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Ligament
Kinds of Ligament Terms modified by Ligament Selected AbstractsUtility of Identification of the Falciform Ligament in the Echocardiography LaboratoryECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, Issue 8 2007Edmund Kenneth Kerut M.D. No abstract is available for this article. [source] A Novel Finding,Isolated Marshall's Ligament Rhythm After Catheter Ablation and Reconnection of the Marshall's Ligament with the Left Atrium After an Adenosine Bolus in One Patient with Atrial FibrillationJOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY, Issue 11 2007TA-CHUAN TUAN M.D. No abstract is available for this article. [source] Image-guided reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligamentTHE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ROBOTICS AND COMPUTER ASSISTED SURGERY, Issue 1 2004J Sabczynski Abstract The replacement of the ruptured Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) of the knee is a biomechanically difficult task. The correct placement of the graft, especially the isometry of the tibial and femoral insertion points, is critically to the success of the procedure. However, during arthroscopy, the planning of the insertion points and accurate execution of the plan is difficult. This paper reports an X-ray based system for navigation of the ACL graft implant. The system integrates arthroscopy and intra-operative X-ray imaging to identify the correct insertion points of the graft. Furthermore, it allows testing the isometry of these points before drilling of the femoral and tibial tunnel, and guides the drilling itself. Copyright © 2004 Robotic Publications Ltd. [source] Vaginal Ring and Round Ligament of the Uterus in the Female CatANATOMIA, HISTOLOGIA, EMBRYOLOGIA, Issue 4 2009A. Watson Summary The peritoneum was examined for the existence of a vaginal ring and the round ligament of the uterus was dissected through the inguinal region in eleven embalmed adult female cats. In all cats, there was no evidence of a peritoneal evagination into the inguinal canal. There was no vaginal ring and no vaginal process. The round ligament of the uterus passed through the inguinal canal and disintegrated in the fascia a short distance beyond the superficial inguinal ring. [source] Histological and Histomorphometrical Alterations of the Periodontal Ligament in Gerbils Submitted to Teeth ExtractionANATOMIA, HISTOLOGIA, EMBRYOLOGIA, Issue 4 2008M. M. Iyomasa Summary This study verified the effect of unilateral teeth extraction on the periodontal ligament in gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus). Ten adult male gerbils weighing about 50 g had induced occlusal alterations by upper left molar extractions while the other ten animals, only submitted to surgical stress, were considered as controls. The periodontal ligament was characterized by qualitative and quantitative analysis, histological description and histomorphometric quantification. Significant alterations were observed on the left side of the experimental group (P < 0.05), the hypofunctional region, when it was compared with the contralateral side and the corresponding region of the control group. Two months after occlusal alterations induced by unilateral teeth extraction, atrophic histological alterations and a decrease in the periodontal space on the ipsilateral side characterized the periodontal ligament. In this study it was possible to conclude that the gerbil can be used in experimental models attempting to correlate the periodontium's biological response to various mechanical stresses, as the periodontal ligament was shown to be highly sensitive to occlusal alterations. [source] Functional Anatomy of the Distal Radioulnar Ligament in Dogs,ANATOMIA, HISTOLOGIA, EMBRYOLOGIA, Issue 6 2007A. Kaiser Summary The objective of this study was to functionally characterize the distal radioulnar ligament connecting the distal ends of canine antebrachial bones. The ligament has been investigated histologically in five adult dogs. After decalcification and standard paraffin embedding, 5-,m-thick sections have been stained with Hematoxylin/Eosin, Resorcin/Fuchsin, Astrablue/Nuclear-fast-red, Astrablue/Orange G. The distal radioulnar ligament can be divided into two parts, a proximal, ,interosseous' and a distal ,articular'. The former as a connecting structure experiences almost exclusively tensile stress in a proximolateral direction. The latter with an additional meniscal function is loaded in a combined tensile and compressive way. These findings can be explained with the characteristic valgus conformation of the canine carpal joint. [source] Ligament and bone pathologic abnormalities more frequent in neuropathic joint disease in comparison with degenerative arthritis of the foot and ankle: Implications for understanding rapidly progressive joint degeneration,ARTHRITIS & RHEUMATISM, Issue 8 2010Jill Halstead Objective The variable disease progression of osteoarthritis (OA) and the basis for rapid joint deterioration in some subgroups of patients are poorly understood. To explore an anatomic basis for rapidly progressive OA, this observational study compared the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) patterns of disease between patients with neuropathic joint disease (NJD) and patients with degenerative arthritis of the ankle and foot. Methods MR images of the foot and ankle of patients with early NJD (n = 7) and patients with OA (n = 15) were assessed. The anonomized MR images were dichotomously scored by a musculoskeletal radiologist for the presence of the following abnormalities per bone (of a total of 14 bones): cartilage defects, bone cysts, bone marrow edema, fractures, joint debris, joint effusions, tendinopathy, tendinitis, and ligament tears. Results Although the degree of cartilage damage and joint cyst formation was comparable between the groups, the degree of ligament tears, or change in MRI signal intensity in the ligaments, was significantly greater in patients with NJD compared with patients with OA (median of 3 tears versus 0, of 14 total bones; P < 0.01). Moreover, in patients with early NJD compared with patients with OA, there was a significantly greater degree of diffuse bone marrow edema (median of 6.5 tarsal bones versus 2 adjacent bones, of 14 total bones; P < 0.01), a greater number of bone fractures (median 