Home About us Contact
|
Home About us Contact | ||
|
|
||
Long-term Impact (long-term + impact)
Selected AbstractsState Abortion Policy and the Long-Term Impact of Parental Involvement LawsPOLITICS & POLICY, Issue 2 2010MARSHALL H. MEDOFF This paper presents empirical evidence that the enactment of parental involvement laws by states is a major reason for the steady decline in the incidence of abortion that has occurred in the United States since 1981. Parental involvement laws reduced the likelihood of teen minor females (under 18 years of age) having unwanted pregnancies by altering their frequency of unprotected sexual activity or contraceptive use. This change in teen minors' pregnancy avoidance behavior is found to be perpetuated over adult women's childbearing span of 18-44 years of age. Parental involvement laws are estimated to account for approximately one-third of the decline in the abortion rates of adult women of childbearing age over the period 1982-2000. The empirical results remain robust even after controlling for outliers, interstate migration, regional effects, and the presence of a waiting period. Este artículo presenta evidencia empírica de que la promulgación, al nivel de entidades federativas, de leyes de involucramiento de los padres, es una razón importante para la continua disminución en la incidencia de abortos que ha ocurrido en los Estados Unidos desde 1981. Estas leyes llamadas "Parental Involvement Laws" redujeron la incidencia de embarazos entre menores adolescentes (con menos de 18 años de edad) al disminuir la frecuencia de la actividad sexual no protegida de las mismas. Este cambio en el comportamiento en la prevención del embarazo en las menores adolescentes es perpetuada en mujeres adultas en edad fértil de los 18 a los 44 años de edad. Se estima que dichas leyes son la causa de aproximadamente 1/3 de la disminución en los índices de aborto entre mujeres adultas en edad fértil en el periodo de 1982-2000. Los resultados empíricos se mantienen robustos aun después de controlar los valores atípicos, la migración entre estados, efectos regionales, y la presencia de un periodo de espera. [source] Acute Antibody-Mediated Rejection in Living ABO-Incompatible Kidney Transplantation: Long-Term Impact and Risk FactorsAMERICAN JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTATION, Issue 3 2009D. Toki The impact of acute antibody-mediated rejection (AAMR) on the long-term outcome on ABO-incompatible (ABOI) kidney transplantation is not well understood. We retrospectively analyzed the long-term impact of AAMR and risk factors for AAMR in 57 consecutive recipients performed between 1999 and 2004. Nineteen patients (33%) who developed AAMR within 3 months posttransplantation constituted of the AMR group. The graft survival rate was significantly lower in the AMR group (AMR vs. non-AMR, respectively; 5 years: 84% vs. 95%; 8 years: 45% vs. 95%; p = 0.009). The prevalence of transplant glomerulopathy at 1 year posttransplantation was significantly higher in the AMR group (AMR 64% vs. non-AMR 3%, p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that anti-blood group IgG antibody titers of 1:32 at the time of transplantation (OR, 9.52; p = 0.041) and donor-specific anti-HLA antibodies (DSHA) detected by Luminex single bead method (OR, 5.68; p = 0.015) were independent risk factors for AAMR regardless of baseline anti-blood group IgG antibody titers. Our results indicate that AAMR has a heavy impact on the long-term outcome and preoperative DSHA appears to have a more significant association with poor graft outcomes than anti-blood group antibodies, even in ABOI kidney transplantation. [source] Short-term versus Long-term Impact of Managers: Evidence from the Football IndustryBRITISH JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT, Issue 2 2010Mathew Hughes Studies into the impact of top manager change on organization performance have revealed inconsistent findings. Using longitudinal data over a 12-year period on football organizations, we test for the short-term and long-term effects of manager change in comparison to the tenures of incumbent top managers. We find that long incumbent tenures are associated with performance far above the average. But when looking at change events, contrary to theoretical expectations, we find that change in the short term leads to a brief reprieve in poor performance only for performance to deteriorate in the long term as underlying weaknesses once again take hold. Our findings reveal the illusion of a short-term reprieve and the long-term consequences of this illusion. We map several implications for research and practice from our work. [source] Long-term impact of respiratory viral infection after pediatric lung transplantationPEDIATRIC TRANSPLANTATION, Issue 3 2010M. Liu Liu M, Mallory GB, Schecter MG, Worley S, Arrigain S, Robertson J, Elidemir O, Danziger-Isakov LA. Long-term impact of respiratory viral infection after pediatric lung transplantation. Pediatr Transplantation 2010: 14:431,436. