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Longitudinal Effects (longitudinal + effects)

Distribution by Scientific Domains

Psychology	40%
Medical Sciences	40%
Humanities and Social Sciences	20%

Selected Abstracts

Longitudinal Effects of Hope on Depression and Anxiety: A Latent Variable Analysis

JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY, Issue 1 2007
Randolph C. Arnau
ABSTRACT This study tested the prospective effects of hope on depression and anxiety using a longitudinal design. A sample of 522 college students completed self-report measures of hope, depression, and anxiety at three time points, with 1-month delays between administrations. Structural equation modeling was employed to test two cross-lagged panel models of the reciprocal effects of the Agency and Pathways components of hope on depression and anxiety. Results indicated statistically significant negative effects for the Agency component of hope on later depression but no unique effect of the Pathways component of hope on depression. Likewise, Agency showed a statistically significant negative effect on later anxiety, but again Pathways had no significant influence on anxiety. In both cases, neither depression nor anxiety demonstrated any longitudinal effects on either the Agency or Pathways components of hope. Implications of these findings are discussed, along with potential directions for future research. [source]

Adult Learning Experiences from an Aquarium Visit: The role of Social Interactions in Family Groups

CURATOR THE MUSEUM JOURNAL, Issue 3 2007
Adriana Briseño-Garzón
Based on a larger empirical work,1 this paper reports on the nature and character of adult learning within a family group context while visiting the Vancouver Aquarium Marine Science Centre (Canada), and the longitudinal effects of such experience in the weeks following the visit. In this study a multiple or collective instrumental case study approach was employed to examine the learning experiences of the adult members of 13 family groups; this approach demonstrates that adults visiting the aquarium as part of a family group are active social learners and not merely facilitators of the experience for younger visitors or caregivers. Our outcomes also indicate that the adult members of the participant family groups learned in a multiplicity of domains including the cognitive, the social, and the affective, as a result of their visit to the Vancouver Aquarium. In addition, we discuss the longitudinal impacts of the aquarium visit and provide valuable insights as to the relevance of these experiences in visitors' everyday lives. [source]

Childhood negative experiences and subclinical psychosis in adolescence: a longitudinal general population study

EARLY INTERVENTION IN PSYCHIATRY, Issue 2 2007
Ellen De Loore
Abstract Background:, Accumulating evidence suggests that experiences of trauma and victimization during childhood are associated with an increased risk to develop clinical and subclinical psychosis in adulthood. A recent cross-sectional study showed a significant association between trauma and psychotic experiences in adolescents. The current study aimed to extend these findings by investigating the longitudinal effects of negative life experiences on the risk for subclinical psychotic symptoms 2 years later in an adolescent general community sample. Methods:, Data were derived from the standard health screenings of the Youth Health Care Divisions of the Public Health Services, in the South of the Netherlands. A total of 1129 adolescents filled out a self-report questionnaire at age 13/14 years and 2 years later (15/16 years), assessing psychotic experiences, as well as experiences of being bullied, sexual trauma, and negative life events. Results:, Logistic regression analyses revealed that sexual trauma increased the risk for psychotic symptoms 2 years later. Life events contributed to the risk for psychosis over time and psychosis in turn gave rise to new life events. No significant association with bullying was found after controlling for confounders. Conclusion:, The results provide further evidence for an association between childhood environment and psychosis in the crucial developmental period of early adolescence. Early and later psychological stress, if severe, may impact on the risk for psychosis in adolescence through mechanisms of person,environment interaction and correlation. [source]

Possible antecedents and developmental implications of shame in young girls

INFANT AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT, Issue 4 2003
Rosemary S. L. MillsArticle first published online: 14 MAR 200
Abstract The objectives of this study were to assess the effects of parenting style and child emotionality on the development of proneness to shame in young girls, and the mediating effect of shame on the development of adjustment problems. Eighty-eight girls were assessed twice, at 3 and 5 years of age, along with their mothers and fathers. Shame was assessed by observations (reactions to failure and criticism); parenting style and child emotions (fearfulness, sadness, anger) were measured using parent reports; and adjustment problems were assessed by parent and teacher reports. Girls were more likely to show shame at age 5 when both their mothers and fathers had been relatively authoritarian at age 3; their emotional dispositions did not have any direct longitudinal effects on shame. Authoritarian parenting predicted subsequent internalizing problems as assessed by teachers, but there was no evidence for a mediational effect of shame. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

Examining Situationally Induced State Goal Orientation Effects on Task Perceptions, Performance, and Satisfaction: A Two-Dimensional Conceptualization,

JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 2 2008
Debra Steele-Johnson
We examined the longitudinal effects of situationally induced 2-dimensional state goal orientations (i.e., achievement goals) on perceptions, performance, and satisfaction. Results (N = 268) indicated that high state learning cues led to higher perceived challenge and, for higher ability individuals, greater performance gains. Further, high state performance cues led to higher perceived effort. However, results revealed that state learning and performance effects were more complex than expected. State learning effects on challenge and state performance effects on effort were both stronger with other cues absent. Additionally, increasingly beneficial state learning cue effects were stronger for higher ability individuals. Thus, results provided support that state learning and performance goals are separate dimensions, and their interactive effects need further examination. [source]

