic addition line ,Xiaoyan Lanli'(2n= 44, AABBDD+4EII) as the male parent to produce monosomic addition lines with blue seed. Male-sterile plants from the monosomic addition lines were pollinated with durum wheat for several generations and in 1989 a male-sterile line with the blue grain gene and the male-sterile gene Ms2 on the same additional chromosome was detected and named line 89-2343. Using this line, the blue seed marker was successfully added to a short male-sterile line containing Ms2 and Rht10. The segregation ratios of male sterility and seed colour as well as the chromosome figurations of different plants indicated that the blue grain genes, Ms2 and Rht10 were located on the same additional chromosome. Cytological analysis showed that the blue marker male-sterile lines in durum wheat and common wheat were monosomic with an additional chromosome 4E. The inheritance ratio for blue seed male-sterile plants and white seed male-fertile plants was 19.7% and 80.3%, respectively, in common wheat. The potential for using blue marker sterile lines in population improvement and hybrid production is discussed. [source] AFLP-based genetic linkage maps of the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis)ANIMAL GENETICS, Issue 4 2007D. Lallias Summary We report the construction of the first genetic linkage map in the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis. AFLP markers were used in 86 full-sib progeny from a controlled pair mating, applying a double pseudo-test cross strategy. Thirty-six primer pairs generated 2354 peaks, of which 791 (33.6%) were polymorphic in the mapping family. Among those, 341 segregated through the female parent, 296 through the male parent (type 1:1) and 154 through both parents (type 3:1). Chi-square goodness-of-fit tests revealed that 71% and 73% of type 1:1 and 3:1 markers respectively segregated according to Mendelian inheritance. Sex-specific linkage maps were built with mapmaker 3.0 software. The female framework map consisted of 121 markers ordered into 14 linkage groups, spanning 862.8 cM, with an average marker spacing of 8.0 cM. The male framework map consisted of 116 markers ordered into 14 linkage groups, spanning 825.2 cM, with an average marker spacing of 8.09 cM. Genome coverage was estimated to be 76.7% and 75.9% for the female and male framework maps respectively, rising to 85.8% (female) and 86.2% (male) when associated markers were included. Twelve probable homologous linkage group pairs were identified and a consensus map was built for nine of these homologous pairs based on multiple and parallel linkages of 3:1 markers, spanning 816 cM, with joinmap 4.0 software. [source] Novel intramolecular coordination chemistry of some new metallocene complexesCHINESE JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY, Issue 11 2001Yan-Long Qian Abstract The metabolic thermogenic curves of liver mitochondria isolated from the livers of Cyprinus Carpio vol and its parents were determined at 28°C by using an LKB-2277 Bioactivity Monitor. The results indicated that their thermogenic curves are different The total heat output and total time of the metabolism of the liver mitochondria of the hybrid F1 (Cyprinus Carpio val) are more than those of its parents, and its maximum heat power is between that of the female parent and male parent. The relationship between their metabolic thermogenic curves and character of mitochondrial metabolism, and thermokinetics and the heterosis were analyzed and discussed. The character of the mitochondrial thermogenic curves reflected the physiologic character of heterosis. The microcalorimetric method proved to be a probable and sensitive tool for the assessment of heterosis. [source] Microcalorimetric studies on the mitochondria metabolism of Cyprinus Carpio val and its parentsCHINESE JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY, Issue 11 2001Feng-Jiao Deng Abstract The metabolic thermogenic curves of liver mitochondria isolated from the livers of Cyprinus Carpio vol and its parents were determined at 28°C by using an LKB-2277 Bioactivity Monitor. The results indicated that their thermogenic curves are different The total heat output and total time of the metabolism of the liver mitochondria of the hybrid F1 (Cyprinus Carpio val) are more than those of its parents, and its maximum heat power is between that of the female parent and male parent. The relationship between their metabolic thermogenic curves and character of mitochondrial metabolism, and thermokinetics and the heterosis were analyzed and discussed. The character of the mitochondrial thermogenic curves reflected the physiologic character of heterosis. The microcalorimetric method proved to be a probable and sensitive tool for the assessment of heterosis. [source] Gamma radiation sensitivity of the eggs, larvae and pupae of Indian meal moth Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE (FORMERLY: PESTICIDE SCIENCE), Issue 5 2008Abdurrahman Ayvaz Abstract BACKGROUND: This study focused on determining the minimal effective gamma radiation dose that prevents commodity damage caused by the Indian meal moth Plodia interpunctella (Hübner). The study was also designed to assess the effect of releasing either partially sterilized males alone or both partially sterilized males and females on the reproductive potential of P. interpunctella populations. RESULTS: The dose of radiation required to prevent larval emergence from irradiated eggs was 350 Gy, and the same dose was also required to prevent adult emergence from mature larvae. A dose of 300 Gy was not able to prevent adult emergence from irradiated pupae. The dose at which 100% sterility was achieved in treated females mated to treated males was 300 Gy for the parental generation of irradiated pupae. Fertility of the parental males from irradiated pupae was 48.17% at 300 Gy in treated males crossed with untreated females, but male progeny of irradiated male parents had a residual fertility of 11.06% at the same dose. CONCLUSION: F1 males from irradiated pupae were more sterile than parental males. To prevent larval emergence from irradiated eggs, a dose of 350 Gy is required. The same dose is required to prevent the larvae from reaching the adult stage. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Identification of QTLs affecting adaptive traits in Castanea sativa MillPLANT CELL & ENVIRONMENT, Issue 9 2004M CASASOLI ABSTRACT A QTL analysis for three different adaptive traits was performed in an F1 progeny of Castanea sativa Mill. The female and male parents originated from two Turkish chestnut populations adapted to a drought and humid environment, respectively. QTLs for bud flush, growth and carbon isotope discrimination were detected over a 3-year period. Bud set was also recorded in the last year of measurement. Thirty-five individual QTLs were detected for phenology, 28 for growth and 17 for carbon isotope discrimination, most of them explaining a low to moderate proportion of the total phenotypic variance. QTLs were distributed throughout the whole genome. Temporally stable QTLs were identified for all the traits analysed, with phenology showing the higher proportion of stable QTLs. Interesting phenotypic correlations and co-localizations among QTLs for different adaptive traits were observed, allowing the formulation of an hypothesis about the genetic adaptation of the female parent to drought. [source] Estimates of heritability for reproductive traits in captive rhesus macaque femalesAMERICAN JOURNAL OF PRIMATOLOGY, Issue 9 2010Christine Gagliardi Abstract Records from a colony of captive Indian rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) were used to estimate heritability for a number of reproductive traits. Records were based on a total of 7,816 births by 1,901 females from 1979 to 2007. Heritability was estimated with a linear animal model using a multiple trait derivative free REML set of programs. Because no male parents were identified, the numerator relationship matrix contained female kinships established over six generations. Reproductive traits included female age at the birth of the first, second and last infant, age at death, inter-birth intervals, number of infants born per female and infant survival. Heritability for each trait was estimated as the ratio of the additive genetic variance to phenotypic variance adjusted for significant fixed effects. Estimates of heritability for early reproduction ranged from 0.000±0.072 for birth interval after the first reproduction to 0.171±0.062 for age of female at the first infant. Higher estimates of heritability were found for female longevity [0.325±0.143] and for productivity of deceased females born before 1991 [0.221±0.138]. Heritability for infant survival ranged from 0.061±0.018 for survival from 30 days to 1 year to 0.290±0.050 for survival from birth to 30 days when adjusted to an underlying normal distribution. Eight of the 13 estimates of heritability for reproductive traits in this study were different from zero [P<0.05]. Generally, heritability estimates reported in this study for reproductive traits of captive rhesus macaque females are similar to those reported in the literature for free-ranging rhesus macaque females and for similar reproductive traits of other species. These estimates of heritability for reproductive traits appear to be among the first for a relatively large colony of captive rhesus macaque females. Am. J. Primatol. 72:811,819, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Cybrids and tetrad sterility for developing true potato seed hybridsANNALS OF APPLIED BIOLOGY, Issue 2 2003ALI M GOLMIRZAIE Summary Potato cybrids result from the fusion between cytoplasm and nuclear gene donors. Such genetic materials are an alternative means to broaden the breeding pool by non-sexual gene transfer. Tetrad pollen sterility provides also another source of male sterility with some potential for true potato seed breeding. The objective of this research was to investigate cybrid-derived offspring for both agronomic and reproductive characteristics in two contrasting Peruvian locations, and to examine new exotic germplasm for tetrad sterility, with the aim of broadening the breeding pool available at the Centro Internacional de la Papa (CIP). The cybrids were derived from fusions between Y-245.7, a clone with tetrad sterility, and Atzimba. These cybrids were crossed with selected male parents from the CIP breeding population, and their hybrid offspring were tested in La Molina (coastal desert) and Huancayo (cool highlands). In addition, other clones with tetrad sterility were also crossed with selected testers to determine their breeding value. There were significant differences for tuber yield, style length, and berry number among the hybrid offspring, and the genotype by environment interaction was significant for tuber yield and berry number. The top 25% highest yielding cybrid-derived offspring across both locations showed the same tuber yield although they were significantly different for some of the reproductive characteristics. With the exception of one cybrid, the others did not exhibit segregation for tetrad sterility in their hybrid offspring, which were male fertile. However, the offspring derived from crosses between other sources of tetrad sterility and the same testers all showed tetrad sterility, and some of them had outstanding tuber yield at La Molina. The lack of segregation for tetrad sterility in these new crosses suggests that the non-cybrid, male sterile, female parents are triplex or quadriplex for the Tr nuclear locus, which interacts with a sensitive cytoplasm (e.g. Trs from S. verrucosum or S. stoloniferum) to produce tetrad sterility in potato. [source] Assessment in a specialist referred family centre: outcomes for childrenCHILDREN & SOCIETY, Issue 5 2001Andrew Pithouse Relatively little is known about the outcomes of assessment as an information gathering mechanism as well as a therapeutic encounter in which service users explore and share their problems. Assessment in child welfare is now a highly topical issue given the new assessment framework recently introduced to England and which is currently a matter of consultation in Wales. In contributing to a long running debate over ,what works' in child protection assessment and intervention, a United Kingdom national voluntary child care agency commissioned the authors to undertake a three year outcomes study of a child and family assessment service provided by their specialist referred family centre in South Wales. The paper sets out selected findings that reveal an assessment regimen which encouraged partnership, enjoyed a comparatively high level of engagement particularly from male parents/carers, and was perceived by adult users as positive. It promoted clear decision making about the placement of children. Also, children involved in these assessments appeared to be exposed to low risk of re-abuse compared to other relevant studies. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||