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Abstract:, To evaluate the epidemiology and to investigate the impact of RVI on chronic allograft rejection after pediatric lung transplantation, a retrospective study of pediatric lung transplant recipients from 2002 to 2007 was conducted. Association between RVI and continuous and categorical risk factors was assessed using Wilcoxon rank-sum tests and Fisher's exact tests, respectively. Association between risk factors and outcomes were assessed using Cox proportional hazards models. Fifty-five subjects were followed for a mean of 674 days (range 14,1790). Twenty-eight (51%) developed 51 RVI at a median of 144 days post-transplant (mean 246; range 1,1276); 41% of infections were diagnosed within 90 days. Twenty-five subjects developed 39 LRI, and eight subjects had 11 URI. Organisms recovered included rhinovirus (n = 14), adenovirus (n = 10), parainfluenza (n = 10), influenza (n = 5), and RSV (n = 4). Three subjects expired secondary to their RVI (two adenovirus, one RSV). Younger age and prior CMV infection were risks for RVI (HR 2.4 95% CI 1.1,5.3 and 17.0; 3.0,96.2, respectively). RVI was not associated with the development of chronic allograft rejection (p = 0.25) or death during the study period. RVI occurs in the majority of pediatric lung transplant recipients, but was not associated with mortality or chronic allograft rejection. [source] Long-term impacts of an organophosphate-based regime of pesticides on field and field-edge Collembola communitiesPEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE (FORMERLY: PESTICIDE SCIENCE), Issue 10 2002Geoff K Frampton Abstract During a 6-year study, effects of two contrasting regimes of pesticide use on pitfall and suction catches of Collembola were monitored in an arable field under a rotation of grass and winter wheat. Current farm practice (CFP) represented conventional fungicide and herbicide use plus applications of organophosphorus (OP) insecticides, whereas reduced input approach (RIA) utilised minimum inputs of fungicides and herbicides and excluded any use of insecticides. Compared with RIA, the CFP regime caused a substantial decline in the abundance and diversity of Collembola in the field, including the local disappearance of one species, without recovery during the study. At the field edge, which was protected during OP applications by a 6-m unsprayed buffer zone, effects of the CFP regime were less severe, and were not persistent in the long term. Some Collembola species occurred only in field-edge samples. Pitfall and suction sampling yielded remarkably similar patterns of catches, indicating that pitfall trapping may be appropriate for detecting long-term changes in collembolan abundance caused by intensive agricultural management practices. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry [source] The long-term impact of ferritin level on treatment and complications of type 2 diabetesDIABETES OBESITY & METABOLISM, Issue 6 2008L. Jiang Aim:, To investigate if high-serum ferritin has long-term impact on response to treatment and the development of diabetic complications in patients with type 2 diabetes. Research design and methods:, We analysed the record of 90 consecutive type 2 diabetic subjects who had serum ferritin level determined soon after diagnosis of diabetes and who also had long-term follow-up data. Results:, Patients with higher serum ferritin level had slightly worse triglyceride, blood pressure and liver enzyme levels at the end of follow up. However, ferritin level had no impact on the initial or final requirements for diabetic medication and the development of diabetic complications. Conclusions:, Although elevated serum ferritin is a marker of insulin resistance and chronic inflammation, it is not necessarily a bad prognostic indicator that should affect the clinician's approach to management. [source] Gender and Drought: Experiences of Australian Women in the Drought of the 1990sDISASTERS, Issue 1 2000Daniela Stehlik A unique collaborative, sociological study undertaken during 1995,7, explored the social construction of drought as a disaster, with farm families in two Australian states: Queensland (beef producers) and New South Wales (sheep/wheat producers). A decision was made to interview the women and men separately to test our hypothesis that there would be gender issues in any analysis of a disaster, but particularly one which has such a long-term impact on individuals, families and communities, such as drought. Interviews were conducted with over 100 individuals male and female. We conclude that drought as a disaster is a gendered experience. The paper draws on the narratives of some women involved in the study to identify ,themes of difference' which confirm the necessity to maintain gender as a variable in all studies of the social impacts of disaster. [source] Naturalizing non-local native trees at Botany Bay: The long-term impact of historical plantingsECOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT & RESTORATION, Issue 3 2005Doug Benson Non-local ,native' species used in historical plantings at Captain Cook's Landing Place are spreading into bushland. What can we learn from the long-term impact of this site's well-intentioned but ecologically inappropriate plantings? [source] Environmental manipulations early in development alter seizure activity, Ih and HCN1 protein expression later in lifeEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE, Issue 12 2006Ulrich Schridde Abstract Although absence epilepsy has a genetic origin, evidence from an animal model (Wistar Albino Glaxo/Rijswijk; WAG/Rij) suggests that seizures are sensitive to environmental manipulations. Here, we show that manipulations of the early rearing environment (neonatal handling, maternal deprivation) of