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Long-term Solution (long-term + solution)
Selected AbstractsWidening the appeal of charityINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NONPROFIT & VOLUNTARY SECTOR MARKETING, Issue 4 2000Adrian Sargeant In the UK there is a contracting donor pool, but a significant growth in registered charities. This paper discusses the impact of individual, organisational and environmental factors on giving, and also distinguishes characteristics of givers and non-givers. The focus of the paper is on the long-term solution to the problem of recruitment of donors, by expanding the current supporter base for the charity sector. Copyright © 2000 Henry Stewart Publications. [source] Adolescents' Sleep Behaviors and Perceptions of SleepJOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH, Issue 5 2009Heather Noland MEd ABSTRACT Background:, Sleep duration affects the health of children and adolescents. Shorter sleep durations have been associated with poorer academic performance, unintentional injuries, and obesity in adolescents. This study extends our understanding of how adolescents perceive and deal with their sleep issues. Methods:, General education classes were randomly selected from a convenience sample of three high schools in the Midwest. Three hundred eighty-four ninth- to twelfth-grade students (57%) completed a self-administered valid and reliable questionnaire on sleep behaviors and perceptions of sleep. Results:, Most respondents (91.9%) obtained inadequate sleep (, 9 hours) on most school nights of the week, with 10% reporting less than 6 hours of sleep each week night. The majority indicated that not getting enough sleep had the following effects on them: being more tired during the day (93.7%), having difficulty paying attention (83.6%), lower grades (60.8%), increase in stress (59.0%), and having difficulty getting along with others (57.7%). Some students reported engaging in harmful behaviors to help them sleep: taking sleeping pills (6.0%), smoking a cigarette to relax (5.7%), and drinking alcohol in the evening (2.9%). Students who received fewer hours of sleep were significantly more likely to report being stressed (p = .02) and were more likely to be overweight (p = .04). Conclusions:, Inadequate sleep time may be contributing to adolescent health problems such as increased stress and obesity. Findings indicate a need for sleep hygiene education for adolescents and their parents. A long-term solution to chronic sleep deprivation among high school students could include delaying high school start times, such as was done successfully in the Minneapolis Public School District. [source] Implications of Singapore's CPF Scheme on Consumption Choices and Retirement IncomesPACIFIC ECONOMIC REVIEW, Issue 3 2001Kim-Lian Lim Singapore has a unique policy of allowing the use of mandatory social security contributions to finance homeownership. An intertemporal model of housing demand is employed to demonstrate analytically that the CPF scheme can distort an individual's intertemporal and intratemporal consumption choices, and induce Singaporeans to demand more housing than they would otherwise. The withdrawals for housing have also affected the adequacy of CPF balances for financing retirement. Pegging the rate of return on CPF balances to a long-term rate is the long-term solution to curbing excessive withdrawals for housing, and ensuring the adequacy of CPF savings for financing retirement. [source] The development of artemisinin resistance in malaria: reasons and solutionsPHYTOTHERAPY RESEARCH, Issue 7 2010Cosima Chrubasik Abstract Despite world-wide efforts in fighting malaria, this mosquito-borne infectious disease is a huge burden for the population, especially in tropical and subtropical areas. The WHO recommends artemisinin-based combination therapy for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. However, artemisinin resistance cannot now be ignored. Factors affecting the development of artemisinin resistance include uncontrolled use of artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT), mobile populations and migrants, artemisinin monotherapy, the use of subtherapeutic levels of artesiminin, substandard and counterfeit drugs, high treatment cost, and co-use of artemisinin derivates as prophylactic agents. Promising herbal alternatives are already in the pipeline, but the only long-term solution for eradicating malaria would be the development of a successful vaccination. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Combined antegrade and retrograde endoscopic retroperitoneal bypass of ureteric strictures: a modification of the ,rendezvous' procedureBJU INTERNATIONAL, Issue 7 2010David R. Yates Study Type , Therapy (case series) Level of Evidence 4 OBJECTIVE To evaluate our experience of treating complicated iatrogenic ureteric strictures with a combined antegrade and retrograde endoscopic retroperitoneal bypass technique, a modification of the so-called ,rendezvous' procedure. PATIENTS AND METHODS Seven patients presented to our institution between 2004 and 2008 after developing a complicated iatrogenic ureteric stricture, impassable with solitary antegrade or retrograde stenting techniques. In most cases there was a significant loss of ureteric continuity, with some strictures of up to 10,12 cm. After initial temporizing management with a percutaneous nephrostomy, each patient had a radiological ,rendezvous' procedure to insert a JJ stent and restore ureteric continuity. After 6 months, the JJ stents were removed and the patients evaluated by symptom assessment, serial measurements of serum creatinine and diuretic renography (F-15 mercaptoacetyl triglycine). RESULTS All seven ,rendezvous' procedures were successful and a ureteric stent was inserted across or around the stricture in all cases. Five of seven patients whose follow-up was >6 months had their stent removed successfully. At a median follow-up of 21 months, all patients are alive and none has required subsequent surgery. Six of the seven patients presented with significant symptoms and they are all currently