4 versus 0; P < 0.01), and more frequent bone debris (median 4.5 versus 0; P = 0.013). Conclusion This analysis of NJD in the foot and ankle shows the predominance of bone and ligament abnormalities in NJD compared with the pattern of involvement in OA. These findings highlight the importance of structures other than articular cartilage in OA of the ankle and foot, and suggest that rapid joint degeneration in NJD may be more ligamentogenic or osteogenic in nature. [source] Partial generation of periodontal ligament on endosseous dental implants in dogsCLINICAL ORAL IMPLANTS RESEARCH, Issue 4 2005Leila Jahangiri Abstract Objectives: The objective of this pilot study was to investigate the feasibility of periodontal ligament (PDL) generation on an implant surface by approximating a tooth-to-implant contact using orthodontics. Methods: Maxillary second premolars of six beagle dogs were extracted bilaterally. After 2 weeks of healing, hydroxyapatite (HA) coated titanium implants, 5 mm in length and 3.3 mm in diameter, were placed in the extraction sites. One side of the arch was used as control. Orthodontic tooth movement was initiated following implant placement to tip the first premolar roots into contact with the implant. This was achieved in 4,6 weeks as confirmed radiographically. Tooth-to-implant contact was maintained for further 6 weeks after which time, teeth were separated from implant contact orthodontically. After further 2 weeks of stabilization, the animals were sacrificed. Samples were analyzed by Faxitron radiographs before histology. Histology samples were prepared with Stevenel's Blue and Van Gieson stain and were subjected to polarized light microscopy. Results: Histologic analysis revealed transfer and formation of PDL-like structure with formation of cellular cementum on the implant surfaces, in four out of six animals, where tooth-to-implant contact had been achieved. Direct bone-to-implant contact was noted in the areas coronal to the PDL-like tissue, an important sign to distinguish between PDL-like tissue and connective tissue that could originate from the coronal portion of a failing implant. Additionally, at the site of contact, the implant surface revealed some resorption of the HA coating. Conclusion: An animal model was established in which the proximity of tooth-to-implant contact lead to partial generation of PDL on a bioactive implant surface in four out of six animals. Résumé L'objectif de cette étude pilote a été d'analyser la possibilité d'obtenir une régénération du ligament parodontal (PDL) sur une surface implantaire en rapprochant le contact implant-dent par l'orthodontie. Les deuxièmes prémolaires maxillaires de six chiens beagle ont été avulsées bilatéralement. Après deux semaines de guérison, des implants en titane recouverts d'hydroxyapatite de 5 mm de long et de 3,3 mm de diamètre ont été insérés dans les sites d'avulsion. Un site de chaque arche était utilisé comme contrôle. Le mouvement orthodontique de la dent était initialisé après le placement de l'implant pour mettre en contact les raçines des premières prémolaires avec l'implant. Ceci a été réalisé en quatre à huit semaines comme l'a confirmé la radiographie. Le contact dent-implant a été maintenu pour une durée supplémentaire de six semaines après lesquelles les dents ont été séparées du contact des implants de manière orthodontique. Après deux semaines de stabilisation, les animaux ont été euthanasiés. Les échantillons ont été analysés par radiographie Faxitron avant l'histologie. Les échantillons histologiques ont été préparés par les colorations du Bleu de Stevenel et de Van Gieson et ont été analysés au microscope optique à polarisation. L'histologiea révélé un transfert et une formation d'une structure ressemblant à PDL avec la formation d'un cément cellulaire à la surface des implants chez quatre des six animaux chez lesquels le contact dent-implant avaient été réalisés. Le contact direct os-implant a été noté dans les zones coronaires au tissu qui ressemblait à PDL, un signe important pour distinguer le tissu ressemblant à PDL et le tissu conjonctif qui pouvait provenir de la portion coronaire de l'implant qui échoue. De plus, au site de contact, la surface implantaire révélait quelques résorptions du recouvrement d'hydroxyapatite. Un modèle animal a donc étéétabli dans lequel la proximité du contact dent-implant était suivie d'une génération partielle de PDL sur une surface implantaire bioactive chez quatre des six animaux. Zusammenfassung Ziele: Das Ziel dieser Pilotstudie war, zu untersuchen, ob es möglich sei, ein parodontales Ligament (PDL) auf einer Implantatoberfläche durch Herstellung eines Zahn-Implantat-Kontakts mittels Orthodontie zu generieren. Methoden: Bei sechs Beagle-Hunden wurden bilateral die zweiten Prämolaren extrahiert. Nach einer Abheilzeit von zwei Wochen wurden Hydroxyapatit beschichtete Titanimplantate mit einer Länge von 5 mm und einem Durchmesser von 3.3 mm in die Extraktionsstellen eingesetzt. Eine Seite des Zahnbogens diente als Kontrolle. Nach der Implantatplatzierung wurde mit der orthodontischen Zahnbewegung begonnen, um die Wurzeln der ersten Prämolaren in Kontakt mit den Implantaten zu bringen. Es wurde radiologisch bestätigt, dass dies nach 4,6 Wochen erreicht wurde. Der Zahn-Implantat-Kontakt wurde für weitere sechs Wochen belassen, danach wurden die Zähne wieder orthodontisch vom Kontakt mit den Implantaten separiert. Nach weiteren zwei Wochen zur Stabilisierung wurden die Tiere geopfert. Die Proben wurden vor der Histologie mittels Faxitron Röntgen analysiert. Die histologischen Proben wurden mit Stevenel`s Blau und van Gieson Färbungen bearbeitet und durch Lichtmikroskopie mit polarisiertem Licht untersucht. Resultate: Die histologische Analyse zeigte einen Transfer und eine Formation von Parodontalligament ähnlichen Strukturen mit der Bildung von zellulärem Zement auf der Implantatoberfläche bei 4 von 6 Tieren, bei welchen ein Zahn-Implantat-Kontakt erreicht worden war. Koronal des PDL-ähnlichen Gewebes bestand ein direkter Knochen-Implantat-Kontakt. Dies war ein wichtiges Merkmal, um zwischen PDL-ähnlichem Gewebe und Bindegewebe, welches vom koronalen Anteil eines fehlgeschlagenen Implantats stammen könnte, zu unterscheiden. Zusätzlich zeigten die Implantatoberflächen im Bereich der Berührungsfläche etwas Resorption der Hydroxyapatit Beschichtung. Schlussfolgerung: Es wurde ein Tiermodell etabliert, in welchem ein Zahn-Implantat-Kontakt bei 4 von 6 Tieren zu einer partiellen Generation eines PDL auf einer bioaktiven Implantatoberfläche führte. Resumen Objetivos: El objetivo de este estudio piloto fue investigar la viabilidad de generación de ligamento periodontal (PDL) en la superficie de un implante por aproximación de un contacto diente a implante usando ortodoncia. Métodos: Se extrajeron los segundos premolares de seis perros beagle bilateralmente. Tras dos semanas de cicatrización, se colocaron en los lugares de extracción implantes de titanio cubiertos de hidroxiapatita, de 5 mm de longitud y 3.3 mm de diámetro. Un lado del arco se usó como control. El movimiento dental ortodóntico se inició tras la colocación del implante para apuntar las raíces del primer premolar hacia el contacto con el implante. Esto se logró en 4-6 semanas tal como se confirmó radiograficamente. El contacto diente a implante se mantuvo durante seis semanas mas tras lo cual, los dientes se separaron del contacto con el implante ortodonticamente. Tras dos semanas más de estabilización, los animales se sacrificaron. Las muestras se analizaron por medio de radiografías Faxitron antes de la histología. Las muestras histológicas se prepararon con azul de Stevenel y tinción de Van Gieson y se sometieron a microscopio de luz polarizada. Resultados: El análisis histológico reveló transferencia y formación de estructuras tipo ligamento periodontal con formación de cemento celular en las superficies del implante, en 4 de 6 animales, en los que se logró el contacto diente a implante. Se notó contacto en las áreas coronales al tejido tipo PDL, un signo importante para distinguir tejido tipo PDL y tejido conectivo que se podría originar de la parte coronal de un implante en vías de fracaso. Además, en el lugar del contacto, la superficie del implante reveló algo de reabsorción de la cubierta de hidroxiapatita. Conclusión: Se estableció un modelo animal en el que la proximidad del contacto diente a implante llevó a la generación parcial de PDL en una superficie de implante bioactiva en 4 de 6 animales. [source] Ligament creep recruits fibres at low stresses and can lead to modulus-reducing fibre damage at higher creep stresses: a study in rabbit medial collateral ligament modelJOURNAL OF ORTHOPAEDIC RESEARCH, Issue 5 2002G. M. Thornton Ligaments are subjected to a range of loads during different activities in vivo, suggesting that they must resist creep at various stresses. Cyclic and static creep tests of rabbit medial collateral ligament were used as a model to examine creep over a range of stresses in the toe- and linear-regions of the stress,strain curve: 4.1 MPa (n =7), 7.1 MPa (n = 6), 14 MPa (n = 9) and 28 MPa (n = 6). We quantified ligament creep behaviour to determine if, at low stresses, modulus would increase in a cyclic creep test and collagen fibres would be recruited in a static creep test. At higher creep stresses, a decrease in measured modulus was expected to be a potential marker of damage. The increase in modulus during cyclic creep and the increase in strain during static creep were similar between the three toe-region stresses (4.1, 7.1, 14 MPa). However, at the linear-region stress (28 MPa), both these parameters increased significantly compared to the increases at the three toe-region stresses. A concurrent crimp analysis revealed that collagen fibres were recruited during creep, evidenced by decreased area of crimped fibres at the end of the static creep test. Interestingly, a predominance of straightened fibres was observed at the end of the 28 MPa creep test, suggesting a limited potential for fibre recruitment at higher, linear-region stresses. An additional 28 MPa (n = 6) group had mechanically detectable discontinuities in their stress,strain curves during creep that were related to reductions in modulus and suggested fibre damage. These data support the concept that collagen fibre recruitment is a mechanism by which ligaments resist creep at low stresses. At a higher creep stress, which was still only about a third of the failure capacity, damage to some ligaments occurred and was marked by a sudden reduction in modulus. In the cyclic tests, with continued cycling, the modulus increased back to original values obtained before the discontinuity suggesting that other fibres were being recruited to bear load. These results have important implications for our understanding of how fibre recruitment and stress redistribution act in normal ligament to minimize creep and restore modulus after fibre damage. © 2002 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. [source] The Peritoneal Mesothelium Covering the Genital Tract and its Ligaments in the Female Pig Shows Signs of Active FunctionTHE ANATOMICAL RECORD : ADVANCES IN INTEGRATIVE ANATOMY AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY, Issue 7 2007Jesús Luis Yániz Abstract The aim of this study was to describe the surface features of the peritoneal mesothelium covering the genital tract and adjacent ligaments of the sow to find signs of biosynthetic activation of cells. Surface features of the serosa covering the genital tract and adjacent ligaments from 14 cyclic sows, 7 in the follicular phase and 7 in the luteal phase of the estrous cycle, were examined by histology and scanning electron microscopy. Five additional sows, three in the follicular phase and two in the luteal phase of the estrous cycle, were examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In this study, the presence of cells of the oviductal epithelium in the serosa of the infundibulum and the ampulla, as well as indications of a high functional activity of the mesothelial cells in the areas studied were two aspects that differed from the findings of previous works. Presence of endosalpingeal cells was observed in the serosal surface, showing cyclical variations with a predominance of either ciliated cells during the follicular phase or secretory cells during the luteal phase. Signs of high functional activity of the mesothelial cells included the predominance of cuboidal over flattened cells, a cytoplasm richly supplied with organelles, a dense microvillous coat, numerous primary cilia, and many secretory structures on the surface of cells. These results indicate that the serosa covering the genital area and the adjacent ligaments in the