WAG/Rij rats leads to a pronounced decrease in seizure activity later in life. Recent observations link seizure activity in WAG/Rij rats to the hyperpolarization-activated cation current (Ih) in the somatosensory cortex, the site of seizure generation. Therefore, we investigated whether the alterations in seizure activity between rats reared differently might be correlated with changes in Ih and its channel subunits hyperpolarization-activated cation channel HCN1, 2 and 4. Whole-cell recordings from layer 5 pyramidal neurons, in situ hybridization and Western blot of the somatosensory cortex revealed an increase in Ih and HCN1 in neonatal handled and maternal deprived, compared to control rats. The increase was specific to HCN1 protein expression and did not involve HCN2/4 protein expression, or mRNA expression of any of the subunits (HCN1, 2, 4). Our findings provide the first evidence that relatively mild changes in the neonatal environment have a long-term impact of absence seizures, Ih and HCN1, and suggest that an increase of Ih and HCN1 is associated with absence seizure reduction. Our findings shed new light on the role of Ih and HCN in brain functioning and development and demonstrate that genetically determined absence seizures are quite sensitive for early interventions. [source] Fatigue life expenditure assessment and countermeasure for turbine blades due to harmonic excitations of slip energy recovery drivesEUROPEAN TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRICAL POWER, Issue 8 2009Jong-Ian Tsai Abstract The long-term effect of noncharacteristic harmonic currents arising from a slip energy recovery drive (SERD) on the fatigue life expenditure in turbine-generator blades is presented in this paper. Since the SERD converter can be rated at a fraction of a motor due to its static converter cascade with the wound-rotor and with high efficiency characteristics, still the feedwater pumps (FPs) in a few power plants are driven by such an induction motor (IM) drive. However, because the frequencies of the three main harmonic terms of the recovery currents are subsynchronous and offer a probability distribution due to the adjustable speed operation, a systematic fatigue estimation approach was devised by the author to investigate the long-term impact for the low-pressure (LP) turbine blades. From the simulation results, it was found that such a long-term harmonic excitation becomes a cause of turbine blade failure for single generator connected to the SERD system, even though the amplitude of these harmonic currents is normal. By the effect analysis of uncertainty, the countermeasure for the turbine integrity was then found. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Share Repurchase Offers and Liquidity: An Examination of Temporary and Permanent EffectsFINANCIAL MANAGEMENT, Issue 2 2008Nandkumar Nayar Open-market repurchase programs do not allow for precise estimates of share buy-back intensity to measure liquidity effects. To circumvent the uncertainty surrounding the quantity and timing of shares truly acquired in repurchase programs and to measure their long-term impact, we examine Dutch auctions and fixed-price tender offers. We investigate both the temporary and permanent liquidity effects of share repurchase programs and find that the improvement in liquidity is transitory and limited to the tender period when the firm's offer to repurchase shares is outstanding. Improvements in liquidity over longer intervals appear to be the result of an overall price improvement and a reduction in volatility rather than the result of structural change in market dynamics. [source] Long-Term Effects of Fiscal Policy on the Size and Distribution of the Pie in the UK,FISCAL STUDIES, Issue 3 2008Xavier Ramos C5; E6; H3 Abstract. This paper provides a joint analysis of the output and distributional long-term effects of various fiscal policies in the UK, using a vector autoregression (VAR) approach. Our findings suggest that the long-term impact on GDP of increasing public spending and taxes is negative, and especially strong in the case of current expenditure. We also find significant distributional effects associated with fiscal policies, indicating that an increase in public spending reduces inequality while a rise in indirect taxes increases income inequality. [source] Long-term prognosis and satisfaction after percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy in a general hospital,GERIATRICS & GERONTOLOGY INTERNATIONAL, Issue 3 2004Joji Onishi Background: Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) has been widely acknowledged as a safer method for enteral feeding; however, its long-term impact on prognosis and quality of life in elderly patients is not sufficiently understood. There are issues still to be studied regarding the indications for PEG, due to the lack of convincing evidence that it reduces expected complications such as aspiration pneumonia or for improving the prognosis of patients with severe dementia. Method: In this study we investigated the survival rate after PEG and the families' satisfaction in 78 inpatients who underwent PEG. We conducted the investigation by sending questionnaires to the families. Results: The results for the 69 cases (88%) in which the patient recovered showed that the 1-year survival rate was 64.0%, and the 2-year survival rate was 55.5%. Fifty-three per cent of patients' families