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Long
Kinds of Long Terms modified by Long Selected AbstractsTWIN SONS OF DIFFERENT MOTHERS: THE LONG AND THE SHORT OF THE TWIN DEFICITS DEBATEECONOMIC INQUIRY, Issue 4 2009KEVIN GRIER Interest in the twin deficits hypothesis fluctuates in tandem with the U.S. current account deficit. Surprisingly though, a statistically robust relationship between budget and trade deficits has been difficult to pin down. We argue that a big part of this difficulty is due to the failure to allow for structural breaks in the series when (either explicitly or implicitly) modeling their time series properties. We show that both series are break stationary (and conditionally heteroskedastic) and argue that while there is no common pattern in the long run, the short-run dynamics reveal a sizeable and fairly persistent positive relationship between budget deficit shocks and current account deficit shocks. (JEL F41, E6, H6) [source] THE LONG AND THE SHORT OF FLAGELLAR LENGTH CONTROLJOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY, Issue 5 2003Peter L. Beech No abstract is available for this article. [source] HOW LONG SHOULD WE STAY IN EDUCATION IF ABILITY IS SCREENED?METROECONOMICA, Issue 3 2009Takashi Oshio ABSTRACT We examine how ability-screening affects demand for education and the shape of an optimal education system. Explicitly incorporating gradual screening by education into the model, we illustrate how individuals of different abilities decide to stay in education or drop out. Gradual screening induces low-ability individuals to receive over-education, reducing the net benefit obtained from education by society as a whole, as well as such individuals. A mixed education system, in which public education is provided before private education, is superior to a wholly private system, in terms of both efficiency and equity, because it reduces the over-education of low-ability individuals. [source] "LONG LIVE THE WEEDS AND THE WILDERNESS YET": REFLECTIONS ON A SECULAR AGEMODERN THEOLOGY, Issue 3 2010STANLEY HAUERWAS While we are deeply appreciative of Taylor's A Secular Age, we nonetheless worry that his use of the immanent/transcendent duality may introduce a certain kind of Christian Constantinianism that he wants to disavow. In particular, we worry that the immanent/transcendent duality is far too formal in its character. In order to develop this concern, we draw on Talal Asad's account of the secular to suggest how liturgy may provide an alternative way of understanding as well as challenging Taylor's worries about "the immanent frame." [source] ROBUST ESTIMATION IN PARAMETRIC TIME SERIES MODELS UNDER LONG- AND SHORT-RANGE-DEPENDENT STRUCTURESAUSTRALIAN & NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF STATISTICS, Issue 2 2009Jiti Gao Summary This paper studies the asymptotic behaviour of an M-estimator of regression parameters in the linear model when the design variables are either stationary short-range dependent (SRD), ,-mixing or long-range dependent (LRD), and the errors are LRD. The weak consistency and the asymptotic distributions of the M-estimator are established. We present some simulated examples to illustrate the efficiency of the proposed M-estimation method. [source] Integrated Codes Model for Erosion-Deposition in Long DischargesCONTRIBUTIONS TO PLASMA PHYSICS, Issue 7-9 2006J. T. Hogan Abstract This contribution describes an interpretative integrated-codes model for tokamak co-deposition, which includes as many of the relevant processes as is computationally feasible. (© 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Communication and Context: Collective Tacit Knowledge and Practice in Japan's Workplace baCREATIVITY AND INNOVATION MANAGEMENT, Issue 3 2001Tim Ray In contrast to Schumpeter's "perennial gale of creative destruction" (Schumpeter 1976: 84), government,coordinated economic development in post,1945 Japan has owed more to informal (but binding) "rules of the game" (North 1990) that situate working, learning and innovation within the spaces delineated by tightly bounded company,as,family workplace organisations or ,ba' (which roughly means ,place' or ,interaction field'). Horizontal keiretsu groupings, together with fixed trading,patterns in supply and distribution chains, continue to support an interlocking ,steady state' economic structure in which new technologies tend to emerge from existing organisations. Shared experience within workplace ba generates tacit knowledge that is held in common by colleagues and retained as a potent tool for shaping future practice. It plays a vital role in facilitating ,friction