sow has an active epithelium whose coordinating role between reproductive tissues may be far more significant than previously thought. Anat Rec, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Ultrasonographic Morphometric Measurements of Digital Flexor Tendons and Ligaments of the Palmar Metacarpal Region in Haflinger HorsesANATOMIA, HISTOLOGIA, EMBRYOLOGIA, Issue 4 2010S. Boehart With 2 figures and 3 tables Summary The aim of the study was to determine morphometric values of the superficial and deep digital flexor tendon, the inferior check ligament and the suspensory ligament in the palmar metacarpal region of sound Haflinger horses using ultrasonography and to assess the influence of different factors on them. The findings were compared with the literature. A total of 30 sound Haflinger mares aged 4,20 years were used. Transverse ultrasound images were obtained with an 8,10 linear MHz transducer and the cross-sectional area, the circumference and the dorsopalmar and lateromedial width were determined for each structure at six regions of interest (ROI) in both forelimbs. The coefficient of variation was <3%. The structures were compared between each other and the values of each structure at the ROIs. Age, height at the withers, body mass index, diameter of the Os metacarpale III and the circumference of the mid-metacarpal region showed significant influences on some of the parameters. Reference values for the tendons and ligaments in the palmar metacarpal region in sound Haflinger mares were obtained and the influence of different factors was tested. Description of the dimensional relationship between the structures and comparison of the data with the literature provide knowledge required for adequate veterinary care. [source] Effect of root surface treatment with propolis and fluoride in delayed tooth replantation in ratsDENTAL TRAUMATOLOGY, Issue 6 2008Jéssica Lemos Gulinelli Nevertheless, an extended extraoral period damages the periodontal ligament and results in external root resorption. The purpose of this study was to assess by histologic and histometric analysis, the influence of propolis 15% (natural resinous substance collected by Apis mellifera bees from various plants) and the fluoride solution used as root surface treatment on the healing process after delayed tooth replantation. Thirty Wistar (Rattus norvegicus albinus) rats were submitted to extraction of their upper right incisor. The teeth were maintained in a dry environment for 60 min. After this, the pulp was extirpated and the papilla, enamel organ and periodontal ligament were removed with scalpel. The teeth were divided into three experimental groups: Group I , teeth immersed in 20 ml of physiologic saline; Group II , teeth immersed in 20 ml of 2% acidulated phosphate sodium fluoride; Group III , teeth immersed in 20 ml of 15% propolis. After 10 min of immersion in the solutions, the root canals were dried and filled with calcium hydroxide paste and the teeth were replanted. The animals were euthanized 60 days after replantation. The results showed that similar external root resorption was seen in the propolis and fluoride groups. Teeth treated with physiologic saline tended to have more inflammatory root resorption compared with those treated with fluoride or propolis. However, the comparative analysis did not reveal statistically significant differences (P > 0.05) between the treatment modalities when used for delayed tooth replantation. [source] Mechanical removal of necrotic periodontal ligament by either Robinson bristle brush with pumice or scalpel blade.DENTAL TRAUMATOLOGY, Issue 6 2007Histomorphometric analysis, scanning electron microscopy Abstract,,, One of the important factors accounting for successful delayed replantation of avulsed teeth is seemingly the type of root surface treatment. Removal of necrotic cemental periodontal ligament remnants may prevent the occurrence of external root resorption, which is the major cause of loss of teeth replanted in such conditions. The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of two mechanical techniques for removal of root-adhered periodontal ligament. Preservation or removal of the cementum layer concomitantly with these procedures was also assessed. Forty-five roots of healthy premolars extracted for orthodontic purposes were selected. After extraction, the teeth were kept dry at room temperature for 1 h and then immersed in saline for rehydration for an additional 10 min. Thereafter, the roots were assigned to three groups, as follows: group 1 (control) - the cemental periodontal ligament was preserved; group 2 - removal of the periodontal ligament by scraping root surface with a scalpel blade (SBS); group 3 - periodontal ligament remnants were removed using a Robinson bristle brush at low-speed with pumice/water slurry (RBP). The specimens were analysed histomorphometrically and examined by scanning electron microscopy. The quantitative and qualitative analyses of the results showed that the RBP technique was significantly more effective than the SBS technique for removal of the periodontal ligament remnants adhered to root surface. Both techniques preserved the cementum layer. [source] Severe periodontal damage by an ultrasonic endodontic device: a case reportDENTAL TRAUMATOLOGY, Issue 2 2007John D. Walters Abstract,,, Heat produced within a root canal during use of an ultrasonic instrument can be conducted through the dentin into periodontal ligament, bone and soft tissue. If severe in intensity or long in duration, it can induce damage to these tissues. This report describes a case in which an ultrasonic endodontic instrument apparently induced severe damage to alveolar bone, gingiva and nasal mucosa in a 42-year-old female. Overheating of a maxillary central incisor caused necrosis of soft tissue and bone on the facial and mesial aspects and triggered a protracted inflammatory response in the adjacent nasal cavity. To relieve the severe discomfort associated with this damage, the patient chose to have her maxillary incisors extracted and replaced by a removable partial denture. A defect in the soft tissue and bone was present at a follow-up visit 10 months after the extractions. While morbidity of this nature is rare, this case reinforces the need to maintain adequate cooling of ultrasonic instruments. [source] Healing of 400 intra-alveolar root fractures.DENTAL