indicated overall satisfaction regarding of PEG. Conclusions: The survival rates were relatively higher than those from previously reported studies. This may be attributed to variations in patients' clinical, socio-economic, or cultural backgrounds in therapeutic interventions. We recognized the importance of clarifying factors that would affect the living and functional prognosis and quality of life in elderly patients who underwent PEG. The indications for PEG are based on a comprehensive assessment of the relevant factors in individual cases, and by taking patients' and families' wishes into consideration. [source] Botulinum Toxin Type-A (BOTOX®) in the Treatment of Occipital Neuralgia: A Pilot StudyHEADACHE, Issue 10 2008Martin Taylor DO Objective., To determine the efficacy of occipital nerve blocks using reconstituted botulinum toxin type-A (BTX-A) in providing significant and prolonged pain relief in chronic occipital neuralgia. Background., Occipital neuralgia is a unilateral or bilateral radiating pain with paresthesias commonly manifesting as paroxysmal episodes and involving the occipital and parietal regions. Common causes of occipital neuralgia include irritation or injury to the divisions of the occipital nerve, myofascial spasm, and focal entrapment of the occipital nerve. Treatment options include medication therapy, occipital nerve blocks, and surgical techniques. BTX-A, which has shown promise in relief of other headache types, may prove a viable therapeutic option for occipital neuralgia pain. Methods., Botulinum toxin type-A (reconstituted in 3 cc of saline) was injected into regions traversed by the greater and lesser occipital nerve in 6 subjects diagnosed with occipital neuralgia. Subjects were instructed to report their daily pain level (on a visual analog pain scale), their ability to perform daily activities (on several quality of life instruments) and their daily pain medication usage (based on a self-reported log), 2 weeks prior to the injection therapy and 12 weeks following injection therapy. Data were analyzed for significant variation from baseline values. Results., The dull/aching and pin/needles types of pain reported by the subjects did not show a statistically significant improvement during the trial period. The sharp/shooting type of pain, however, showed improvement during most of the trial period except weeks 3-4 and 5-6. The quality of life measures exhibited some improvement. The headache-specific quality of life measure showed significant improvement by 6 weeks which continued through week 12. The general health- and depression-related measures showed no statistical improvement. No significant reduction in pain medication usage was demonstrated. Conclusions., Our results indicate that BTX-A improved the sharp/shooting type of pain most commonly known to be associated with occipital neuralgia. Additionally, the quality of life measures assessing burden and long-term impact of the headaches, further corroborated improvement seen in daily head pain. [source] Printing the Regicide of Charles IHISTORY, Issue 296 2004MOS TUBB The execution of Charles I by the English republic on 30 January 1649 was the most unpopular political act of the seventeenth century. Yet within three weeks of Charles's death the leaders of the new government were ,cheerful and well pleased'. This article explores one of the key reasons for their good mood: they had just managed a polemical triumph. In the weeks following the regicide, parliament and its supporters had justified the king's execution with a wide array of printed documents. Further, various government agents severely hampered the republic's opponents from printing their own missives, thereby creating a fairly clear space for the pro-regicide press. Although the long-term impact may have been limited, there can be little doubt that the English republic and its proponents asserted a potent case for regicide in early February 1649. [source] Mode of delivery and risk of fecal incontinence in women with or without inflammatory bowel disease: Questionnaire survey,INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES, Issue 11 2007J.P.L. Ong MRCP Abstract Background: Elective cesarean section (CS) may be recommended for patients with Crohn's disease and perineal involvement. Little is known about CS rates in parous women with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), nor the possible long-term impact of vaginal delivery and episiotomy on continence in women with IBD. Methods: Questionnaires were sent to all 777 regional members of a Colitis and Crohn's Disease patient association. Male members were asked to request their unaffected female spouse/partner to complete the forms in order to give a "control" group for comparison. Results: Forms were returned by 491 members (response rate 63%). CS had been undertaken for 37 of the 229 parous women with IBD (16%) versus 15 of the 116 without IBD (13%) (,2 = 0.62, P = NS). Only 2 women had undergone CS due to IBD. Of the parous women with IBD, 75 (33%) had persisting problems with fecal incontinence, of whom 21 (28%) dated this back to the time of vaginal delivery. By contrast, only 2 (2%) of the parous control group had suffered persisting fecal incontinence following vaginal delivery (,2 = 8.27, P < 0.01). Conclusions: Persisting fecal incontinence is reported by a significant minority of parous women with IBD, of whom over