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Liquid Form (liquid + form)
Selected AbstractsEvaluation of the Efficacy of Polidocanol in the Form of Foam Compared With Liquid Form in Sclerotherapy of the Greater Saphenous Vein: Initial ResultsDERMATOLOGIC SURGERY, Issue 12 2003Claudine Hamel-Desnos MD Background. Foamed sclerosing agents have been used with enthusiasm by phlebologists for more than 5 decades. Any type of varicose veins can and has been treated with this technique. Numerous publications have stressed the advantages of foamed sclerosing agents on the basis of empiric and experimental criteria and have described various individual techniques to prepare foams. Until now, however, no comparative study for the treatment of large varicose veins with foam or liquid exists. Objective. The purpose of this first randomized, prospective, multicenter trial was to study the elimination of reflux, the rate of recanalization, and possible side effects of foam sclerotherapy (FS) compared with conventional liquid sclerotherapy for the greater saphenous vein (GSV). Methods. Eighty-eight patients were randomized into two groups: One group was treated with sclerosing foam (45 patients) and the other with sclerosing liquid (43 cases). Sclerotherapy was performed with direct puncture of the vessel under duplex guidance. The reference sclerosing agent was polidocanol in a 3% solution. The foam was prepared using the Double Syringe System (DSS) method. Only one injection of 2.0 or 2.5 mL liquid or foam was allowed, depending on the diameter of the GSV. Results were assessed according to the protocol. Results. Follow-up after 3 weeks showed 84% elimination of reflux in the GSV with DSS foam versus 40% with liquid sclerosant (P < 0.01). At 6 months, six recanalizations were found in the liquid group versus two in the foam group. After 1 year, no additional recanalization was observed with either foam or liquid. Longer term studies are underway. Side effects did not differ between both groups. Conclusion. The efficacy of sclerosing foam (DSS) compared with sclerosing liquid in therapy of the GSV is superior, a finding that had already gained empirical recognition but for which there has not been any clinical evidence to date. [source] Liquid,vapour partition of ethanol in bakery productsFLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 1 2006Paola Pittia Abstract Ethanol is a common ingredient in formulated foods, naturally present or added in liquid form in order to achieve the desired sensorial properties. In many complex foods this volatile compound could also serve interesting technological functions, as well as extending their shelf-lives, owing to its capacity to inhibit or reduce the rate of microbial growth. At the European level there are no known restrictions regarding the use of ethanol in foods as a preservative, while in Italy, current regulations allow its addition as an anti-moulding agent in pre-packed bread, at a maximum concentration of 2% on a dry weight basis. This research studied the effect of water activity (aw) and water content on the ethanol vapour pressure of sliced white bread, previously equilibrated at various aw values and with 2% ethanol added. Different aw values were obtained by both rehydration from previously freeze-dried bread, and dehydration from the fresh product. The results showed that both aw and moisture affected the vapour pressure of ethanol as a consequence of water,solute and ethanol,solute interactions in the matrix. These interactions varied according to the modality of equilibration (desorption or absorption) at a given aw. The results are discussed in terms of ethanol activity (ae), computed as the ratio between the ethanol vapour pressure in bread and the vapour pressure of pure ethanol at the same temperature. This index, analogous to aw, proved to be useful in evaluating the ,freedom' of the ethanol present in a food matrix to be released in the vapour phase. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] In vitro antimicrobial activity of several concentrations of sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine gluconate in the elimination of Enterococcus faecalisINTERNATIONAL ENDODONTIC JOURNAL, Issue 6 2001B. P. F. A. Gomes Abstract Aim The aim of this study was to assess, in vitro, the effectiveness of several concentrations of NaOCl (0.5%, 1%, 2.5%, 4% and 5.25%) and two forms of chlorhexidine gluconate (gel and liquid) in three concentrations (0.2%, 1% and 2%) in the elimination of E. faecalis. Methodology A broth dilution test using 24-well cell culture plates was performed and the time taken for the irrigants to kill bacterial cells was recorded. Isolated 24 h colonies of pure cultures of E. faecalis grown on 10% sheep blood plus Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) agar plates were suspended in sterile 0.85% NaCl solution. The cell suspension was adjusted spectrophotometrically to match the turbidity of a McFarland 0.5 scale. One mL of each tested substance was placed on the bottom of wells of 24-well cell culture plates (Corning, NY), including the control group (sterile saline). Six wells were used for each time period and irrigant concentration. Two mL of the bacterial suspension were ultrasonically mixed for 10 s with the irrigants and placed in