free' communication amongst insiders, who can act as a group to ostracise and retaliate against agents who break their code. Long,term obligations link salaried male employees to their workplace ba. Consequently, autonomous boundary,spanning communities of practice, together with industry,university collaboration and other transient associations with outsiders, lack legitimacy. Cook and Brown's (1999) pluralist epistemology is used to compare Western interpretations of Mode 1 and Mode 2 knowledge (Gibbons et al 1994) with the privileged role that Japan's workplace ba accord to insider collective,tacit knowledge, which we tentatively call ,Mode 3' knowledge. [source] "What a Long, Strange Trip It's Been",DIPLOMATIC HISTORY, Issue 3 2007Mark A. Stoler First page of article [source] Phenotypic plasticity, polymorphism and phylogeny within placodermsACTA ZOOLOGICA, Issue 2009K. Trinajstic Abstract Intraspecies variation, polymorphism and asymmetric traits are observed within two families of Arthrodira, the Incisoscutidae and Camuropiscidae, from the Gogo Formation in northern Western Australia. Individual plates of the head and trunk shield show considerable variation between individuals. Plates that show the greatest degree polymorphic traits are the rostral (R), marginal (M), submarginal (SM), preorbital (PrO), anterior dorsolateral, anterior median ventral (AMV) and posterior ventrolateral (PVL) plates. The paths of the sensory line canals are the most variable feature and the dermal plates of the cheek show the greatest asymmetry. It is apparent that if anatomical data in arthrodires are to be interpreted with greater precision, detailed knowledge of intraspecies variation, polymorphic and asymmetric traits is essential. How these variables are treated in cladistic analysis is also critical. Here multistate characters were coded differently in five discrete analyses, each analysis yielding a different number of trees and relationships. It was concluded that including and coding for multistate characters gave the most robust tree. In addition, further morphological characters from a new specimen of Gogosteus sarahae Long (1994) indicates many of the characters used to separate this genus from Incisoscutum are inconsistent and so it is here considered that the genus Gogosteus is a junior synonym of Incisoscutum. [source] On the phylogenetic position of Gogonasus andrewsae Long 1985, within the TetrapodomorphaACTA ZOOLOGICA, Issue 2009Timothy Holland Abstract Within the Tetrapodomorpha, the Late Devonian Gogonasus andrewsae of the Gogo Formation, Gogo, Western Australia, has occupied an uncertain phylogenetic position. Following the description of several well-preserved three-dimensional skulls and pectoral girdles, the discovery of the first complete specimen (NMV P221807) made Gogonasus one of the best-known tetrapodomorph fish. Recent studies of pectoral fin structure and the spiracular opening of Gogonasus have suggested an unexpected affinity with ,elpistostegalid' fish such as Tiktaalik. Subsequent work has refuted characters linking these taxa, with phylogenetic analysis of the Tetrapodomorpha placing Gogonasus basal to megalichthyids and tristichopterids. In this paper we reanalyse characters linking Gogonasus with ,elpistostegalid' fish and those supporting the placement of Gogonasus crownward of Eusthenopteron. New phylogenetic analyses of the Tetrapodomorpha show a revised phylogenetic position of Gogonasus as being deeply nested within the Tetrapodomorpha, crownward of Osteolepis and Megalichthys, but basal to Eusthenopteron+,elpistostegalids'. Functional consideration of the spiracular structure suggests a position of Gogonasus closer to ,elpistostegalids', although data is lacking from other less-well-preserved taxa to fully test the hypothesis. The humerus of the Late Devonian lungfish Chirodipterus from Gogo, Western Australia is figured for comparative purposes. [source] Brain Sterols in the AY-9944 Rat Model of Atypical Absence SeizuresEPILEPSIA, Issue 1 2002Miguel A. Cortez Summary: ,Purpose: The AY-9944 (AY)-treated rat is a reproducible and clinically relevant animal model of atypical absence seizures. AY inhibits cholesterol synthesis, but the relation between brain sterol levels and the spontaneously recurrent absence seizures has not been determined. Methods: Long,Evans hooded rats were treated every 6 days from postnatal day (P)2 to P20 with AY (7.5 mg/kg, s.c.) or saline. Electrodes were permanently implanted under pentobarbital anesthesia at P50. Spike-and-wave discharge (SWD) duration and amplitude were quantified at P55. Changes in brain sterols after AY were examined in three different