TRAUMATOLOGY, Issue 4 2004Abstract,,, This is the second part of a retrospective study of 400 root-fractured permanent incisors. In this article, the effect of various treatment procedures is analyzed. Treatment delay, i.e. treatment later than 24 h after injury, did not change the root fracture healing pattern, healing with hard tissue between fragments (HH1), interposition of bone and/or periodontal ligament (PDL) or pulp necrosis (NEC). When initial displacement did not exceed 1 mm, optimal repositioning appeared to significantly enhance both the likelihood of pulpal healing and hard tissue repair (HH1). Significant differences in healing were found among the different splinting techniques. The lowest frequency of healing was found with cap splints and the highest with fiberglass or Kevlar® splints. The latter splinting procedure showed almost the same healing result as non-splinting. Comparison between non-splinting and splinting for non-displaced teeth was found to reveal no benefit from splinting. With respect to root fractures with displacement, too few cases were available for analysis. No beneficial effect of splinting periods greater than 4 weeks could be demonstrated. The administration of antibiotics had the paradoxical effect of promoting both HH1 and NEC. No explanation could be found. It was concluded that, optimal repositioning seems to favor healing. Furthermore, the chosen splinting method appears to be related to healing of root fractures, with a preference to pulp healing and healing fusion of fragments to a certain flexibility of the splint and possibly also non-traumatogenic splint application. Splinting for more than 4 weeks was not found to influence the healing pattern. A certain treatment delay (a few days) appears not to result in inferior healing. The role of antibiotics upon fracture healing is questionable. [source] Assessment of post-traumatic PDL cells viability by a novel collagenase assayDENTAL TRAUMATOLOGY, Issue 4 2002Roberta Pileggi Abstract,,,Both length of extra-alveolar time and type of storage media are significant factors that can affect the long-term prognosis for replanted teeth. Numerous studies have examined various media in an attempt to determine the ideal material for storage of the avulsed tooth. The purpose of this study was to compare the number of viable periodontium ligament (PDL) cells in different storage media using a collagenase assay. Thirty-three freshly extracted human teeth were divided into four experimental and two control groups. The positive and negative controls corresponded to 0 min and an 8-h dry time, respectively. The experimental teeth were stored dry for 30 min and then immersed in one of four media (Hank's balanced salt solution (HBSS), milk, saline, water) for 45 min. The teeth were then treated with dispase grade II and collagenase for 30 min. The number of viable and nonviable PDL cells was counted with a hemocytometer and analyzed. An anova demonstrated no statistically significant differences in the viability of PDL cells among saline, HBSS and milk. Within the parameters of this study, it appears that milk or saline is an equally viable alternative to HBSS for storage of avulsed teeth. [source] Healing and prognosis of teeth with intra-alveolar fractures involving the cervical part of the rootDENTAL TRAUMATOLOGY, Issue 2 2002Miomir Cvek Abstract Healing and long-term prognosis of 94 cervical root fractures were evaluated. The teeth were divided into two groups according to type of fracture: transverse fractures limited to the cervical third of the root (51 incisors) and oblique fractures involving both the cervical and middle parts of the root (43 incisors). Neither the frequency nor the type of fracture healing differed significantly between the two groups. In the material as a whole, healing of the fracture with hard tissue formation was observed in 17 teeth (18%), and healing with interposition of periodontal ligament (PDL) and, in some cases, hard tissue between the fragments in 62 teeth (66%). Fifteen teeth (16%) showed no healing and a radiolucency adjacent to the fracture. Statistical analyses revealed that incomplete root formation and a positive sensibility test at the time of injury were significantly related to both healing and hard tissue repair. The same applied to concussion or subluxation compared with dislocation of coronal fragment, as well as optimal compared with suboptimal reposition of displaced coronal fragments. The type and duration of splinting (or no splinting) appeared to be of no significance for frequency or type of healing of cervical root fractures. During the observation time (mean = 75 months), 19 (44%) of the teeth with transverse fractures and 3 (8%) of those with oblique fractures were lost after healing. In conclusion, fractures in the cervical part of the root had a healing potential and the predictive parameters identified for fractures in other parts of the root seemed to be valid for the healing of cervical root fractures. Transverse fractures appeared to have a significantly poorer long-term prognosis compared to oblique fractures, apparently due to a marked post-treatment mobility, which often led to new luxation caused by even minor impacts. [source] Periodontal response to two intracanal medicaments in replanted monkey incisorsDENTAL TRAUMATOLOGY, Issue 6 2001Y. L. Thong Abstract , Intracanal medicaments are recommended for use in replanted teeth to inhibit inflammatory root resorption. This study compared the effect of calcium hydroxide (Pulpdent®) and a corticosteroid-antibiotic paste (Ledermix®) on periodontal healing and root resorption following replantation. Incisors of eight Macaca fascicularis monkeys were extracted, stored dry for 15 min and replanted. After 11 days, root canals in two adjacent maxillary incisors were treated with one medicament and contralateral incisors with the other medicament, or left as untreated controls. Animals were sacrificed 8 weeks later and the teeth prepared for histomorphometric evaluation of periodontal ligament inflammation and root resorption. Periodontal ligament inflammation and inflammatory root resorption were markedly inhibited by both calcium hydroxide and corticosteroid-antibiotic relative to untreated controls. Replacement resorption was lowest in the corticosteroid-antibiotic group, and significantly (P<0.05) more normal periodontal