Home About us Contact | |||
Lower Intake (lower + intake)
Selected AbstractsPlasma nitrotyrosine levels, antioxidant vitamins and hyperglycaemiaDIABETIC MEDICINE, Issue 9 2005S. Bo Abstract Aims Studies on plasma nitrotyrosine (NT) levels, a measure of oxidative injury, in diabetes are limited and discordant; the amount of antioxidants might represent a possible explanation for the discordant results. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the association between plasma NT levels and glucose tolerance status, according to antioxidant vitamin intakes. Methods In three hundred men randomly selected from a population-based cohort, NT levels were measured and dietary intake assessed by a food-frequency questionnaire. Results NT values were similar in patients with diabetes (n = 34), impaired fasting glucose (n = 77) and normoglycaemic subjects (n = 189). However, in subjects with lower than recommended daily intakes of antioxidant vitamins C and A, NT levels were significantly higher in the diabetic patients. In a multiple regression model, after adjustments for age, body mass index (BMI) and smoking habits, NT levels were significantly associated with fasting glucose in patients with lower intakes of vitamin C (, = 11.4; 95% CI 1.3 21.5) and vitamin A (, = 14.9; 95% CI 3.9 25.9), but not in subjects with lower intake of vitamin E. Conclusion A significant positive correlation between NT levels and fasting glucose is evident only in the presence of a reduced intake of some antioxidant vitamins. These findings might explain, at least in part, the discrepant results of previous studies and, if confirmed by further studies, suggest a simple measure (a balanced diet) to alleviate the increased oxidative stress of diabetes. [source] Prevalence and associated factors of pneumonia in patients with vegetative state in TaiwanJOURNAL OF CLINICAL NURSING, Issue 7 2008Li-Chan Lin PhD Aims., The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence rate and influencing factors of pneumonia associated with long-term tube feeding in special care units for patients with persistent vegetative states (PVS) in Taiwan. Background., Pneumonia is a significant cause of morbidity, hospitalization and mortality in the nursing home population. Tube feeding has been found as a risk factor for the occurrence of pneumonia. Methods., Two hundred sixty subjects were chosen from three hospital-based special care units for patients with PVS and 10 nursing facilities for persons in PVS in Taiwan. All subjects, who were diagnosed with PVS, received either financial aid for institutional care or were means-tested from The Bureau of Social Welfare of cities and counties in Taiwan. Data were collected through chart review and observations. Results., The prevalence rate of pneumonia in nursing facilities for patients with PVS was 14·2%. The prevalence rate of tube-feeding in nursing facilities for PVS was 91·2%. The mean duration of tube-feeding was 73·21 SD 55·33 months. A total of 90·4% was fed with a nasogastric (NG) tube. Having a lower intake of food and fluids daily and having been institutionalized for a shorter period were three dominant factors associated with the occurrence of pneumonia. Conclusion., Research findings reveal that the incidence of pneumonia is higher in patients who do not receive adequate food and water. Continuing in-service training to improve caregivers' knowledge and skill in providing care to patients in PVS and monitoring their skills in feeding is needed to decrease the occurrence of pneumonia in this population. Relevance to clinical practice., Staff needs to be taught to monitor laboratory data and signs and symptoms of malnutrition and hydration deficit, and also be alert to early indicators of pneumonia in patients with PVS. [source] Short and Prolonged Periods of Maternal Separation and Voluntary Ethanol Intake in Male and Female Ethanol-Preferring AA and Ethanol-Avoiding ANA RatsALCOHOLISM, Issue 4 2005Erika Roman Background: Genetic as well as environmental factors can affect the propensity for psychopathology and/or drug dependence. Maternal separation represents an animal experimental model that is useful in studies of effects of early life experiences. The authors have established a protocol for short and prolonged periods of maternal separation to study adult neurochemistry, behavior, and ethanol intake and have previously reported alterations in ethanol intake in Wistar rats and ethanol-preferring rats. The aim of the current study was to more thoroughly study how early life experiences affect an inherited propensity for high and low ethanol intake, respectively, in male and female ethanol-preferring AA (Alko alcohol) and ethanol-avoiding ANA (Alko, Non-Alcohol) rats. Methods: AA and ANA pups were assigned to one of three different rearing conditions: 15 min (MS15) or 360 min (MS360) of daily maternal separation in litters or normal animal facility rearing (AFR) during postnatal days 1 to 21. In adulthood, voluntary ethanol intake was investigated using the two-bottle free choice paradigm. Results: In male ethanol-preferring AA rats, MS15 resulted in a lower intake and fewer high-preferring animals at 8% and 10% ethanol compared with MS360 rats. The male MS360 rats had a higher