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Liquid Products (liquid + products)
Selected AbstractsThermal Behaviour of Selected C10H16 MonoterpenesEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 15 2006Achim Stolle Abstract The presented work investigates the thermal behaviour of selected monoterpenes under various reactor temperatures and residence times (carrier gas, reactor inserts). In addition to the analysis of the liquid products by capillary GC and GC-MS, chemical derivatisation techniques (Diels,Alder reaction, hydrogenation) were used to identify the liquid-phase products. A thermal conversion of ,-pinene (1), myrcene (2) and limonene (4) in a reaction network is presented and the experimental evidence for the formation of pyrolysis products by a biradical pathway is discussed. The reaction network was modified based on the identification of additional C10H16 terpene isomers. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006) [source] Energy production from the pyrolysis of waste biomassesINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENERGY RESEARCH, Issue 6 2009Selhan Karagöz Abstract Pyrolysis of waste biomasses was carried out at the temperatures of 450 and 500°C by heating at 5°C,min,1. Products were collected from emitted gases in a nitrogen purge stream; condensable liquids in the gases were collected by condensation. Gaseous, condensed liquid products and residual solids were collected and analyzed. Condensates were extracted with ether to recover the bio oils (BOs). The maximum liquid yield was obtained from the pyrolysis of soybean oil cake (SBOC) at 500°C with a yield of 60% ca. The BO was higher in the case of SBOC than that of sunflower oil cake (SFOC) at the temperatures of 450 and 500°C. With increasing temperature, bio char yield from the pyrolysis of SFOC decreased, while the liquid yield increased. The increase in temperature did not significantly affect the product distribution for the pyrolysis of SBOC. The compositions of BOs were similar for both SBOC and SFOC. Phenols, phenol derivatives including guaiacols and alkyl-benzenes were the most common and predominant in BOs from both the pyrolysis of SBOC and SFOC. Carbon dioxide was the major gas product for both SBOC and SFOC. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Lactic acid quantitation in hand dishwashing liquid using an HILIC-UV methodologyJOURNAL OF SEPARATION SCIENCE, JSS, Issue 6-7 2010Mark Storton Abstract Different hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) columns were screened for lactic acid separation in hand dishwashing liquid products and the influence of mobile phase strength, buffer concentration and column temperature on the retention of lactic acid on a Zorbax NH2 column was investigated. An isocratic HILIC method for the quantitation of lactic acid in hand dishwashing liquid products was developed. The mobile phase consists of 70% methanol and 30% 20,mM sodium phosphate buffer (v/v) at pH 2.5. The HILIC stationary phase is Zorbax NH2, 250×4.6 with a 5,,m particle size. Detection was carried out using a variable wavelength UV-VIS detector at 226,nm. The linear range and percent recovery for lactic acid in the products were 44.68,1206.39,,g/mL and 100.3%, respectively. This paper provides an optimized HILIC methodology for the analysis of an acidic polar analyte (lactic acid) on a basic stationary phase. The proposed method can be used for the routine analysis of lactic acid. [source] Determination of conjugated dienes in petroleum products by supercritical fluid chromatography and ultraviolet detectionJOURNAL OF SEPARATION SCIENCE, JSS, Issue 15-16 2003Flávio Cortiñas Albuquerque Abstract A method for determining total conjugated dienes in petroleum products, such as catalytic or thermal cracking fractions, using supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) is presented. The separation is carried out in one or two silica columns and with CO2 as mobile phase. The conditions of analysis are the same as used in group-type analysis of diesel fuels by SFC (ASTM D 5186 standard method), except that UV detection at 240 nm is used. Hydrocarbons with two conjugated double bonds are the only substances eluting in the retention time range of the non-aromatics that appreciably absorb UV radiation at this wavelength. This was confirmed by analyzing standards of olefins, isolated diolefins, and conjugated diolefins. Results are reported in mol L,1 of 1,3-pentadiene. Several samples of different natures, such as fluid catalytic cracking liquid products and hydrotreated cracking naphthas, were successfully analyzed. The results correlate quite well with the respective diene values as determined by UOP method 326, although the slope and intercept were specific for each type of product. [source] Formation of Furfural in Catalytic Transformation of Levoglucosan over Mesoporous MaterialsCHEMCATCHEM, Issue 5 2010M. Käldström Abstract Catalytic transformations of levoglucosan (1-6-anhydro-,- D -glucopyranose) and furfural were carried out in a fixed-bed reactor at 573,K over mesoporous materials. Proton forms of MCM-41, MCM-48, SBA-15, and platinum form of MCM-48 catalysts were tested in the reaction, whereas H-Beta and quartz sand were used as reference materials. The yield of the transformation products was substantially influenced by the catalyst structures. Oxygenated species were the main liquid products, consisting mainly of aldehydes and furfural. The formation of furfural was the highest over MCM-41 catalyst followed by SBA-15, MCM-48, and H-Beta catalyst. All catalysts were to some extent deactivated due to coke formation. However, it was possible to successfully regenerate the spent catalysts without changing the structure. [source] Produktdesign , Möglichkeiten der ProduktgestaltungCHEMIE-INGENIEUR-TECHNIK (CIT), Issue 8 2004W. Rähse Dr.-Ing.Article first published online: 29 JUL 200 Abstract Die Entwicklung leistungsstarker, auf den Anwendungsfall zugeschnittener Chemieprodukte erfolgt einerseits über gezielte Veränderungen am Molekül (Product Engineering) und andererseits über zugesetzte Hilfsstoffe, Formulierungen oder Mischungen (Product Design). Das Produktdesign umfasst zusätzlich die optimierte Produkthandhabung und Gestaltung. Es wird für Feststoffe an den Beispielen der Granulierung und des Coatings erläutert sowie konkret für die Qualitätseinstellung in der Papierindustrie und für die Gestaltung von Teigwaren diskutiert. Aus Schmelzen lassen sich über die Extrusionstechnologie beliebige Formen realisieren, z.,B. Folien, Stränge, Fasern, Hohl- bzw. Vollkörper (Flaschen, Rohre, Profile), oder über das Vertropfen/Versprühen entstehen Pulver, Granulate, Schuppen, Kügelchen und Pastillen. Für Flüssigkeiten erfolgt die Beschreibung der Einstellung gewünschter Produktleistungen am Beispiel der Niotenside, das Produktdesign am Beispiel der Milch und eines Öls. Die Kombination beider Produktdimensionen ist für die Lackindustrie dargestellt. Einige Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten von Suspensionen, Pasten und Lösungen werden an der Trocknung matrixverkapselter Enzyme, an der Zeolithherstellung sowie an der Verarbeitung keramischer Massen aufgezeigt. Product Design , Possibilities of Product Design The development of high-performance chemical products tailored to a concrete application is done either by making deliberate changes to a particular molecular structure (product engineering) or by adding auxiliary agents, formulations or mixtures (product design). Product design, besides the design proper, also includes the optimized application of the product. For solids it is exemplified by granulation and coating and discussed in concrete terms for the quality adjustment in the paper industry, and for the design of pasta products. Melts can take any desired shape when extruded, such as films, strands, fibers, hollow or solid bodies (bottles, tubes, sections) or they can be processed by dropping/spraying to produce powders, granulates, flakes, pearls or lozenges. The adjustment the desired properties for liquid products is described for the example of non-ionic surfactants and product design is shown for milk and for an oil. The combination of the two product dimensions is presented for the paint industry. Some design possibilities for suspensions, pastes and solutions are demonstrated by the drying of matrix-encapsulated enzymes, the production of zeolite and the processing of ceramic compounds. [source] | ||||||||||