one-quarter date this back to vaginal delivery. CS is rarely recommended due to IBD alone. If our findings are confirmed in prospective studies, the threshold for recommending CS may need to be lowered for patients with IBD. (Inflamm Bowel Dis 2007) [source] Exploring the cost-effectiveness of Helicobacter pylori screening to prevent gastric cancer in China in anticipation of clinical trial resultsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 1 2009Jennifer M. Yeh Abstract Gastric cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Treatment for Helicobacter pylori infection, the leading causal risk factor, can reduce disease progression, but the long-term impact on cancer incidence is uncertain. Using the best available data, we estimated the potential health benefits and economic consequences associated with H. pylori screening in a high-risk region of China. An empirically calibrated model of gastric cancer was used to project reduction in lifetime cancer risk, life-expectancy and costs associated with (i) single lifetime screening (age 20, 30 or 40); (ii) single lifetime screening followed by rescreening individuals with negative results and (iii) universal treatment for H. pylori (age 20, 30 or 40). Data were from the published literature and national and international databases. Screening and treatment for H. pylori at age 20 reduced the mean lifetime cancer risk by 14.5% (men) to 26.6% (women) and cost less than $1,500 per year of life saved (YLS) compared to no screening. Rescreening individuals with negative results and targeting older ages was less cost-effective. Universal treatment prevented an additional 1.5% to 2.3% of risk reduction, but incremental cost-effectiveness ratios exceeded $2,500 per YLS. Screening young adults for H. pylori could prevent one in every 4 to 6 cases of gastric cancer in China and would be considered cost-effective using the GDP per capita threshold. These results illustrate the potential promise of a gastric cancer screening program and provide rationale for urgent clinical studies to move the prevention agenda forward. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Ontology-enabled validation of connectivity relationships in a home theater systemINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS, Issue 10 2006Mark Austin This article describes a vision for team-based synthesis of engineering systems, enhanced by technologies for ontology-based computing, cast in a Semantic Web framework. Our long-term research objective is to fully understand the extent to which relationships and constraints in ontology-based descriptions of problem domains, working together with description logic reasoning engines, can influence and improve system-level design procedures, particularly in the early stages of development where errors may have a significant long-term impact, but if detected early are cheap to correct. As a first step, we develop a port,jack ontology for a home theater system and exercise rule sets for combinations of correct/incorrect connectivity. The model checking procedure begins with the formulation of a port,jack ontology that will describe allowable constraining relationships in the port and jack connectivity. Allowable types of connections are expressed in the form of domain restrictions. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Int Syst 21: 1111,1125, 2006. [source] Hypospadias repair: an overviewINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF UROLOGICAL NURSING, Issue 1 2010Michael Pfeil Hypospadias is a birth defect in boys where the meatus is not placed at the tip of the glans of the penis. This article reviews the rapidly developing international literature surrounding hypospadias and hypospadias repairs paying specific attention to important aspects of nursing care, including preparing for surgery, use of dressings, stents and catheters as well as medication. It concludes by considering the long-term impact of hypospadias and its surgical correction on the patient's life. Hypospadias is treated surgically, normally during the second 6 months of the boy's life. Hospitalization periods vary from day case surgery to several days. The success of the hypospadias repair can be measured according to functional results and cosmetic appearance of the penis. The post-operative use of dressings as well as urinary catheters or stents is common but not uniform. Complication rates for hypospadias surgery vary from below 10% in boys with distal hypospadias to above 50% in children with a proximal meatus. The most common complications are urethral fistulas, strictures and stenoses. The continuing efforts by paediatric urologists focus on further optimizing the cosmetic and functional results. [source] Review of Research Studies That Evaluated the Impact of Treatment for Childhood Cancers on Neurocognition and Behavioral and Social Competence: Nursing ImplicationsJOURNAL FOR SPECIALISTS IN PEDIATRIC NURSING, Issue 2 2000Julia Challinor ISSUES AND PURPOSE. Given the increasing incidence of childhood cancer, increasing survivor rates, and documented incidence of sequelae, nurses need evidence on which to base interventions for families at risk. The authors review and critique research studies that evaluated the impact of treatment for childhood cancers. Implications for nursing practice are discussed. CONCLUSIONS. Research to evaluate the effects of treatment on neurocognition and behavioral and social competency of children with cancer has produced conflicting results. Most studies found deleterious effects on all three areas associated with childhood cancer treatment. Some studies, however, found no differences between childhood cancer survivors and children on therapy compared to normative data or healthy controls. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS. Knowledge of the short-and long-term impact of treatment for childhood cancer on neurocognition and behavioral and social competence allows nurses to design interventions that mitigate neurocognitive effects, decrease behavioral problems, and improve social competence. [source] Ethnic Institutions Reconsidered: The Case of Flemish Workers in 19th Century France1JOURNAL OF HISTORICAL SOCIOLOGY, Issue 1 2003Philippe Couton Increasing evidence indicates that ethno-institutional effects are often more varied and complex. France's first industrial-era immigrants, massively crossing the border from Belgian Flanders during the second half of the 19th century, are a case in point. Immigrant Flemish workers introduced a new type of institution to the French working class: socialist cooperatives. These would have a long-term impact not only on the immigrant Flemish community itself, but also on the larger labour movement, on the region, and on the country as a whole. Three elements were important in this process of institutional cross-fertilization: Belgian workers' rich institutional repertoire; the coincidence of their settlement with the rise of the French labour movement; and the fact that their institutional innovation was easily transferable. [source] Interventions for Weight Management in Postpartum WomenJOURNAL OF OBSTETRIC, GYNECOLOGIC & NEONATAL NURSING, Issue 1 2008Colleen Keller ABSTRACT Objective:, To report the results of a comprehensive review of published intervention studies to identify the best evidence available for guiding weight management interventions in postpartum women. Data Sources:, Electronic searches were conducted of three electronic databases: Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature; Medline; and the Science Citation Index, Expanded, in the Web of Science from 1994 to May 2007. Keyword searches were conducted using the terms obesity, obese, overweight, postpartum, pregnancy weight, and weight management in postpartum women. Study Selection:, Six studies were selected that met the inclusion criteria of testing interventions and one that reported preintervention planning and targeted a weight management intervention for postpartum women. Data Extraction:, All six interventions showed significant impact with diet and exercise or some combination on body composition in the targeted sample of women. Data Synthesis:, The strengths of previous studies include an emphasis on precision in outcome measures and experimental conditions; limitations were that the theoretical basis for the interventions was frequently omitted and limited attention given to the cultural, social, and contextual factors established in descriptive research. Conclusions:, Interventions need to target women early in their childbearing years to have the most significant long-term impact. [source] Reintegrative Shaming, Procedural Justice, and Recidivism: The Engagement of Offenders' Psychological Mechanisms in the Canberra RISE Drinking-and-Driving ExperimentLAW & SOCIETY REVIEW, Issue 3 2007Tom R. Tyler Advocates of restorative justice (RJ) hypothesize that the diversion of criminal cases to RJ conferences should be more effective in lowering the rate of reoffending than traditional prosecution in court processing because the conferences more effectively engage the psychological mechanisms of reintegrative shaming and procedural justice. This study uses longitudinal data from the drinking-and-driving study in the Australian Reintegrative Shaming Experiments (RISE) to evaluate the long-term impact of reintegrative shaming and procedural justice on support for the law and on later recidivism as assessed through the use of police records and by self-report. Analysis first suggests that there is no direct effect of experimental condition on later recidivism. However, it further suggests that both traditional court-based prosecution and RJ conferences increase support for the law and lower the rate of future reoffending when they engage the social psychological mechanisms of reintegrative shaming and procedural justice and thereby increase the legitimacy of the law. Hence, the results argue for the potential value of procedures such as the RJ conference but indicate that those procedures will only achieve their objectives if they are effectively designed and implemented. [source] Long-term follow-up of a 10-month programme in curriculum development for medical educators: a cohort studyMEDICAL EDUCATION, Issue 7 2008Aysegul Gozu Context, There is an ongoing need for curriculum development (CD) in medical education. However, only a minority of medical teaching institutions provide faculty development in CD. This study evaluates the long-term impact of a longitudinal programme in curriculum development. Methods, We surveyed eight cohorts of participants (n = 64) and non-participants (n = 64) from 1988 to 1996 at baseline and at 6,13 years after completion of a 10-month, one half-day per week programme offered annually, which included a mentored CD project, workshops on