ethanol intake at 8% and 10% ethanol in comparison with AFR rats. In contrast, the female AA MS15 and MS360 rats had a lower ethanol intake and a lower preference for the 10% ethanol solution compared with the female AA AFR rats. In male and female ANA rats, no major separation-induced effects were found. Conclusions: The current results show that genetic inheritance can be affected by environmental manipulations in AA rats with an inherent high ethanol intake. The findings in female ethanol-preferring AA rats give further evidence of a differential outcome of maternal separation in male and female rats, as previously shown. [source] Adherence to the Mediterranean diet and fresh fruit intake are associated with improved asthma controlALLERGY, Issue 7 2008R. Barros Background:, The traditional Mediterranean diet is claimed to possess antioxidant and immune-regulatory properties in several chronic diseases. Typical Mediterranean foods have recently been associated with improvement of symptoms of asthma and rhinitis in children. However the effect of adherence to Mediterranean diet on adult asthma outcomes is unknown. We aimed to investigate the association between adherence to Mediterranean diet and asthma control. Methods:, Cross sectional study of 174 asthmatics, mean (SD) age of 40 (15) years. The patients were defined as controlled, in contrast to noncontrolled, if they showed FEV1 , 80% of predicted, exhaled nitric oxide (NO) ,35 ppb, and Asthma Control Questionnaire score <1. Dietary intake was obtained by a food frequency questionnaire, and Mediterranean diet was assessed by alternate Mediterranean Diet (aMED) Score. Logistic regression models adjusting for confounders were performed to estimate the association between Mediterranean diet and asthma control. Results:, Controlled asthmatics (23%) had significantly higher aMED Score, intake of fresh fruit, and lower intake of ethanol compared to noncontrolled (77%). High adherence to Mediterranean diet reduced 78% the risk of noncontrolled asthma after adjusting for gender, age, education, inhaled corticosteroids and energy intake (OR = 0.22; 95% CI = 0.05,0.85; P -trend = 0.028). The higher intake of fresh fruit decreased the probability of having noncontrolled asthma (OR = 0.29; 95% CI = 0.10,0.83; P -trend = 0.015), while the higher intake of ethanol had the opposite effect (OR = 3.16; 95% CI = 1.10,9.11; P -trend = 0.035). Conclusion:, High adherence to traditional Mediterranean diet increased the likelihood of asthma to be under control in adults. The study introduces a novel link between diet and asthma control, as measured by symptoms, lung function and exhaled NO. [source] The role of human papillomavirus in head and neck cancerAPMIS, Issue 6-7 2010CHRISTEL BRAEMER LAJER Lajer CB, von Buchwald C. The role of human papillomavirus in head and neck cancer. APMIS 2010; 118: 510,519. Over the last 20 years, there has been increasing awareness of a subset of squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck (HNSCC), i.e. HPV-positive HNSCC. These cancers seem to differ somewhat from HPV-negative HNSCC. Patients with HPV-positive HNSCC tend to be younger and have a lower intake of tobacco and alcohol. Distinct molecular profiles separate them from HPV-negative cancers and show similarities with HPV-positive cervical SCC. There is evidence that HPV-positive HNSCC is a sexually transmitted disease. Patients with HPV-positive HNSCC are often diagnosed at a late stage with large cystic lymph nodes in the neck. HPV-positive HNSCC show an affinity for the oropharynx, especially the tonsils and the base of the tongue, and tend to show low differentiation histopathologically. There is a better prognosis regardless of the treatment regimen for HPV-positive HNSCC compared with HPV-negative HNSCC, and this seems to be related to the immune system. Whether the new vaccines for HPV will protect not only against cervical cancer but also against HPV-positive HNSCC remains unknown. [source] Risk factors and characteristics associated with severe and difficult to treat asthma phenotype: an analysis of the ENFUMOSA group of patients based on the ECRHS questionnaireCLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL ALLERGY, Issue 7 2005M. Gaga Summary Background Severe and difficult to treat asthma impairs health status and accounts for about half of asthma expenditure. In 1994, a European Network For Understanding Mechanisms of Severe Asthma (ENFUMOSA) was formed. A large group of patients from nine European countries has been selected. Objective To examine the risk factors and symptoms associated with a phenotype of severe/difficult to treat asthma. Methods The present report presents data assessed through the use of the European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS) Questionnaire in 148 mild,moderate controlled and 155 severe asthmatics from the ENFUMOSA group. Results There is a negative association of severe asthma with reported allergy and with a family history of allergy (Odds ratio (OR)=0.45). Sharing a bedroom before the age of five is associated with a higher risk of severe asthma (OR=1.5) while childhood infections, play school attendance and exposure to allergens or animals are not. A larger proportion of severe asthma