experiments, looking at brain regions (experiment 1), recovery after stopping AY (experiment 2), or gender differences (experiment 3). Results: Experiment 1: AY caused spontaneously recurrent slow SWD that lasted 59 times longer and had a 3.2-fold higher amplitude than that in controls. At P55, brain cholesterol was reduced and 7-dehydrocholesterol was increased in all brain regions (p < 0.0001). Experiment 2: Four hundred days after stopping AY-9944 treatment (P420), brain sterol levels had returned to normal levels, but the AY-induced SWD lasted twice as long as at P55. Experiment 3: At P55, AY-induced changes in plasma and liver (but not brain) sterols were significantly more severe in females compared with males. Conclusions: AY-induced seizures appear to be related to AY-induced changes in brain sterols but persisted long after the sterols had returned to normal after the last AY injection. Hence, there appears to be a critical developmental window during which the AY must be given but after which the AY-induced change in brain sterols is no longer essential to sustaining the seizures. [source] Long live the children and grandchildren of the ASIADDICTION, Issue 4 2004KLAUS MÄKELÄ No abstract is available for this article. [source] Metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 activity generates persistent, N -methyl- d -aspartate receptor-dependent depression of hippocampal pyramidal cell excitabilityEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE, Issue 12 2009J. P. Clement Abstract Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are involved in many forms of neuronal plasticity. In the hippocampus, they have well-defined roles in long-lasting forms of both synaptic and intrinsic plasticity. Here, we describe a novel form of long-lasting intrinsic plasticity that we call (S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG)-mediated long-term depression of excitability (DHPG-LDE), and which is generated following transient pharmacological activation of group I mGluRs. In extracellular recordings from hippocampal slices, DHPG-LDE was expressed as a long-lasting depression of antidromic compound action potentials (cAPs) in CA1 or CA3 cells following a 4-min exposure to the group I mGluR agonist (S)-DHPG. A similar phenomenon was also seen for orthodromic fibre volleys evoked in CA3 axons. In single-cell recordings from CA1 pyramids, DHPG-LDE was manifest as persistent failures in antidromic action potential generation. DHPG-LDE was blocked by (S)-(+)- a -amino-4-carboxy-2-methylbenzeneacetic acid (LY367385), an antagonist of mGluR1, but not 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine hydrochloride (MPEP), an mGluR5 inhibitor. Although insensitive to antagonists of ,-amino-3-hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionate/kainate and ,-aminobutyric acidA receptors, DHPG-LDE was blocked by antagonists of N -methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Similarly, in single-cell recordings, DHPG-mediated antidromic spike failures were eliminated by NMDA receptor antagonism. Long after (S)-DHPG washout, DHPG-LDE was reversed by mGluR1 antagonism. A 4-min application of (S)-DHPG also produced an NMDA receptor-dependent persistent depolarization of CA1 pyramidal cells. This depolarization was not solely responsible for DHPG-LDE, because a similar level of depolarization elicited by raising extracellular K+ increased the amplitude of the cAP. DHPG-LDE did not involve HCN channels or protein synthesis, but was eliminated by blockers of protein kinase C or tyrosine phosphatases. [source] The contribution of activated phagocytes and myelin degeneration to axonal retraction/dieback following spinal cord injuryEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE, Issue 8 2004Lowell T. McPhail Abstract Myelin-derived molecules inhibit axonal regeneration in the CNS. The Long,Evans Shaker rat is a naturally occurring dysmyelinated mutant, which although able to express the components of myelin lacks functional myelin in adulthood. Given that myelin breakdown exposes axons to molecules that are inhibitory to regeneration, we sought to determine whether injured dorsal column axons in a Shaker rat would exhibit a regenerative response absent in normally myelinated Long,Evans (control) rats. Although Shaker rat axons did not regenerate beyond the lesion, they remained at the caudal end of the crush site. Control rat axons, in contrast, retracted and died back from the edge of the crush. The absence of retraction/dieback in Shaker rats was associated with a reduced phagocytic reaction to dorsal column crush around the caudal edge of the lesion. Systemic