ligament was present in this group (79.6%) than in calcium hydroxide and control groups (64.6% and 62.7%, respectively). Treatment with the corticosteroid-antibiotic inhibited inflammatory resorption and was slightly more effective than calcium hydroxide in producing a periodontal healing response. [source] Healing of 208 intraalveolar root fractures in patients aged 7,17 yearsDENTAL TRAUMATOLOGY, Issue 2 2001Miomir Cvek Abstract , This retrospective study consisted of 208 root-fractured, 168 splinted and 40 not splinted incisors in young individuals (aged 7,17 years) treated in the period 1959,1973 at the Pedodontic Department, Eastman Institute, Stockholm. Clinical and radiographic analyses showed that 69 teeth (33%) had developed hard tissue (fusion) healing of fragments. Interposition of periodontal ligament (PDL) and bone between the fragments was found in 17 teeth (8%). Interposition of PDL alone was found in 74 teeth (36%). Finally, non-healing with pulp necrosis and inflammatory changes between fragments was seen in 48 teeth (23%). Various clinical factors were analyzed for their relationship to the healing outcome with respect to healing/no healing and type of healing (hard tissue versus interposition of bone and/or PDL). Immature root and positive pulp sensitivity at time of injury was found to be significantly related to both pulp healing and hard tissue repair of the fracture. The same applied to concussion or subluxation of the coronal fragment compared to luxation with displacement (extrusive or lateral luxation). This relation was also represented by the variable millimeter diastasis between fragments before and after repositioning. Repositioning appeared to enhance the likelihood of both pulp healing and hard tissue repair. A positive effect of splinting, splinting methods (cap splints or orthodontic bands with an arch wire) or splinting periods could not be demonstrated on either pulp healing or type of healing (hard tissue versus interposition of bone and/or PDL). In conclusion, the findings from this retrospective study have cast doubts on the efficacy of long-term splinting and the types of splint used for root fracture healing. It is suggested that the role of splinting and splinting methods be examined in further studies. [source] Hypothermic insult to the periodontium: a model for the study of aseptic tooth resorptionDENTAL TRAUMATOLOGY, Issue 1 2000C. W. Dreyer Abstract , The aim of the current investigation was to define an animal model for the study of hard tissue resorption by examining the responses of the periodontal ligament (PDL) to both single and multiple episodes of hypothermic injury to the crowns of rat teeth. A group of 12 male rats weighing 200,250 g were anesthetized, and pellets of dry ice (CO2) were applied once to the crowns of the right first maxillary molars for continuous periods of 10 or 20 min. Animals were sacrificed at 2, 7, 14 and 28 days and tissues were processed for routine histological examination. A second group of eight animals and a third group of 12 animals were subjected to three applications of dry ice over a period of 1 week and sacrificed at 2 and 14 days respectively after the final application. In addition to thermal insult, the periodontium of teeth from a fourth group of six rats was subjected to mechanical trauma. Examination of the sections from the group undergoing a single freezing episode revealed that, by 1 week, shallow resorption lacunae had appeared on the root surface. These became more extensive after 14 days. At the same time hyaline degeneration was evident in the PDL. Within this group, teeth subjected to the longer 20-min application times generally showed more extensive injuries. By 28 days, evidence of repair was observed with reparative cementum beginning to line the resorption lacunae in the root dentin. Sections from animals subjected to multiple episodes of thermal trauma and those subjected to additional mechanical insult showed more extensive external root resorption than those from single-injury animals. It was concluded that low temperature stimuli applied to the crowns of rat molars were capable of eliciting a sterile degenerative response in the PDL which, in turn, resulted in external root resorption. Furthermore, the degree of this tissue injury was commensurate with the duration and number of exposures to the trauma. The results also indicated that progression of the resorptive process required periodic exposure to the injury, in the absence of which repair to the damaged root occurred. [source] Role of Wnt signaling in the biology of the periodontiumDEVELOPMENTAL DYNAMICS, Issue 1 2010Scott M. Rooker Abstract Continuously erupting teeth have associated with them a continuously regenerating periodontal ligament, but the factors that control this amazing regenerative potential are unknown. We used genetic strategies to show that the periodontal ligament arises from the cranial neural crest. Despite their histological similarity, the periodontal ligament of continuously erupting incisor teeth differs dramatically from the periodontal ligament of molar teeth. The most notable difference was in the distribution of Wnt responsive cells in the incisor periodontal ligament, which coincided with regions of periodontal ligament cell proliferation. We discuss these findings in the context of dental tissue regeneration. Developmental Dynamics 239:140,147, 2010. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Occurrence and distribution of sesamoid bones in squamates: a comparative approachACTA ZOOLOGICA, Issue 3 2010Adriana Jerez Abstract Jerez, A., Mangione, S. and Abdala, V. 2010. Occurrence and distribution of sesamoid bones in squamates: a comparative approach.,Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 91: 295,305 Sesamoids are defined as skeletal elements that develop within a continuous band of regular dense connective tissue (tendon or ligament) adjacent to an articulation or joint. In this work, we discuss developmental data on two squamate species, provide data on the onset of the squamate sesamoids and the muscles they are associated to. Our results show that Mabuya mabouya and Liolaemus albiceps exhibited rather similar ontogenetic patterns and that the first sesamoids appear in embryos. The ossifying sesamoid timing is different between M. mabouya and L. albiceps, being faster in the former. In adults, we