contact with them for 10, 30, and 45 s; 1, 3, 5, 10, 20, and 30 min; and 1 and 2 h. After each period of time, 1 mL from each well was transferred to tubes containing 2 mL of freshly prepared BHI + neutralizers in order to prevent a residual action of the irrigants. All tubes were incubated at 37°C for 7 days. The tubes considered to have positive growth were those which presented medium turbidity during the incubation period. Data were analysed statistically by the Kruskal,Wallis test, with the level of significance set at P < 0.05. Results All irrigants were effective in killing E. faecalis, but at different times. Chlorhexidine in the liquid form at all concentrations tested (0.2%, 1% and 2%) and NaOCl (5.25%) were the most effective irrigants. However, the time required by 0.2% chlorhexidine liquid and 2% chlorhexidine gel to promote negative cultures was only 30 s and 1 min, respectively. Conclusions Even though all tested irrigants possessed antibacterial activity, the time required to eliminate E. faecalis depended on the concentration and type of irrigant used. [source] Non-isothermal multi-phase modeling of PEM fuel cell cathodeINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENERGY RESEARCH, Issue 7 2010Nada Zamel Abstract In this study, numerical simulation has been carried out for the heat transfer and temperature distribution in the cathode of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells along with the multi-phase and multi-species transport under the steady-state condition. The commercial software, COMSOL Multiphysics, is used to solve the conservation equations for momentum, mass, species, charge and energy numerically. The conservation equations are applied to the solid, liquid and vapor phases in the bipolar plate and gas diffusion (GDL) and catalyst layers of a two-dimensional cross section of the cathode. The catalyst layer is assumed to be a finite domain and the water production in the catalyst layer is considered to be in the liquid form. The temperature distribution in the cathode is simulated and then the effects of the relative humidity of the air stream, the permeability of the cathode and the flow channel shoulder to channel width ratio are investigated. It is shown that the highest temperature change, both in the in-plane and across-the-plane directions, occurs in the GDL, while the highest temperature is reached in the catalyst layer. The distribution of temperature in the bipolar plate is shown to be relatively uniform due to the high thermal conductivity of the plate. A decrease in the inlet relative humidity of the air stream results in the decrease of the maximum temperature due to the absorption of heat during the evaporation of liquid water in the GDL and catalyst layer. The non-uniformity of the temperature distribution, especially in the catalyst layer, is observed with the increase of the permeability of the cathode. Similarly, the decrease of the channel shoulder to channel width ratio leads to a non-uniform distribution of temperature especially under the channel areas. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Comparative bioavailability study in dogs of a self-emulsifying formulation of progesterone presented in a pellet and liquid form compared with an aqueous suspension of progesteroneJOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, Issue 6 2004Catherine Tuleu Abstract A pellet formulation of progesterone in a self-emulsifying system (SES) was prepared by the process of extrusion/spheronization to provide a good in vitro drug release (100% within 30 min, T50% at 13 min). A three-way randomized crossover study was performed in six fasted male beagle dogs with these pellets and the same SES liquid formulation, both contained in a hard shell capsule, and an aqueous suspension. The same dose of progesterone (16 mg) in pellets and in the SES liquid formulation resulted in similar AUC, Cmax and Tmax values, estimated from progesterone plasma levels by 125I radioimmunoassay. Although the maximum absorption was slightly retarded (0.5 to 1 h) by SES (pellets and liquid), AUC and Cmax were approximately seven and nine times greater then those obtained when an aqueous suspension formulation of the same dose of progesterone was administered to the same dogs. These results showed that it was possible to improve the bioavailability of the poorly soluble, poorly permeable progesterone when administered in SES. Moreover, presenting the progesterone in the form of a pellet did not prevent the release of the drug in vivo. These data demonstrate the utility of extrusion/spheronization in delivering a nonaqueous system in a novel solid dosage form. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 93:1495,1502, 2004 [source] Formulation, preparation and evaluation of flunarizine-loaded lipid microspheresJOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACOLOGY: AN INTERNATI ONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE, Issue 3 2007Yan Jiao Wang The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of preparing flunarizine-loaded lipid microspheres. Lipid microspheres (LMs) are excellent drug carriers for drug delivery systems (DDS) and are relatively stable and easily mass-produced. They have no particular adverse effects. LMs have been widely studied as drug carriers for water-soluble drugs, lipid-soluble drugs and inadequately soluble (in water or in lipid) drugs, in that they have a lipid layer, a water layer and an emulsifier layer. Flunarizine (FZ), a poorly water-soluble drug, was incorporated in lipid microspheres to reduce side effects by avoiding the use of supplementary agents, compared with solution injection. After investigation, the final formulation was as follows: 10% oil phase (long-chain triglyceride (LCT); medium-chain fatty acid (MCT) = 50:50); 1.2% egg lecithin; 0.2% Tween-80; 2.5% glycerin; 0.3% dl-,-tocopherol; 0.02% EDTA; 0.03% sodium oleate; 0.1% FZ and double-distilled water to give a total volume of 100 mL. Homogenization was the main method of preparation and the best conditions were a temperature of 40°C, a pressure of 700,800 bar and a suitable cycle frequency of about 10. The particle size distribution, zeta-potential and entrapment efficacy were found to be 198.7 ± 54.0 nm, ,26.4mV and 96.2%, respectively. Its concentration in the preparation was 1.0mg mL,1. The lipid microspheres were stable during storage at 4°C, 25°C and 37°C for 3 months. Pharmacokinetic studies were performed in rats using a dose of 1.0 mg kg,1. The pharmacokinetic parameters were as follows: AUC0-t 6.13 ,g h mL,1, t½ 5.32 h and Ke 0.16 Lh,1. The preparation data fitted a two-compartment model estimated by using 3p87 analysis software. From the observed data, FZ encapsulated in LMs did not significantly alter the pharmacokinetic characteristic compared with the FZ solution injection and did not produce a delayed release effect, when it was released in-vivo in rats. However, the availability of the drug was increased. These results suggested that this LM system is a promising option for the preparation of the liquid form of FZ for intravenous administration. [source] Photodynamic therapy with topical 5-aminolevulinic acid as a post-operative adjuvant therapy for an incompletely resected primary nasopharyngeal papillary adenocarcinoma: A case reportLASERS IN SURGERY AND MEDICINE, Issue 5 2006Cheng-Ping Wang MD Abstract Background and Objectives Surgical excision of primary nasopharyngeal papillary adenocarcinoma is sometimes incomplete with remaining microscopic disease. Post-operative radiotherapy only has limited efficacy but may cause many complications. Study Design/Materials and Methods Photodynamic therapy (PDT) was used as a post-operative adjuvant therapy for an incompletely resected primary nasopharyngeal papillary adenocarcinoma. A special form of 20% topical 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA), which was originally a liquid form and became a gel form after applied on the nasopharynx, was used as the photosensitizer. A 2-mm optic fiber delivered the light (633 nm wavelength) to the lesion with a fluence rate of 100 mW/cm2 generated by a diode laser under 5 mm 0° endoscope assistance. The total energy delivered was 150 joules/cm2. Results No significant acute side effect was noted and the nasopharyngeal wound healed rapidly. The patient is alive without locoregional recurrence or distant metastasis for 5 years. Articulation, salivation, and swallowing functions are all well preserved. Conclusion Post-operative adjuvant PDT can successfully cure an otherwise difficult to treat disease with preservation of good life quality of the patient. Potential complications of PDT (e.g., photosensitivity) can be prevented by a special formulation of topical 5-ALA preparation. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] A Thermoreversible Polymer Mediates Controlled Release of Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor to Enhance Kidney RegenerationARTIFICIAL ORGANS, Issue 8 2010Yousof Gheisari Abstract Previously, we reported that human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) that were cultivated in growing embryos differentiated in an appropriate developmental milieu, thereby facilitating the development of a functional renal unit. However, this approach required transfection with an adenovirus that expressed glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) to enhance the development of hMSC-derived renal tissue, and safety issues restrict the clinical use of such viral vectors. To circumvent this problem, we tested an artificial polymer as a means to diffuse GDNF. This GDNF-polymer, which exists in liquid form at 4°C but becomes a hydrogel upon heating to 37°C, was used as a thermoreversible switch, allowing the injection of hMSCs at low viscosity using a mouth pipette, with subsequent slow diffusion of GDNF as it solidified. The polymer, which was dissolved in a solution of GDNF at 4°C and then maintained at 37°C, acted as a diffuser of GDNF for more than 48 h. LacZ -transfected hMSCs and the GDNF-polymer (at 4°C) were placed in the nephrogenic sites of growing rat embryos that were maintained at 37°C. Forty-eight hours later, the resultant kidney anlagen were dissected out and allowed to continue developing for 6 days in vitro. Whole-organ X-Gal staining and fluorescence activated cell sorter analysis showed that the number of hMSC-derived cells was significantly increased in developed anlagen that have been generated from hMSCs plus GDNF-polymer compared with those from hMSCs plus GDNF-containing medium and was comparable to those from