injection of minocycline, a tetracycline derivative, in control rats reduced both the macrophage response and axonal retraction/dieback following dorsal column injury. In contrast, increasing macrophage activation by spinal injection of the yeast particulate zymosan had no effect on axonal retraction/dieback in Shaker rats. Schwann cell invasion was reduced in minocycline-treated control rats compared with untreated control rats, and was almost undetectable in Shaker rats, suggesting that like axonal retraction/dieback, spinal Schwann cell infiltration is dependent upon macrophage-mediated myelin degeneration. These results indicate that following spinal cord injury the phagocyte-mediated degeneration of myelin and subsequent exposure of inhibitory molecules to the injured axons contributes to their retraction/dieback. [source] Canadian Provincial Budget Outcomes: A Long,run and Short,run PerspectiveFINANCIAL ACCOUNTABILITY & MANAGEMENT, Issue 4 2002Christopher G. Reddick This paper tests a theory of public budgeting as a long,run and short,run process. In this model, political decision makers strive to achieve budgetary balance over the long,run but are constrained in the short,run and follow incremental decision,making. First, the budget equilibrium theory is elaborated upon and is used to explain the relationship between revenues, expenditures, and debt along with control variables one being provincial general elections. Second, the interaction between these variables is tested with a vector error correction model for each of the Canadian provinces using annual data between 1961 and 2000. The results show that in the long,run the driving force of provincial budgeting was expenditure control initiatives in seven of the ten provinces. In the short,run, incrementalism occurred in all of the provinces and a political business cycle was evident in six provinces. [source] Wet-Spun Biodegradable Fibers on Conducting Platforms: Novel Architectures for Muscle RegenerationADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 21 2009Joselito M. Razal Abstract Novel biosynthetic platforms supporting ex vivo growth of partially differentiated muscle cells in an aligned linear orientation that is consistent with the structural requirements of muscle tissue are described. These platforms consist of biodegradable polymer fibers spatially aligned on a conducting polymer substrate. Long multinucleated myotubes are formed from differentiation of adherent myoblasts, which align longitudinally to the fiber axis to form linear cell-seeded biosynthetic fiber constructs. The biodegradable polymer fibers bearing undifferentiated myoblasts can be detached from the substrate following culture. The ability to remove the muscle cell-seeded polymer fibers when required provides the means to use the biodegradable fibers as linear muscle-seeded scaffold components suitable for in vivo implantation into muscle. These fibers are shown to promote differentiation of muscle cells in a highly organized linear unbranched format in vitro and thereby potentially facilitate more stable integration into recipient tissue, providing structural support and mechanical protection for the donor cells. In addition, the conducting substrate on which the fibers are placed provides the potential to develop electrical stimulation paradigms for optimizing the ex vivo growth and synchronization of muscle cells on the biodegradable fibers prior to implantation into diseased or damaged muscle tissue. [source] Molecular characterization of the spectrum of genomic deletions in the mismatch repair genes MSH2, MLH1, MSH6, and PMS2 responsible for hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC)GENES, CHROMOSOMES AND CANCER, Issue 2 2005Heleen van der Klift A systematic search by Southern blot analysis in a cohort of 439 hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) families for genomic rearrangements in the main mismatch repair (MMR) genes, namely, MSH2, MLH1, MSH6, and PMS2, identified 48 genomic rearrangements causative of this inherited predisposition to colorectal cancer in 68 unrelated kindreds. Twenty-nine of the 48 rearrangements were found in MSH2, 13 in MLH1, 2 in MSH6, and 4 in PMS2. The vast majority were deletions, although one previously described large inversion, an intronic insertion, and a more complex rearrangement also were found. Twenty-four deletion breakpoints have been identified and sequenced in order to determine the underlying recombination mechanisms. Most fall within repetitive sequences, mainly Alu repeats, in agreement with the differential distribution of deletions between the MSH2 and MLH1 genes: the higher