found 41 sesamoids, considering both fore and hindlimbs. We did not find any intrataxonomic differences, or any differences between the right and left side of the specimens in relation to the sesamoid presence. We recognize four types of sesamoids: (1) embedded sesamoids; (2) interosseus sesamoids; (3) glide sesamoids; and (4) supporting sesamoids. A table is included with a preliminary survey of the sesamoid distribution pattern in 10 Squamate clades. [source] Uterine torsion diagnosed in a mare at 515 days' gestationEQUINE VETERINARY EDUCATION, Issue 10 2010C. López Summary A pregnant mare with a history of prolonged gestation (,515 days) and suspected diagnosis of fetal mummification was examined. Rectal palpation revealed that the left broad ligament of the uterus was dorsal and medial to the right uterine ligament and it was not possible to observe the cervix during vaginal examination. Transabdominal ultrasound revealed fluid in the uterus, fetal membranes and the uterine walls defined and thickened. Free fluid was not seen in the peritoneal cavity. Laboratory tests (blood cell count and clinical chemistry) were normal. Based on clinical history, physical examination and ultrasound findings, a chronic uterine torsion with fetal death was diagnosed and the mare was subjected to exploratory celiotomy. The uterus was strongly adhered to the peritoneum of the ventral abdominal wall and there were multiple adhesions to the colon. Hysterotomy was performed to remove the fetus and to permit repositioning of the uterus. When the fetus was removed, a large devitalised grey tissue area of the right ventral uterine horn was observed. Multiple adhesions prevented a rescue hysterectomy and euthanasia of the patient was performed. During the necropsy, a 180° cranial cervix clockwise uterine torsion was observed. This rare case of uterine torsion appears to be the most chronic case reported in the equine literature. [source] Size isn't everything: The importance of the hindlimb accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendonEQUINE VETERINARY EDUCATION, Issue 12 2008R. K. W. Smith No abstract is available for this article. [source] Collateral desmitis of the distal interphalangeal joint in conjunction with concurrent ossification of the cartilages of the foot in nine horsesEQUINE VETERINARY EDUCATION, Issue 9 2008T. S. Mair Summary The purpose of this study was to describe the frequency of occurrence of severe ossification of the collateral cartilages (sidebone) coexistent with collateral desmitis of the distal interphalangeal joint (DIPJ) in lame horses. Sidebone was diagnosed and graded on standard radiographs and soft tissue injuries of the foot were diagnosed using standing low-field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Of 15 horses with forelimb lameness and severe sidebone, 9 had evidence of concurrent collateral desmitis of the DIPJ. All 15 horses had damage to other structures (including the deep digital flexor tendon, distal sesamoidean impar ligament, collateral sesamoidean ligament, navicular bone and distal phalanx) within the affected feet as identified on MRI. The clinical and pathophysiological significance of concurrent collateral desmitis of the DIPJ and sidebone is currently uncertain. However, this study shows that injuries to multiple structures within the foot are common and that collateral desmitis of the distal interphalangeal joint is frequently seen in lame horses in conjunction with severe ossification of the collateral cartilages. [source] Rupture of the distal sesamoidean impar ligament with proximal displacement of the distal sesamoid bone in a steeplechaserEQUINE VETERINARY EDUCATION, Issue 3 2007A. G. Heitzmann First page of article [source] Osseous abnormalities associated with collateral desmopathy of the distal interphalangeal joint: Part 1EQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL, Issue 8 2009Miss S. G. Dakin Summary Reasons for performing study: Osseous abnormalities. associated with collateral ligament (CL) injury of the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint have been documented using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) but there is currently limited information about the frequency of osseous pathology associated with CL injury. Objectives: To determine the frequency of occurrence of osseous abnormality coexistent with CL injury of the DIP joint and describe the distribution and character of osseous lesions; and to establish if there was an association between osseous abnormality and increased radiopharmaceutical uptake (IRU). Hypotheses: There would be a higher incidence of osseous abnormality at the insertion of an injured CL than at the origin; and a relationship between the presence of osseous abnormality and duration of lameness. Materials and methods: Magnetic resonance images of 313 feet of 289 horses with foot pain and a definitive diagnosis of collateral desmopathy of the DIP joint were analysed retrospectively for presence and type of osseous abnormality in the middle and distal phalanges. Scintigraphic images were examined and the presence of IRU in the middle or distal phalanges recorded. Results: Osseous abnormalities were detected in 143 (45.7%) feet, 27 (18.8%) of which had osseous and CL injury alone, while the remaining 116 had CL related osseous injury and multiple injuries within the hoof capsule. Entheseous new bone and endosteal irregularity of the middle and distal phalanges were the most frequent types of osseous abnormality. There was a higher incidence of osseous abnormalities medially than laterally and at the ligament insertion than at the origin. There was a significant association between presence of IRU and osseous injury. Conclusions: A variety of osseous lesions of differing severity are associated with CL injury. Normal radiopharmaceutical uptake does not preclude significant osseous pathology associated with CL injury. Clinical relevance: Further studies are necessary in order to determine if osseous abnormalities associated with CL injury influence prognosis for return to performance. [source] Osseous abnormalities associated with collateral desmopathy of the distal interphalangeal joint.EQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL, Issue 8 2009Part 2: Treatment, outcome Summary Reasons for performing study: There are currently few long-term follow-up data