patients report symptoms at work (OR=2.7) or have to change jobs (OR=4.3) and fewer severe than mild patients are currently employed (OR=0.39). Smoking and exposure to smoke is similar in mild and severe asthma. Dietary habits do not differ between the groups, but severe asthmatics report eating less savoury snacks and there is a trend for lower intake of sweets. Conclusions Analysis of the ECRHS questionnaire in the ENFUMOSA study shows that severe asthma patients experience more symptoms and their health status is impaired by their inability to work and perhaps eat freely. Personal and maternal history of allergy is associated with mild but not severe asthma. Other than sharing a bedroom before the age of 5 years, no childhood exposure risk factors associated with severe asthma could be identified from this analysis. [source] A case,control study of dietary and erythrocyte membrane fatty acids in asthmaCLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL ALLERGY, Issue 8 2004E. C. Broadfield Summary Background Epidemiological evidence suggests that increased dietary ,-6 and reduced ,-3 fatty acid intake, may have contributed to the rising prevalence of asthma, but these hypotheses have not been tested in studies comparing both dietary intake and objective measures of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Objective To assess whether a higher intake of ,-6 or a lower intake of ,-3 fatty acids increases the risk of asthma, by measuring dietary fatty acid intake by a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and erythrocyte membrane fatty acids, as an objective biomarker of intake. Methods We have compared individual fatty acid intake estimated by FFQ and by mass spectrometry of fasting erythrocyte cell membranes in 89 cases of asthma and 89 community-matched controls. Results The odds of asthma were increased in relation to intake of the ,-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (odds ratio (OR) for difference between the 25th and 75th centiles of intake=1.89, 95% CI 1.15,3.11) and docosahexaenoic acid (OR=2.11, 95% CI 1.19,3.74). There was no evidence of any difference in erythrocyte membrane levels of ,-3 fatty acids, while the odds of asthma were reduced in relation to linoleic acid (,-6) membrane levels (OR=0.45, 95% CI 0.21,0.95). Conclusion These findings suggest that dietary ,-3 fatty acids do not play a major role in protecting against asthma, and that higher levels of erythrocyte membrane linoleic acid are associated with a lower risk of asthma. [source] The association between tooth loss and the self-reported intake of selected CVD-related nutrients and foods among US womenCOMMUNITY DENTISTRY AND ORAL EPIDEMIOLOGY, Issue 3 2005Hsin-Chia Hung Abstract , Objectives:, Many studies have reported associations between oral health and cardiovascular diseases; poor nutritional status due to impaired dentition status has been suggested as a mediator. Our objective is to evaluate the associations between tooth loss and the self-reported consumption of fruits and vegetables and selected CVD-related nutrients. Methods:, A total of 83,104 US women who completed a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) in 1990 and 1994 and reported number of natural teeth in 1992, were included in a cross-sectional analysis relating dietary intake to number of natural teeth. A longitudinal analysis was also conducted to evaluate whether tooth loss in 1990,1992 was associated with change in diet between 1990 and 1994. Results:, After adjusting for age, total calorie intake, smoking and physical activity, edentulous women appeared to have dietary intake associated with increased risk for CVD, including significantly higher intake of saturated fat, trans fat, cholesterol and vitamin B12, and lower intake of polyunsaturated fat, fiber, carotene, vitamin C, vitamin E, vitamin B6, folate, potassium, vegetables, fruits, and fruits excluding juices compared with women with 25,32 teeth. In the longitudinal analyses, women who lost more teeth were more likely to change their diet in ways that would potentially increase risk for development of CVD. They also tended to avoid hard foods, such as raw carrot, fresh apple or pear. Conclusions:, Women with fewer teeth have unhealthier diets such as decreased intake of fruits and vegetables, which could increase CVD risk. Diet may partially explain associations between oral health and cardiovascular disease. [source] Plasma nitrotyrosine levels, antioxidant vitamins and hyperglycaemiaDIABETIC MEDICINE, Issue 9 2005S. Bo Abstract Aims Studies on plasma nitrotyrosine (NT) levels, a measure of oxidative injury, in diabetes are limited and discordant; the amount of antioxidants might represent a possible explanation for the discordant results. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the association between plasma NT levels and glucose tolerance status, according to antioxidant vitamin intakes. Methods In three hundred men randomly selected from a population-based cohort, NT levels were measured and dietary intake assessed by a food-frequency questionnaire. Results NT values were similar in patients with diabetes (n = 34), impaired fasting glucose (n = 77) and normoglycaemic subjects (n = 189). However, in subjects with lower than recommended daily intakes of antioxidant vitamins C and A, NT levels were significantly higher in the diabetic patients. In a multiple regression model, after adjustments for age, body mass index (BMI) and smoking habits, NT levels were significantly associated with fasting glucose in patients with lower intakes of vitamin C (, = 11.4; 95% CI 1.3 21.5) and vitamin A (, = 14.9; 95% CI 3.9 25.9), but not in subjects with lower intake of vitamin E. Conclusion A significant positive correlation between NT levels and fasting glucose is evident only in the presence of a reduced intake of some antioxidant vitamins. These findings might explain, at least in part, the discrepant results of previous studies and, if confirmed by further studies, suggest a simple measure (a balanced diet) to alleviate the increased oxidative stress of diabetes. [source] Dietary intakes and nutrient status of vegetarian preschool children from a British national surveyJOURNAL OF HUMAN NUTRITION & DIETETICS, Issue 3 2000C.W. Thane Background Dietary intakes and nutrient status were compared in meat-eaters and non-meat-eaters from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey of children aged 1.5,4.5 years. Methods Children (n = 1351) were categorized as ,omnivores' or ,vegetarians', according to whether they consumed meat or meat products during a 4-day dietary record. Blood samples were also obtained for analysis of haematological and biochemical nutrient status. Results Three per cent of children were ,vegetarian'. They consumed higher proportions of milk and milk products, although this was significant only in older children (P = 0.007), owing to high consumption by the high proportion of Asian children. In vegetarians, energy intakes tended to be lower in both age groups. Percentage energy from protein and fat were lower, while that from carbohydrate was higher compared with omnivores. Cholesterol intakes were lower, significantly so for younger children (P < 0.001). Intakes of micronutrients were either higher (vitamins C and E, potassium) or lower (niacin and sodium) in younger vegetarians compared with omnivores. Energy-adjusted intakes of iron and zinc did not differ significantly from those of omnivores, although both intakes were low in many children (6,20% < LRNI), particularly in the younger group. Haematological and biochemical nutrient status indices showed few differences. Serum ferritin was lower in vegetarians, significantly so in younger children (P = 0.002). Antioxidant vitamin (A, C and E) status tended to be higher in vegetarians, while vitamin B12 intakes and status were more than adequate. Apart from poorer vitamin D intake and status in older Asian vegetarians, very few ethnic differences were observed. Conclusions Nutrient intakes and status were generally adequate in preschool children who did not eat meat. Although serum ferritin levels were inferior (particularly in vegetarians under 3 years old), the lower intakes of fat, cholesterol and sodium, and higher antioxidant vitamin intakes and status indices were potentially beneficial. Given a balanced diet, adequate nutrient intakes and status can be maintained without consuming meat. [source] Evidence of high sugar intake, and low fibre and mineral intake, in the gluten-free dietALIMENTARY PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS, Issue 4 2010D. Wild Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010; 32: 573,581 Summary Background, The only therapy for coeliac disease (CD) is a long-term gluten-free diet (GFD). Little is known about the detailed composition of such a diet. Aim, To clarify the nutritional composition of a GFD and to compare it with a non-GFD diet in representative non-CD populations. Methods, A total of 139 consecutive patients with CD were invited to fill in a prospective validated 5-day food diary, of whom data from 93 were analysed. Results were compared with data from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey of Adults and the UK Women's Cohort Study (UKWCS). Results, Individuals consuming a strict GFD generally had similar intakes of energy and nutrients to those of comparison populations, but a higher proportion of carbohydrate intake was obtained from nonmilk extrinsic sugars and intakes of nonstarch polysaccharides were low. Compared with the UKWCS sample, female patients adhering to a GFD had lower intakes of magnesium, iron, zinc, manganese, selenium and folate. In male patients, intakes of magnesium and selenium were particularly low. Conclusions, This study reinforces the need for clinicians to recognize that avoidance of gluten cannot be the sole focus of a gluten-free diet. Maintenance of adequate intakes of essential nutrients and in particular complex carbohydrates must also be the goal for patients. [source] The effect of dextromethorphan in preventing cholecalciferol-induced poison shyness and sickness-induced anorexia in the laboratory Norway ratPEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE (FORMERLY: PESTICIDE SCIENCE), Issue 2 2008Elaine M Gould Abstract BACKGROUND: Overcoming bait and poison shyness is critical to the success of pest control operations against rats and other rodents. The authors hypothesized that the N -methyl- D -aspartate receptor