number and density of Alu repeats in MSH2 corresponded with a higher incidence of genomic rearrangement at this disease locus when compared with other MMR genes. Long interspersed nuclear element (LINE) repeats, relatively abundant in, for example, MLH1, did not seem to contribute to the genesis of the deletions, presumably because of their older evolutionary age and divergence among individual repeat units when compared with short interspersed nuclear element (SINE) repeats, including Alu repeats. Moreover, Southern blot analysis of the introns and the genomic regions flanking the MMR genes allowed us to detect 6 novel genomic rearrangements that left the coding region of the disease-causing gene intact. These rearrangements comprised 4 deletions upstream of the coding region of MSH2 (3 cases) and MSH6 (1 case), a 2-kb insertion in intron 7 of PMS2, and a small (459-bp) deletion in intron 13 of MLH1. The characterization of these genomic rearrangements underlines the importance of genomic deletions in the etiology of HNPCC and will facilitate the development of PCR-based tests for their detection in diagnostic laboratories. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Falling Labor Share and Rising Unemployment: Long,Run Consequences of Institutional Shocks?GERMAN ECONOMIC REVIEW, Issue 4 2002Norbert Berthold The literature on unemployment has mostly focused on labor market issues while the impact of capital formation is largely neglected. Job creation is often thought to be a matter of encouraging more employment on a given capital stock. In contrast, this paper explicitly deals with the long,run consequences of institutional shocks on capital formation and employment. It is shown that the usual tradeoff between employment and wages disappears in the long run. In line with an appropriation model, the estimated values for the long,run elasticities of substitution between capital and labor for Germany and France are substantially greater than one. [source] Persistent effects of a discrete warming event on a polar desert ecosystemGLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY, Issue 10 2008J. E. BARRETT Abstract A discrete warming event (December 21, 2001,January 12, 2002) in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica, enhanced glacier melt, stream flow, and melting of permafrost. Effects of this warming included a rapid rise in lake levels and widespread increases in soil water availability resulting from melting of subsurface ice. These increases in liquid water offset hydrologic responses to a cooling trend experienced over the previous decade and altered ecosystem properties in both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Here, we present hydrological and meteorological data from the McMurdo Dry Valleys Long Term Ecological Research project to examine the influence of a discrete climate event (warming of >2 °C) on terrestrial environments and soil biotic communities. Increases in soil moisture following this event stimulated populations of a subordinate soil invertebrate species (Eudorylaimus antarcticus, Nematoda). The pulse of melt-water had significant influences on Taylor Valley ecosystems that persisted for several years, and illustrates that the importance of discrete climate events, long recognized in hot deserts, are also significant drivers of soil and aquatic ecosystems in polar deserts. Thus, predictions of Antarctic ecosystem responses to climate change which focus on linear temperature trends may miss the potentially significant influence of infrequent climate events on hydrology and linked ecological processes. [source] Calculation of Elapsed Decimal Time for Tracing StudiesGROUND WATER, Issue 1 2008Malcolm S. Field Calculation of time of travel from tracing studies in hydrologic systems is critical to establishing pollutant arrival times from points of inflow to points outflow, calculating subsurface flow velocities, and determining other important transport parameters such as longitudinal dispersion. In addition, breakthrough curve modeling demands accurate time of travel calculations if model results are to have any realistic meaning. However, accurate time of travel calculations are very difficult for long tracer tests in which sampling schedules are not consistent, or when there are major disruptions such as may occur when adverse weather conditions cause automatic sampling equipment to fail. Long and inconsistent sampling times may be accurately converted to decimal times of travel by converting the conventionally recorded Coordinated Universal Time for sampling date and time event to a baseline time standard. By converting to a baseline time