adenovirus-transfected hMSCs. These findings suggest that the GDNF-polymer can be used as a diffuser of GDNF for kidney organogenesis. [source] Effect of platelet-rich plasma on the early bone formation around Ca-P-coated and non-coated oral implants in cortical boneCLINICAL ORAL IMPLANTS RESEARCH, Issue 2 2008Dimitris Nikolidakis Abstract Objectives: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of local application of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on the early healing of cortical bone around Ti implants with two different surface configurations. Material and methods: Six goats were used in this study. PRP fractions were obtained from a venous blood sample of the goats and administered immediately before implant insertion. PRP was applied via gel preparation and installation of the gel into the implant site, or via dipping of the implants in PRP fraction before insertion. A total of 36 implants (18 non-coated and 18 Ca-P-coated) were placed into the tibial cortical bone. The animals were sacrificed at 6 weeks after implantation and implants with surrounding tissue were prepared for histological examination. Histomorphometrical variables like the percentage of implant surface with direct bone,implant contact and the percentage of new and old bone adjacent to the implant were evaluated. Results: More interfacial bone-to-implant contact was observed for all the three groups of Ca-P-coated implants and the Ti/PRP liquid group. All groups revealed similar percentages of old and new bone adjacent to the implant. Conclusions: It was concluded that the additional use of PRP did not have any effect on the early cortical bone response to the Ca-P-coated implants, while PRP in a liquid form showed a tendency to increase bone apposition to roughened titanium implants. [source] Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis-induced dysphagia or DISHphagiaINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RHEUMATIC DISEASES, Issue 2 2005Salih OZGOCMEN Summary Dysphagia related to osteophyte compression in diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) or Forestier's disease and in cervical spondylosis has been identified as a cause of dysphagia. We report an elderly man who had dysphagia due to DISH or namely DISHphagia. Clinical findings, barium esophagogram, and magnetic resonance imaging findings have been presented. Good response to medical treatment with liquid forms of NSAIDs and soft diet has been achieved. [source] Cytotoxic effects of dental resin liquids on primary gingival fibroblasts and periodontal ligament cells in vitroJOURNAL OF ORAL REHABILITATION, Issue 12 2004Y.-L. Lai summary, Cytotoxic effects of resin liquids of three in situ relining dental polymers, AlikeTM, Kooliner, and Tokuso Rebase, and their major components, methyl methacrylate (MMA), isobutyl methacrylate (IBMA), and 1,6-hexanediol dimethacrylate (1,6-HDMA) were investigated. The concentrations of major monomers in these resin liquids were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Cellular viability of human gingival fibroblasts (GF) and periodontal ligament (PDL) cells were evaluated by the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Moreover, patterns of cell death were analysed using annexin V/propidium iodide staining with flow cytometry. The results indicated that AlikeTM liquid contained 91·3% MMA, Kooliner liquid contained 94·5% IBMA, and Tokuso Rebase liquid contained 65·8% 1,6-HDMA. All materials examined had cytotoxic effects on GF and PDL cells in dose-dependent manners. Tokuso Rebase liquid appeared to be the most cytotoxic among the various resin liquids examined. The effects of Kooliner and Tokuso Rebase liquids may have resulted from IBMA and 1,6-HDMA, respectively. Furthermore, the majority of treated cells died from necrosis; whereas a small portion of cells died from apoptosis. In conclusion, the results demonstrated that these liquid forms of dental polymers and their major monomers cause cytotoxic reactions. The direct relining procedure that cures these materials in situ should be used cautiously. [source] Densification of Si3N4 with LiYO2 AdditiveJOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY, Issue 4 2004Branko Matovic This paper deals with the densification and phase transformation during pressureless sintering of Si3N4 with LiYO2 as the sintering additive. The dilatometric shrinkage data show that the first Li2O- rich liquid forms as low as 1250°C, resulting in a significant reduction of sintering temperature. On sintering at 1500°C the bulk density increases to more than 90% of the theoretical density with only minor phase transformation from ,-Si3N4 to ,-Si3N4 taking place. At 1600°C the secondary phase has been completely converted into a glassy phase and total conversion of ,-Si3N4 to ,-Si3N4 takes place. The grain growth is anisotropic, leading to a microstructure which has potential for enhanced fracture toughness. Li2O evaporates during sintering. Thus, the liquid phase is transient and the final material might have promising mechanical properties as well as promising high-temperature properties despite the low sintering temperature. The results show that the Li2O,Y2O3 system can provide very effective low-temperature sintering additives for silicon nitride. [source] | |||||||||||||