CD steps, a final paper and a presentation. Results, Fifty-eight participants (91%) and 50 non-participants (78%) returned completed follow-up surveys. In analyses, controlling for background characteristics and baseline self-rated proficiencies, participants were more likely than non-participants at follow-up to report having developed and implemented curricula in the past 5 years (65.5% versus 43.7%; odds ratio [OR] 2.41, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03,5.66), to report having performed needs assessment when planning a curriculum (86.1% versus 58.8%; OR 5.59, 95% CI 1.20,25.92), and to rate themselves highly in developing (OR 3.57, 95% CI 1.36,9.39), implementing (OR 3.04, 95% CI 1.16,7.93) and evaluating (OR 2.74, 95% CI 1.10,6.84) curricula. At follow-up, 86.2% of participants reported that the CD programme had made a moderate or great impact on their professional careers. Responses to an open-ended question on the impact confirmed continued involvement in CD work, confidence in CD skills, application of CD skills and knowledge beyond CD, improved time management, and lasting relationships formed because of the programme. Conclusions, Our results suggest that a longitudinal faculty development programme that engages and supports faculty in real CD work can have long-lasting impact. [source] The Lingering Effects of the Recruitment Experience on the Long-Term Employment RelationshipNEGOTIATION AND CONFLICT MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, Issue 3 2008Merideth Ferguson Abstract Two studies (one cross-sectional and one longitudinal) examine the effects that job negotiation interactional justice perceptions created in the recruitment process have on an employee's turnover intentions. The findings indicate a long-term impact of the interactional justice perceptions experienced in the recruitment negotiation on employees' intent to leave their organization. Specifically, job negotiation interactional justice perceptions have a lingering effect on an individual's turnover intentions beyond the effects of distributive justice and supportive human resource practices. [source] Forest Regeneration in a Chronosequence of Tropical Abandoned Pastures: Implications for Restoration EcologyRESTORATION ECOLOGY, Issue 4 2000T. Mitchell Aide Abstract During the mid-1900s, most of the island of Puerto Rico was deforested, but a shift in the economy from agriculture to small industry beginning in the 1950s resulted in the abandonment of agricultural lands and recovery of secondary forest. This unique history provides an excellent opportunity to study secondary forest succession and suggest strategies for tropical forest restoration. To determine the pattern of secondary succession, we describe the woody vegetation in 71 abandoned pastures and forest sites in four regions of Puerto Rico. The density, basal area, aboveground biomass, and species richness of the secondary forest sites were similar to those of the old growth forest sites (>80 yr) after approximately 40 years. The dominant species that colonized recently abandoned pastures occurred over a broad elevational range and are widespread in the neotropics. The species richness of Puerto Rican secondary forests recovered rapidly, but the species composition was quite different in comparison with old growth forest sites, suggesting that enrichment planting will be necessary to restore the original composition. Exotic species were some of the most abundant species in the secondary forest, but their long-term impact depended on life history characteristics of each species. These data demonstrate that one restoration strategy for tropical forest in abandoned pastures is simply to protect the areas from fire, and allow natural regeneration to produce secondary forest. This strategy will be most effective if remnant forest (i.e., seed sources) still exist in the landscape and soils have not been highly degraded. Patterns of forest recovery also suggest strategies for accelerating natural recovery by planting a suite of generalist species that are common in recently abandoned pastures in Puerto Rico and throughout much of the neotropics. [source] Long-term effects of a midgestational asphyxial episode in the ovine fetusTHE ANATOMICAL RECORD : ADVANCES IN INTEGRATIVE ANATOMY AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY, Issue 10 2006Amanda E. O'Connell Abstract We and others have shown previously that fetuses at midgestation can survive 30 min of complete umbilical cord occlusion, although hydrops fetalis (or gross fetal edema) results. To investigate whether this hydrops resolves by late gestation and if there are any long-term consequences of the asphyxial insult on the heart and kidneys, eight fetuses were subjected to 30 min of complete umbilical cord occlusion at 0.6 gestation (90 days; term 150 days) and were compared to a sham group (n = 10). During the occlusion period, fetuses became severely hypoxemic, hypercapnemic, and acidotic, with both blood pressure and heart rate decreasing. Most variables had returned to normal by 2-hr recovery. At 129 ± 1 days of gestation, approximately 40 days post occlusion, some fetuses were still slightly hydropic as skin fold measurements were increased (P < 0.01), although fetal body weight was not different from the sham group. The two groups had similar heart and kidney weights, ventricular cardiac myocyte nucleation, and