standard, all recorded dates and times are linked to the established baseline standard so that each succeeding sampling date and time are correctly determined relative to the previous sampling date and time and to the injection date and time. [source] Formation of Thick Porous Anodic Alumina Films and Nanowire Arrays on Silicon Wafers and Glass,ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 8 2003O. Rabin Abstract A method for the fabrication of thick films of porous anodic alumina on rigid substrates is described. The anodic alumina film was generated by the anodization of an aluminum film evaporated on the substrate. The morphology of the barrier layer between the porous film and the substrate was different from that of anodic films grown on aluminum substrates. The removal of the barrier layer and the electrochemical growth of nanowires within the ordered pores were accomplished without the need to remove the anodic film from the substrate. We fabricated porous anodic alumina samples over large areas (up to 70 cm2), and deposited in them nanowire arrays of various materials. Long nanowires were obtained with lengths of at least 9 ,m and aspect ratios as high as 300. Due to their mechanical robustness and the built-in contact between the conducting substrate and the nanowires, the structures were useful for electrical transport measurements on the arrays. The method was also demonstrated on patterned and non-planar substrates, further expanding the range of applications of these porous alumina and nanowire assemblies. [source] Progress in understanding the biology of the human mutagen LINE-1,,HUMAN MUTATION, Issue 6 2007Daria V. Babushok Abstract Long interspersed nucleotide element (LINE)-1 retrotransposon (L1) has emerged as the largest contributor to mammalian genome mass, responsible for over 35% of the human genome. Differences in the number and activity levels of L1s contribute to interindividual variation in humans, both by affecting an individual's likelihood of acquiring new L1-mediated mutations, as well as by differentially modifying gene expression. Here, we report on recent progress in understanding L1 biology, with a focus on mechanisms of L1-mediated disease. We discuss known details of L1 lifecycle, including L1 structure, transcriptional regulation, and the mechanisms of translation and retrotransposition. Current views on cell type specificity, timing, and control of retrotransposition are put forth. Finally, we discuss the role of L1 as a mutagen, using the latest findings in L1 biology to illuminate molecular mechanisms of L1-mediated gene disruption. Hum Mutat 28(6), 527,539, 2007. Published 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Nuclear deterrence and the tradition of non-useINTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS, Issue 4 2009DAVID JAMES GILL The two books under review, The tradition of non-use of nuclear weapons, by T. V. Paul and Deterrence: from Cold War to long war. Lessons from six decades of RAND research, by Austin Long, highlight the continued interest in the theory and practice of nuclear deterrence. Long traces the RAND Corporation's research on the subject, exploring the role that nuclear deterrence has played as a strategy of the Cold War. The author goes on to argue for the relevance of nuclear deterrence to the future strategic environment, considering threats from peer-competitors to non-state actors. By contrast Paul considers the rise and persistence of a tradition, or informal social norm, of non-use which has encouraged self-deterrence. Employing a series of examples, Paul argues that this tradition best explains why, since 1945, nuclear states have not used nuclear weapons against non-nuclear opponents. Taken together, these books encourage further consideration of the relationship between nuclear deterrence and the tradition of non-use. Indeed, it is difficult to see how the two practices can successfully coexist if non-nuclear states have, as Paul suggests, already begun to exploit the existence of a tradition of non-use. Such deterrence failures, real or perceived, have profound implications for relationships between nuclear and non-nuclear states. [source] The Euro and International Capital MarketsINTERNATIONAL FINANCE, Issue 1 2000Carsten Detken Long before the introduction of the euro there was an active debate among researchers, policy-makers and financial market participants over how the new European money would change the relative roles of currencies in the international monetary and financial system. A widely held view was that the euro's use in international capital markets would be the key element. Therefore, this