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Linear Order (linear + order)
Selected AbstractsComparative linkage map development and identification of an autosomal locus for insensitive acetylcholinesterase-mediated insecticide resistance in Culex tritaeniorhynchusINSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, Issue 3 2001A. Mori Abstract A comparative linkage map for Culex tritaeniorhynchus was constructed based on restriction fragment length polymorphism markers using cDNAs from Aedes aegypti. Linear orders of marker loci in Cx. tritaeniorhynchus were identical to Culex pipiens wherein chromosomes 2 and 3 reflect whole-arm rearrangements compared to A. aegypti. However, the sex determination locus in Cx. tritaeniorhynchus maps to chromosome 3, in contrast to Cx. pipiens and Ae. aegypti where it is located on chromosome 1. Our results indicate that insensitive acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-mediated organophosphate resistance is controlled by a single major gene (AChER) on chromosome 2, while the AChE structural gene (Ace) is located on chromosome 1. No evidence for a second Ace gene was observed, even under very low stringency hybridization conditions. [source] Modelling Product Innovation Processes, from Linear Logic to Circular ChaosCREATIVITY AND INNOVATION MANAGEMENT, Issue 2 2003Jan Buijs Product innovation is the focal point of the Delft Design School in the Netherlands. During its more than thirty years of existence different models of the product innovation process were and are used for education and for research. This paper will describe the development of these models. The first models tried to describe the product innovation process in a logical linear order, but recently this logical order has come under discussion. The most recent models try to show the more chaotic character of the product innovation processes in real corporate life. Although this chaotic model better reflects the product innovation practice, for educational purposes it seems to be less useful than the original logical ones. For our teaching we propose the two versions (logic and chaos) of our innovation model as two sides of one coin. This innovation coin is without proper value with one side left blank. [source] Cardiovascular pharmacogenetics in the SNP eraJOURNAL OF THROMBOSIS AND HAEMOSTASIS, Issue 7 2003V. Mooser Summary., In the past pharmacological agents have contributed to a significant reduction in age-adjusted incidence of cardiovascular events. However, not all patients treated with these agents respond favorably, and some individuals may develop side-effects. With aging of the population and the growing prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors worldwide, it is expected that the demand for cardiovascular drugs will increase in the future. Accordingly, there is a growing need to identify the ,good' responders as well as the persons at risk for developing adverse events. Evidence is accumulating to indicate that responses to drugs are at least partly under genetic control. As such, pharmacogenetics , the study of variability in drug responses attributed to hereditary factors in different populations , may significantly assist in providing answers toward meeting this challenge. Pharmacogenetics mostly relies on associations between a specific genetic marker like single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), either alone or arranged in a specific linear order on a certain chromosomal region (haplotypes), and a particular response to drugs. Numerous associations have been reported between selected genotypes and specific responses to cardiovascular drugs. Recently, for instance, associations have been reported between specific alleles of the apoE gene and the lipid-lowering response to statins, or the lipid-elevating effect of isotretinoin. Thus far, these types of studies have been mostly limited to a priori selected candidate genes due to restricted genotyping and analytical capacities. Thanks to the large number of SNPs now available in the public domain through the SNP Consortium and the newly developed technologies (high throughput genotyping, bioinformatics software), it is now possible to interrogate more than 200 000 SNPs distributed over the entire human genome. One pharmacogenetic study using this approach has been launched by GlaxoSmithKline to identify the approximately 4% of patients who are predisposed to developing a hypersensitivity reaction to abacavir, an anti-HIV agent. Data collected thus far on the HLA locus on chromosome 6 indicate that this approach is feasible. Extended linkage disequilibrium can be detected readily, even across several haplotype blocks, thus potentially reducing the number of SNPs for future whole-genome scans. Finally, a modest number of cases and controls appears to be sufficient to detect genetic associations. There is little doubt that this type of approach will have an impact on the way cardiovascular drugs will be developed and prescribed in the future. [source] The Role of Prominence Information in the Real-Time Comprehension of Transitive Constructions: A Cross-Linguistic ApproachLINGUISTICS & LANGUAGE COMPASS (ELECTRONIC), Issue 1 2009Ina Bornkessel-Schlesewsky Approaches to language processing have traditionally been formulated with reference to general cognitive concepts (e.g. working memory limitations) or have based their representational assumptions on concepts from generative linguistic theory (e.g. structure determines interpretation). Thus, many well-established generalisations about language that have emerged from cross-linguistic/typological research have not as yet had a major influence in shaping ideas about online processing. Here, we examine the viability of using typologically motivated concepts to account for phenomena in online language comprehension. In particular, we focus on the comprehension of simple transitive sentences (i.e. sentences involving two arguments/event participants) and cross-linguistic similarities and differences in how they are processed. We argue that incremental argument interpretation in these structures is best explained with reference to a range of cross-linguistically motivated, hierarchically ordered information types termed ,prominence scales' (e.g. animacy, definiteness/specificity, case marking and linear order). We show that the assumption of prominence-based argument processing can capture a wide range of recent neurocognitive findings, as well as deriving well-known behavioural results. [source] Spatial arrangement and macrodomain organization of bacterial chromosomesMOLECULAR MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 1 2005Frédéric Boccard Summary Recent developments in fluorescence microscopy have shown that bacterial chromosomes have a defined spatial arrangement that preserves the linear order of genes on the genetic map. These approaches also revealed that large portions of the chromosome in Escherichia coli or Bacillus subtilis are concentrated in the same cellular space, suggesting an organization as large regions defined as macrodomains. In E. coli, two macrodomains of 1 Mb containing the replication origin (Ori) and the replication terminus (Ter) have been shown to relocalize at specific steps of the cell cycle. A genetic analysis of the collision probability between distant DNA sites in E. coli has confirmed the presence of macrodomains by revealing the existence of large regions that do not collide with each other. Two macrodomains defined by the genetic approach coincide with the Ori and Ter macrodomains, and two new macrodomains flanking the Ter macrodomain have been identified. Altogether, these results indicate that the E. coli chromosome has a ring organization with four structured and two less-structured regions. Implications for chromosome dynamics during the cell cycle and future prospects for the characterization and understanding of macrodomain organization are discussed. [source] On the Boolean algebras of definable sets in weakly o-minimal theoriesMLQ- MATHEMATICAL LOGIC QUARTERLY, Issue 3 2004Stefano Leonesi Abstract We consider the sets definable in the countable models of a weakly o-minimal theory T of totally ordered structures. We investigate under which conditions their Boolean algebras are isomorphic (hence T is p- , -categorical), in other words when each of these definable sets admits, if infinite, an infinite coinfinite definable subset. We show that this is true if and only if T has no infinite definable discrete (convex) subset. We examine the same problem among arbitrary theories of mere linear orders. Finally we prove that, within expansions of Boolean lattices, every weakly o-minimal theory is p- , -categorical. (© 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] | ||||||||||