glomerular number. By contrast, brain weight was reduced by 37% (P < 0.001) and the cerebral lateral ventricles were grossly dilated. Lungs were 50% smaller than in sham fetuses (P < 0.001). Thus, the hydrops that develops at midgestation as a result of a severe asphyxial episode can, but does not always, fully resolve by late gestation. Also, while fetuses at midgestation can survive this asphyxial episode with no long-term impact in renal or cardiac size, nephron number, or cardiomyocyte nucleation, the brain and lungs are severely affected. Anat Rec Part A, 288A:1112,1120, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Evaluating for long-term impact of an environmental education program at the Kalinzu Forest Reserve, UgandaAMERICAN JOURNAL OF PRIMATOLOGY, Issue 5 2010C.W. Kuhar Abstract Although the importance of evaluating the effectiveness of conservation education programs cannot be underestimated, few evaluations of these programs and their resulting impact on the environment have been conducted. A partnership between scientists, educators, and local administrators on an evaluation program has been developed to evaluate a model of education program evaluation that includes short- and long-term evaluation of (1) knowledge and attitude change, (2) behavior change, and (3) positive biological impact. Previous work has shown short-term knowledge retention from this education program. In the current study follow-up evaluations were collected from students at 14 schools outside the Kalinzu Forest Reserve, Uganda. By comparing performance 30 days, 1 year and 2 years after the initial program we demonstrate that knowledge gain from this program is not transient. However, although knowledge is a prerequisite for appropriate conservation actions it does not guarantee appropriate behaviors will be performed. Anecdotal evidence of behavior change and positive biological impact is discussed within the context of the challenges with changing behavior and evaluating the true biological impacts of those behaviors. Ultimately, conservation professionals will need to partner with educators and social scientists to effectively measure the impact of conservation education and human-based conservation programs on primate populations and their habitat. Am. J. Primatol. 72:407,413, 2010. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Acute Antibody-Mediated Rejection in Living ABO-Incompatible Kidney Transplantation: Long-Term Impact and Risk FactorsAMERICAN JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTATION, Issue 3 2009D. Toki The impact of acute antibody-mediated rejection (AAMR) on the long-term outcome on ABO-incompatible (ABOI) kidney transplantation is not well understood. We retrospectively analyzed the long-term impact of AAMR and risk factors for AAMR in 57 consecutive recipients performed between 1999 and 2004. Nineteen patients (33%) who developed AAMR within 3 months posttransplantation constituted of the AMR group. The graft survival rate was significantly lower in the AMR group (AMR vs. non-AMR, respectively; 5 years: 84% vs. 95%; 8 years: 45% vs. 95%; p = 0.009). The prevalence of transplant glomerulopathy at 1 year posttransplantation was significantly higher in the AMR group (AMR 64% vs. non-AMR 3%, p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that anti-blood group IgG antibody titers of 1:32 at the time of transplantation (OR, 9.52; p = 0.041) and donor-specific anti-HLA antibodies (DSHA) detected by Luminex single bead method (OR, 5.68; p = 0.015) were independent risk factors for AAMR regardless of baseline anti-blood group IgG antibody titers. Our results indicate that AAMR has a heavy impact on the long-term outcome and preoperative DSHA appears to have a more significant association with poor graft outcomes than anti-blood group antibodies, even in ABOI kidney transplantation. [source] Current Kidney Allocation Rules and Their Impact on a Pediatric Transplant CenterAMERICAN JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTATION, Issue 2 2009E. C. Abraham In 2005, kidney allocation rules in the United States were updated to enhance access to kidneys from young adult deceased donors (DDs) for pediatric recipients. We studied how this rule change affected transplant activity at our pediatric center. We retrospectively compared kidney transplant activity at our center since the rule change (until December 31, 2007) to before the change (n = 36 each), focusing on those recipients directly affected by it, that is, younger than 18 years. There were no significant differences in recipients' age, gender or ethnicity before versus after the rule change. Percentages of preemptive transplants and retransplants were similar in both groups, as was the percentage of sensitized patients. There was a significant decrease in overall, but not DD, mean donor age. Mean wait time for DD kidneys decreased for pediatric recipients. Increases were found in percentage of DD transplants and in mean HLA mismatches after the rule change. Patient and short-term graft survival were not significantly different. These data suggest that the allocation rule change was not only followed by improvement in overall access to kidney transplantation for children, but also by decreases in living donor transplants and HLA matching. Larger studies are needed to evaluate the long-term impact of the change. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||