paper provides a broad empirical examination of the major currencies' roles in international capital markets, with a special emphasis on the first year of the euro. A contribution is made as to how to measure these roles, both from the viewpoint of international financing and from that of international investment activities. Time series of these new measures are presented, including euro aggregates calculated up to six years back in time. The data allow for the identification of changes in the role of the euro during 1999 compared to the aggregate of euro predecessor currencies, net of intra-euro area assets/liabilities, since the start of stage 2 of EMU in 1994. A number of key factors determining the currency distribution of international portfolio investments, such as relative market liquidity and relative risk characteristics of assets, are also examined empirically. It turns out that for almost all important market segments for which data are available, the euro immediately became the second most widely used currency for international financing and investment. For the flow of international bond and note issuance it even slightly overtook the US dollar in the second half of 1999. The data also suggest that most of this early supply of euro bonds by non-euro area residents, clearly exceeding the euro-predecessor currency aggregate, is actually absorbed by euro area residents and not by outside investors so far. [source] ,Download': ,Postcards Home' Contemporary Art and New Technology in the Primary SchoolINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ART & DESIGN EDUCATION, Issue 1 2005Steve Herne ,Postcards Home' using photography, scanning, digital image manipulation, text and colour printing was the third ,Download' project devised by the education department of the Whitechapel Art Gallery, London, England. It was led by artist Laurie Long with teachers and pupils from Pooles Park primary school in Islington, an inner city borough in North London. Based on the production of a postcard featuring an image of personal significance, the children were involved in exploring and constructing their own and others' identities whilst developing their technology skills in creative ways. The project raises interesting questions about the applicability of contemporary art practices to the primary classroom. The research is based on participant observation and includes the voices of the artist and teachers involved. [source] The Short, and Long,run Performance of New Listings in TunisiaINTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF FINANCE, Issue 4 2001Samy Ben Naceur This study examines abnormal stock market returns of new listings on the Tunisian Stock Exchange. Substantial positive abnormal returns are found on the first listing day and this finding is similar to that obtained in other countries. Subsequent performance is poor and investors who bought shares at the close of trading on the first day would have lost about 22% against the Tunis Stock Exchange index over a three,year period. The possible causes of this are investigated. Among the factors found in the literature that possibly affect the level of long,term performance, only the state of the IPO market, the initial return, the delay in reaching the ,first market price' and the size of the firms have significant coefficients. This result is supportive of the traditional fad's interpretation of long,term underperformance. [source] Effect of Temperature on Fecundity, Life Span and Morphology of Long- and Short-Spined Clones of Brachionus caudatus f. apsteini (Rotifera)INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF HYDROBIOLOGY, Issue 6 2008Sujiporn Athibai Abstract We investigated the effect of temperature (20, 25 and 30 °C) on fecundity, life span and morphology of the rotifer Brachionus caudatus f. apsteini. For each temperature, short posterior-spined and long posterior-spined clones of B. caudatus f. apsteini were individually cultured for up to six generations. The rotifers were fed Chlorella sp. at a density of 1 × 106 cells ml,1. Morphometric data (body size and spine length) were collected. Total number of offspring producing by a single female per life cycle at high temperature was higher than at low temperature. The duration of juvenile period, reproductive period, post-reproductive period and life span of both clones of B. caudatus f. apsteini decreased with increasing temperature. All offspring of short posterior-spined clone produce posterior spines at 20 and 25 °C, with an average length of 19.8 ± 6.6 and 11.9 ± 2.6 ,m, respectively. In contrast, they cannot develop posterior spines at 30 °C, at which the average length of the posterior spine remnant was 6.4 ± 1.3 ,m. On the other hand, all offspring of long posterior-spined clone have long posterior spines with average lengths of 36.8 ± 6.1, 36.3 ± 5.2 and 36.6 ± 6.2 ,m at 20, 25 and 30 °C, respectively. This study indicated that the production of posterior spines can be induced by low temperature and that short posterior-spined and long posterior-spined clones are genetically different. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] L1 elements, processed pseudogenes and retrogenes in mammalian genomesIUBMB LIFE, Issue 12 2006Wenyong Ding Abstract Long interspersed nuclear elements 1 (L1 elements or LINE1) are the most active autonomous retrotransposons in mammalian genomes. In addition to L1 elements themselves, other protein-coding mRNAs can also be reverse transcribed and integrated into the genome through the L1-mediated retrotransposition, leading to the formation of processed pseudogenes (PPs) and retrogenes, both of which are characterized by the lack of introns and the presence of a 3' polyA tract and flanking direct repeats. PPs are unable to encode a functional protein and have accumulated frameshift mutations and premature stop codons during evolution. A few of PPs are transcriptionally active. Retrogenes preserve undisrupted coding frames and are capable of encoding a functional protein that is identical or nearly identical to that of the progenitor gene. There is a significant excess of retrogenes that originate from the X chromosome and are retrotransposed into autosomes, and most of these retrogenes are specially expressed in male germ cells, suggesting the inactivation of X-linked genes during male meiosis provides a strong selection pressure on retrogenes originating from the X chromosome. iubmb Life, 58: 677-685, 2006 [source] Solitude: An Exploration of Benefits of Being AloneJOURNAL FOR THE THEORY OF SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR, Issue 1 2003Christopher R. Long Christopher R. Long and James R. Averill, Solitude: An Exploration of Benefits of Being Alone, pp. 21,44. Historically, philosophers, artists, and spiritual leaders have extolled the benefits of solitude; currently, advice on how to achieve solitude is the subject of many popular books and articles. Seldom, however, has solitude been studied by psychologists, who have focused instead on the negative experiences associated with being alone, particularly loneliness. Solitude, in contrast to loneliness, is often a positive state,one that may be sought rather than avoided. In this article, we examine some of the benefits that have been attributed to solitude,namely, freedom, creativity, intimacy, and spirituality. In subsequent sections, we consider the environmental settings and personality characteristics conducive to solitude, how time spent alone is experienced differently across the life span, and the potential dangers related to the attractiveness of solitude. We conclude with a brief discussion of the theoretical and practical implications of solitude. [source] Colonization of an island volcano, Long Island, Papua New Guinea, and an emergent island, Motmot, in its caldera lake.JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY, Issue 11-12 2001Abstract Biogeographical context Long Island, in Vitiaz Strait, is 55 km north of New Guinea, 60 km from Umboi Island and 125 km from New Britain. After its explosive caldera-forming eruption in about 1645, Long is being recolonized by animals and plants. Through renewed volcanic activity in the 1950s a new island emerged from Long's caldera lake, 4 km from the nearest lake shore and was recreated by eruptions in 1968. Long Island thus provides the opportunity to study a nested pair of natural colonization sequences. The geological background, eruptive history, course and results of the seventeenth century eruption, and the geographical features and climate of Long Island are summarized. Existing knowledge of Long's recolonization, confined almost entirely to surveys of its avifauna in 1933 and 1972, is reviewed. The geological history of Motmot is outlined, and published knowledge of its colonization by animals and plants from 1968 to 1988 is summarized. The 1999 expedition and aims An expedition to Long Island and Motmot in 1999 set out to investigate the hitherto little-known flora and present vertebrate fauna of Long Island and to survey the entire flora and fauna of Motmot for comparison with the results of previous surveys. The methods used in the 1999 survey are described, and the papers setting out the results briefly introduced. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||