blocker, dextromethorphan, could prevent the acquired memory of sickness and sickness-induced anorexia resulting from rodents eating poisoned bait. RESULTS: Cholecalciferol (1/4 LD50) was mixed with dextromethorphan and fed to rats on two 2 day sessions, with an 18 day break in between. Dextromethorphan did not prevent poison shyness; during the second poisoning period, both the cholecalciferol only and the cholecalciferol plus dextromethorphan groups had lower intakes of the bait compared with the control and dextromethorphan only groups. In addition to the previously recorded symptoms of cholecalciferol poisoning, the rats in this trial were observed to have nose bleeds, weepy eyes, laboured breathing and, in the case of the cholecalciferol only treated group, a period of decreased water intake followed by a period of increased water intake. There was also a period of increased water intake in the cholecalciferol plus dextromethorphan group. CONCLUSION: Dextromethorphan failed to prevent poison shyness and the anorectic effect of cholecalciferol. However, it did reduce anorexia from 17 days in the cholecaliferol group to 8 days in the cholecalciferol plus dextromethorphan group. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Periconceptional nutrient intakes and risks of conotruncal heart defects,BIRTH DEFECTS RESEARCH, Issue 3 2010Gary M. Shaw Abstract BACKGROUND Few inquiries into periconceptional nutrition, other than folate, and risk of heart defects exist. We investigated the observed association between conotruncal heart defects and periconceptional vitamin use, as well as potential associations with other dietary nutrients. METHODS Data derived from a population-based, case-control study of fetuses and liveborn infants among California births between July 1999 and June 2004; 76% of eligible case mothers and 77% of eligible control mothers were interviewed. Cases included 140 with d-transposition of great arteries (dTGA), and 163 with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF). Total number of controls was 698. Use of vitamins was elicited by questionnaire for the periconceptional period. Dietary nutrient intake was elicited by a well-known food frequency questionnaire. RESULTS The odds ratio for dTGA associated with supplemental vitamin use was 1.0 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.7,1.5) and for TOF was 0.9 (95% CI, 0.6,1.3). We observed increased risks associated with lower dietary intakes of linoleic acid, total carbohydrate, and fructose for dTGA, whereas decreased risks were observed for lower intakes of total protein and methionine for TOF. Lower dietary intake of several micronutrients,namely folate, niacin, riboflavin, and vitamins B12, A, and E, even after simultaneous adjustment for other studied nutrients,was associated with increased risk of dTGA but not TOF. These associations were observed among women who did not use vitamin supplements periconceptionally. Analytic consideration of several potential confounders did not reveal alternative interpretations of the results. CONCLUSION Evidence continues to accumulate to show that nutrients, particularly folate, influence risks of structural birth defects. Our results extend observations that other nutrients may also be important in heart development. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Nutrient intakes in women and congenital diaphragmatic hernia in their offspring,BIRTH DEFECTS RESEARCH, Issue 3 2008Wei Yang Abstract BACKGROUND: Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a severe birth defect where there is an opening in the diaphragm through which a portion of the abdominal contents protrudes into the thoracic cavity. The etiologies of CDH remain unknown, although experimental animal data suggest dietary factors might play a role. This study examined whether maternal nutrient intakes were associated with delivering infants with CDH. METHODS: We analyzed infants with isolated CDH who were born from 1997 to 2003 and recruited into the National Birth Defects Prevention Study (NBDPS), a multisite, population-based case-control study. Exposure data were obtained from telephone interviews, which were completed within 24 months after delivery, and were available for 377 case mothers and 5,008 control mothers. A food frequency questionnaire was used to derive nutrient intakes during the year before pregnancy. RESULTS: A crude OR of 0.6 (95% CI: 0.3,1.0) was observed for higher intake of choline. Elevated ORs (1.4 to 1.7) were found for lower intakes of choline, cysteine, methionine, and protein. Among women who took vitamin supplements, higher intakes of B vitamins (i.e., folate, vitamin B1, B2, B6, and B12), minerals (i.e., calcium, iron, magnesium, and zinc), and vitamin E were inversely associated with CDH (ORs from 0.7,0.3). Moreover, among women who did not take vitamin supplements, lower intakes of calcium, retinol, selenium, vitamin B12, and vitamin E had positive associations with CDH (ORs from 1.4 to 2.1). CONCLUSIONS: Our observations contribute to a limited body of evidence suggesting a woman's periconceptional diet might be associated with CDH in her offspring. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2008. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] |