Marital Quality and Personal Well-Being: A Meta-Analysis

JOURNAL OF MARRIAGE AND FAMILY, Issue 3 2007
Christine M. Proulx
This study examines the association between marital quality and personal well-being using meta-analytic techniques. Effects from 93 studies were analyzed. The average weighted effect size r was .37 for cross-sectional and .25 for longitudinal effects. Results indicate that several variables moderate the association between marital quality and personal well-being, including gender, participants' marital duration, source of measurement, data collection year, and dependent variable. These results suggest that longitudinal effects are more likely to be uncovered when using standard measurement and that future research should use samples homogenous in marital length. The longitudinal finding that the strength of the association is stronger when personal well-being is treated as the dependent variable supports previous theorizing. [source]

Longitudinal Effects of Hope on Depression and Anxiety: A Latent Variable Analysis

Effects of conventional and problem-based learning on clinical and general competencies and career development

MEDICAL EDUCATION, Issue 3 2008
Janke Cohen-Schotanus
Objective, To test hypotheses regarding the longitudinal effects of problem-based learning (PBL) and conventional learning relating to students' appreciation of the curriculum, self-assessment of general competencies, summative assessment of clinical competence and indicators of career development. Methods, The study group included 2 complete cohorts of graduates who were admitted to the medical curriculum in 1992 (conventional curriculum, n = 175) and 1993 (PBL curriculum, n = 169) at the Faculty of Medicine, University of Groningen, the Netherlands. Data were obtained from student records, graduates' self-ratings and a literature search. Gender and secondary school grade point average (GPA) scores were included as moderator variables. Data were analysed by a stepwise multiple and logistic regression analysis. Results, Graduates of the PBL curriculum scored higher on self-rated competencies. Contrary to expectations, graduates of the PBL curriculum did not show more appreciation of their curriculum than graduates of the conventional curriculum and no differences were found on clinical competence. Graduates of the conventional curriculum needed less time to find a postgraduate training place. No differences were found for scientific activities such as reading scientific articles and publishing in peer- reviewed journals. Women performed better on clinical competence than did men. Grade point average did not affect any of the variables. Conclusions, The results suggest that PBL affects self-rated competencies. These outcomes confirm earlier findings. However, clinical competence measures did not support this finding. [source]

Effects of calcium supplementation on fetal growth in mothers with deficient calcium intake: a randomised controlled trial

PAEDIATRIC & PERINATAL EPIDEMIOLOGY, Issue 1 2010
Edgardo Abalos
Summary Abalos E, Merialdi M, Wojdyla D, Carroli G, Campodónico L, Yao S-E, Gonzalez R, Deter R, Villar J, Van Look P. Effects of calcium supplementation on fetal growth in mothers with deficient calcium intake: a randomised controlled trial. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 2010; 24: 53,62. Calcium supplementation in mothers with low calcium intake has been of interest recently because of its association with optimal fetal growth and improved pre-eclampsia-related outcomes. While the effects of calcium supplementation have demonstrated benefits in prolonging gestation and subsequently improving birthweight, no specific studies have identified the longitudinal effects of supplementation on fetal growth in utero. Data were analysed in the context of the World Health Organization trial of calcium supplementation in calcium-deficient women. Five hundred and ten healthy, primiparous pregnant Argentinean women were randomised (at <20 weeks gestation) to either placebo (n = 230) or calcium supplements (1500 mg calcium/day in 3 divided doses; n = 231). Growth parameters in utero were assessed with serial ultrasound scans. Birthweight, length, head, abdominal and thigh circumferences were recorded at delivery. No differences were found in fetal biometric measurements recorded at 20, 24, 28, 32 and 36 weeks gestation between fetuses of women who were supplemented with calcium and those who were not. Similarly, neonatal characteristics and anthropometric measurements recorded at delivery were comparable in both groups. We conclude that calcium supplementation of 1500 mg calcium/day in pregnant women with low calcium intake does not appear to impact on fetal somatic or skeletal growth. [source]

Smoking, alcohol use and engagement in exercise and cognitive performance among older adults

AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL ON AGEING, Issue 2 2002
Janet Bryan
Objectives: To examine cross-sectional and longitudinal effects of history of smoking, alcohol use and engagement in exercise on cognitive performance. Method: Health habits and cognitive performance of a large community sample of older adults were assessed at measurement points two years apart. Results: Past smokers performed more poorly on tests of recall and speed of information processing at times 1 and 2 than those who had never smoked. Past smokers and moderate users of alcohol performed better on confrontation naming and working memory, than those who had never smoked or drank alcohol. Engagement in exercise was related to immediate recall and speed of processing before, but not after, controlling for covariates. Health habits were not related to longitudinal change in cognition. Conclusions: The results suggest a negative effect of history of smoking on effortful cognitive tasks and a protective effect of alcohol use on more automatic cognitive tasks among older adults. [source]