relating to recovery from injury of a collateral ligament (CL) of the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint and limited information about the effect of associated osseous injury on prognosis. Objectives: To describe long-term follow-up results for horses with CL injury, with and without associated osseous injury; and to determine the effect of extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ECSWT) or radial pressure wave therapy (RPWT) on outcome. Hypotheses: Prognosis for return to performance for horses with CL-related osseous injury would be worse than for horses with CL injury alone. Methods: Magnetic resonance images from 313 feet of 289 horses with foot pain and a definitive diagnosis of collateral desmopathy of the DIP joint were analysed retrospectively for presence of osseous abnormality associated with the ligament origin or insertion and the middle and distal phalanges. Horses were assigned to groups according to the combination of their injuries. Type of treatment was recorded and follow-up information obtained. Thirty-two horses with additional sources of lameness were excluded from analysis of outcome. Results: Follow-up data were available for 182 horses, 55 of which had follow-up information for up to 2 years after presentation. Twenty-seven percent of horses with CL injury alone and 34% of horses with CL related osseous injury returned to their previous performance level. Prognosis for a combination of injuries to multiple soft tissue and osseous structures within the hoof capsule was substantially worse. There was no effect of ECSWT or RPWT on outcome. Conclusions: The presence of mild to moderate CL related osseous injury does not appear to influence prognosis compared with CL injury alone. Clinical relevance: Further studies of a larger number of horses are necessary in order to ascertain if specific types of osseous pathology influence return to performance levels. [source] Influence of the position of the foot on MRI signal in the deep digital flexor tendon and collateral ligaments of the distal interphalangeal joint in the standing horseEQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL, Issue 5 2009M. SPRIET Summary Reasons for performing study: Hyperintense signal is sometimes observed in ligaments and tendons of the equine foot on standing magnetic resonance examination without associated changes in size and shape. In such cases, the presence of a true lesion or an artifact should be considered. A change in position of a ligament or tendon relative to the magnetic field can induce increased signal intensity due to the magic angle effect. Objectives: To assess if positional rotation of the foot in the solar plane could be responsible for artifactual changes in signal intensity in the collateral ligaments of the distal interphalangeal joint and in the deep digital flexor tendon. Methods: Six isolated equine feet were imaged with a standing equine magnetic resonance system in 9 different positions with different degrees of rotation in the solar plane. Results: Rotation of the limb induced a linear hyperintense signal on all feet at the palmar aspect of one of the lobes of the deep digital flexor tendon and at the dorsal aspect of the other lobe. Changes in signal intensity in the collateral ligaments of the distal interphalangeal joint occurred with rotation of the limb only in those feet where mediolateral hoof imbalance was present. Conclusions: The position and conformation of the foot influence the signal intensity in the deep digital flexor tendon and in the collateral ligaments of the distal interphalangeal joint. Potential relevance: The significance of increased signal intensity in the deep digital flexor tendon and in the collateral ligaments of the distal interphalangeal joint should be interpreted with regard to the position and the conformation of the foot. [source] Magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of 264 horses with foot pain: The podotrochlear apparatus, deep digital flexor tendon and collateral ligaments of the distal interphalangeal jointEQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL, Issue 4 2007S. DYSON Summary Reasons for performing study: To improve understanding of the interrelationships between injuries of the podotrochlear apparatus and deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT). Hypotheses: There is a difference in frequency of different types of lesions at different anatomical sites of the DDFT. Lesions of the collateral sesamoidean ligament (CSL), distal sesamoidean impar ligament (DSIL), distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint and navicular bursa are seen in association with lesions of the navicular bone. Methods: The magnetic resonance (MR) images of 264 horses with unilateral or bilateral foot pain were analysed and graded. Descriptive statistics were performed to establish the frequency of occurrence of DDFT lesion types at different anatomical levels, and lesions of the CSL, DSIL, navicular bursa, DIP joint and collateral ligaments (CLs) of the DIP joint. A Chi-square test was used to test for a difference in the proportion of navicular bone grades between limbs with and without DDFT lesions at each level, and to compare navicular bone grades for limbs with and without each of DSIL, CSL, navicular bursa or DIP joint lesions. Results: Lesions of the DDFT occurred in 82.6% of limbs, occurring most commonly at the level of the CSL (59.4%) and the navicular bone (59.0%). Core lesions predominated at the level of the proximal phalanx (90.3%), whereas at the level of the CSL and navicular bone core lesions, sagittal splits and dorsal abrasions were most common. There was a positive association between DDFT lesions and navicular bone pathology involving all aspects of the bone. Lesions of the DSIL (38.2% limbs) were more common than those of the CSL (10.5%), but the presence of either was associated with abnormalities of the navicular bone, especially involving the proximal or distal borders and the medulla. Conclusions and clinical relevance: There are close interactions between injuries of the components of the podotrochlear apparatus, the DDFT, the navicular bursa and the DIP joint. Further knowledge about the biomechanical risk factors for injury may have importance for both disease prevention and management. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||