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Lower Arm (lower + arm)
Selected AbstractsFoliar and tuber late blight resistance in a Solanum tuberosum breeding populationPLANT BREEDING, Issue 2 2010H. Mayton With 2 figures and 2 tables Abstract The purpose of this research was to identify the genetic basis of foliar and tuber resistance to Phytophthora infestans in a potato breeding population developed from a cross between two tetraploid Solanum tuberosum lines, NY121 and NY115. The parent with high foliar resistance, NY121, was highly susceptible to tuber blight. Foliar resistance was assessed in field trials, while tuber blight was assessed both in the field and in the laboratory. A quantitative trait locus (QTL) explaining ca. 50% of the phenotypic variance for foliar resistance was located on the lower arm of linkage group V, and was loosely associated with tuber blight resistance (significantly in one of two trials). This QTL was confirmed in a separate sample from the same population. Tuber blight detected via laboratory assays was not correlated with tuber blight incidence in the field. Most markers associated with tuber blight resistance were not associated with foliar resistance and most markers associated with foliar resistance were not associated with tuber blight resistance. [source] Three-headed biceps brachii muscle associated with duplicated musculocutaneous nerveCLINICAL ANATOMY, Issue 5 2005Marwan F. Abu-Hijleh Abstract A unilateral three-headed biceps brachii muscle coinciding with an unusual variant of the musculocutaneous nerve was found during routine dissection of a 79-year-old male cadaver. The supernumerary bicipital head originated from the antero-medial surface of the humerus just beyond the insertion of the coracobrachialis, and inserted into the conjoined tendon of biceps brachii. Associated with this muscular variant was a duplicated musculocutaneous nerve. The proximal musculocutaneous nerve conformed to the normal pattern only in its proximal part, and terminated after innervating the coracobrachialis and biceps brachii muscles. The distal musculocutaneous nerve arose from the median nerve in the lower arm, then passed laterally between the supernumerary bicipital head and the brachialis muscles, supplying both and terminating as the lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm. The supernumerary bicipital head and the accompanying anomaly of the musculocutaneous nerve seem to be unique in literature. Clin. Anat. 18:376,379, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Methyldibromoglutaronitrile in rinse-off products causes allergic contact dermatitis: an experimental studyBRITISH JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY, Issue 1 2004C.D. Jensen Summary Background The frequency of sensitivity to the cosmetic preservative methyldibromoglutaronitrile (MDBGN) has increased significantly in Europe. Most cases of allergic contact dermatitis from MDBGN are caused by leave-on cosmetic products. The risk of developing allergic contact dermatitis from rinse-off products has been less studied. Objectives To investigate the allergic response elicited in presensitized individuals from exposure to a rinse-off product preserved with the maximum permitted level of MDBGN. Methods Nineteen contact allergic individuals and nine controls participated in a double-blind, randomized repeated open application test (ROAT) using two coded liquid soaps with and without MDBGN. Areas of 50 cm2 on the lower arms were washed with the soaps twice a day for up to 28 days; two of the subjects continued for 34 days. The subjects were also patch tested with a dilution series of MDBGN to determine their patch test threshold values. Results Seven presensitized individuals (37%) developed allergic contact dermatitis from the soap containing MDBGN. The mean dose of MDBGN per application was 2·2 µg cm,2 and the reactions appeared between days 6 and 34. All nine controls had negative ROATs. The difference in reactivity between test subjects and controls was significant (one-sided Fisher's exact test, P = 0·04). Patch test threshold values ranged from <,0·001% to 0·2% MDBGN in ethanol/water. Conclusions This study shows that the exposure to a rinse-off product containing the maximum permitted level of MDBGN can easily elicit an allergic response in presensitized individuals. Along with reported cases of induction and elicitation caused by MDBGN in rinse-off products the study indicates that the permitted level of MDBGN in rinse-off products is too high. We recommend that this level should be re-evaluated. [source] Effects of Conjugated Equine Estrogen on Risk of Fractures and BMD in Postmenopausal Women With Hysterectomy: Results From the Women's Health Initiative Randomized TrialJOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH, Issue 6 2006Rebecca D Jackson MD Abstract Further analyses from the Women's Health Initiative estrogen trial shows that CEE reduced fracture risk. The fracture reduction at the hip did not differ appreciably among risk strata. These data do not support overall benefit over risk, even in women at highest risk for fracture. Introduction: The Women's Health Initiative provided evidence that conjugated equine estrogen (CEE) can significantly reduce fracture risk in postmenopausal women. Additional analysis of the effects of CEE on BMD and fracture are presented. Materials and Methods: Postmenopausal women 50,79 years of age with hysterectomy were randomized to CEE 0.625 mg daily (n = 5310) or placebo (n = 5429) and followed for an average 7.1 years. Fracture incidence was assessed by semiannual questionnaire and verified by adjudication of radiology reports. BMD was measured in a subset of women (N = 938) at baseline and years 1, 3, and 6. A global index was used to examine whether the balance of risks and benefits differed by baseline fracture risk. Results: CEE reduced the risk of hip (hazard ratio [HR], 0.65; 95% CI, 0.45,0.94), clinical vertebral (HR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.44,0.93), wrist/lower arm (HR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.47,0.72), and total fracture (HR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.64,0.80). This effect did not differ among strata according to age, oophorectomy status, past hormone use, race/ethnicity, fall frequency, physical activity, or fracture history. Total fracture reduction was less in women at the lowest predicted fracture risk in both absolute and relative terms (HR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.68,1.08). CEE also provided modest but consistent positive effects on BMD. The HRs of the global index for CEE were relatively balanced across tertiles of summary fracture risk (lowest risk: HR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.62,1.05; mid risk: HR, 1.09; 95% CI, 0.92,1.30; highest risk: HR, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.88,1.23; interaction, p = 0.42). Conclusions: CEE reduces the risk of fracture and increases BMD in hysterectomized postmenopausal women. Even among the women with the highest risk for fractures, when considering the effects of estrogen on other important health outcomes, a summary of the burden of monitored effects does not indicate a significant net benefit. [source] | |||||||||||||