symptom-free, which we consider to be a successful clinical outcome. No patient has developed significant renal impairment (estimated glomerular filtration rate (<30 mL/min) but we could only confirm successful unequivocal renographic drainage in one patient. CONCLUSION Combining antegrade radiological and retrograde endourological techniques, it is possible to restore ureteric continuity with a JJ stent, even in situations with extensive loss of the ureteric lumen. This reduces the need for morbid open surgical repair and offers a long-term solution to patients who might otherwise be consigned to less favourable conservative measures. [source] An overview of environmental issues in Southern AfricaAFRICAN JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY, Issue 2009Michael Bernard Kwesi Darkoh Abstract This paper provides an overview of some of the significant environmental problems in the Southern African region. The key problems highlighted are global warming and climate variability, loss of biodiversity, deforestation, desertification-land degradation, waste and littering, population growth, urbanization, pollution, poverty and health hazards. These problems present a challenge to governments and other players within and outside Southern Africa to seek for long-term solutions by addressing the root causes of these problems. The paper notes that although the environmental problems facing the Southern African region are being tackled at national, regional and international levels, there is more that can be done. At the national level, the different agencies and players, both within and outside government need to strengthen coordination and implementation of key interventions in different sectors in both rural and urban areas. At the African regional and international levels, there is a need to address geopolitical forces and issues that contribute to the underdevelopment of the African region. Among the major issues are poor terms of international trade, political instability, poverty, declining economic performance and international debt. [source] Current Loads of Coarse Woody Debris on Southeastern Australian Floodplains: Evaluation of Change and Implications for RestorationRESTORATION ECOLOGY, Issue 4 2002Ralph MacNally Abstract We evaluated the status of coarse woody debris (CWD, fallen wood) on floodplains of the southern Murray-Darling basin of southeastern Australia. The floodplains are dominated floristically by the river red gum Eucalyptus camaldulensis. Aerial survey techniques were used to estimate the amounts of woody debris within 200 m of the channels along 2,442 km of 11 rivers of the system, including the Murray and Darling Rivers and the Darling Anabranch. Aerially based indices were converted into wood volumes by using ground-truthing at a selection of sites; there was a strong correlation between index values and measured wood volume densities. For thickly forested sites such as Barmah, Gunbower Island, and the Ovens floodplains, the aerial method was not useful, so ground measurements at randomly positioned sites within the forests were used. Volumes were translated into mass by using conversion factors drawn from the literature. We estimated that total tonnage on approximately 221,000 ha of floodplain forests was 4.175 ± 0.579 × 106 tonne. In the larger forested blocks (>7,000 ha), mean wood densities ranged between approximately 12 tonne/ha on the lower Goulburn up to approximately 24 tonne/ha at Barmah State Forest. The area-weighted mean for the entire area was approximately 19 tonne/ha. A main purpose of the research was to place these figures into an historical perspective to evaluate implications for restoration. A thorough search of historical documentation revealed that there are no extant data upon which to estimate pre-European settlement levels. We used information from an apparently undisturbed "unmanaged" site in the Millewa forests of southern New South Wales as a basis. Wood density there corresponded to a mean figure of 125 tonne/ha wood-mass density. By using this figure we estimate that CWD levels on the southern Murray-Darling basin may be of the order of 15% of pre-European settlement levels. Full restoration of the 221,000 ha surveyed would require 23.5 ± 0.579 × 106 tonne, which is equivalent to about 600,000 mature (1 m diameter at breast height) river red gum trees or the amount of timber derived from clear felling about 115,000 ha of river red gum forest at current stocking levels. We discuss the implications of this massive deficit and possible short- and long-term solutions. [source] Considerations of scale in biodiversity conservationANIMAL CONSERVATION, Issue 3 2010J. T. Du Toit Abstract The dilemma of conservation practice lies in weighing the urgency for action against the need for sustainable long-term solutions, with urgent responses incurring the risk of failure and long-term solutions incurring the cost of time. Wisdom of hindsight reveals that sustainable solutions are not achieved when conservation action is initiated at an inappropriate scale. Here, I review recent studies that have included considerations of scale to illustrate how conservation problems and solutions might be unapparent, or even counterintuitive, to conservation practitioners responding to issues at the scales at which they were first perceived. Case studies cover the conservation of ecosystems, ecosystem services, species and populations. These studies collectively illustrate how most biodiversity conservation efforts can be improved by considering the problem at a broader spatiotemporal scale than that at which local natural resource management has traditionally operated. Globalization is increasingly challenging conservation practitioners to search for solutions across an ever-wider range of spatiotemporal scales and institutional levels. Identifying real problems and threats at relevant scales is part of conservation triage, when opportunity costs and cost efficiencies of alternative interventions are evaluated and ranked, before action is implemented through the appropriate institutional levels. [source] | ||||||||||||||||