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Antibiotic Used (antibiotic + used)
Selected AbstractsGastrointestinal Bacterial Transmission among Humans, Mountain Gorillas, and Livestock in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, UgandaCONSERVATION BIOLOGY, Issue 6 2008INNOCENT B. RWEGO ecología de enfermedades; Escherichia coli; primates; salud del ecosistema; zoonosis Abstract:,Habitat overlap can increase the risks of anthroponotic and zoonotic pathogen transmission between humans, livestock, and wild apes. We collected Escherichia coli bacteria from humans, livestock, and mountain gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei) in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda, from May to August 2005 to examine whether habitat overlap influences rates and patterns of pathogen transmission between humans and apes and whether livestock might facilitate transmission. We genotyped 496 E. coli isolates with repetitive extragenic palindromic polymerase chain reaction fingerprinting and measured susceptibility to 11 antibiotics with the disc-diffusion method. We conducted population genetic analyses to examine genetic differences among populations of bacteria from different hosts and locations. Gorilla populations that overlapped in their use of habitat at high rates with people and livestock harbored E. coli that were genetically similar to E. coli from those people and livestock, whereas E. coli from gorillas that did not overlap in their use of habitats with people and livestock were more distantly related to human or livestock bacteria. Thirty-five percent of isolates from humans, 27% of isolates from livestock, and 17% of isolates from gorillas were clinically resistant to at least one antibiotic used by local people, and the proportion of individual gorillas harboring resistant isolates declined across populations in proportion to decreasing degrees of habitat overlap with humans. These patterns of genetic similarity and antibiotic resistance among E. coli from populations of apes, humans, and livestock indicate that habitat overlap between species affects the dynamics of gastrointestinal bacterial transmission, perhaps through domestic animal intermediates and the physical environment. Limiting such transmission would benefit human and domestic animal health and ape conservation. Resumen:,El traslape de hábitats puede incrementar los riesgos de transmisión de patógenos antroponótica y zoonótica entre humanos, ganado y simios silvestres. Recolectamos bacterias Escherichia coli de humanos, ganado y gorilas de montaña (Gorilla gorilla beringei) en el Parque Nacional Bwindi Impenetrable, Uganda, de mayo a agosto 2005 para examinar sí el traslape de hábitat influye en las tasas y patrones de transmisión de patógenos entre humanos y simios y sí el ganado facilita esa transmisión. Determinamos el genotipo de 496 aislados de E. coli con marcaje de reacción en cadena de polimerasa palindrómica extragénica (rep-PCR) y medimos la susceptibilidad a 11 antibióticos con el método de difusión de disco. Realizamos análisis de genética poblacional para examinar las diferencias genéticas entre poblaciones de bacterias de huéspedes y localidades diferentes. Las poblaciones de gorilas con alto grado de traslape en el uso de hábitat con humanos y ganado presentaron E. coli genéticamente similar a E. coli de humanos y ganado, mientras que E. coli de gorilas sin traslape en el uso hábitat con humanos y ganado tuvo relación lejana con las bacterias de humanos y ganado. Treinta y cinco porciento de los aislados de humanos, 27% de los aislados de ganado y 17% de los aislados de gorilas fueron clínicamente resistentes a por lo menos un antibiótico utilizado por habitantes locales, y la proporción de gorilas individuales con presencia de aislados resistentes declinó en las poblaciones proporcionalmente con la disminución en el grado de traslape con humanos. Estos de patrones de similitud genética y resistencia a antibióticos entre E. coli de poblaciones de simios, humanos y ganado indican que el traslape de hábitat entre especies afecta la dinámica de transmisión de bacterias gastrointestinales, probablemente a través de animales domésticos intermediarios y el ambiente físico. La limitación de esa transmisión beneficiaría a la salud de humanos y animales domésticos y a la conservación de simios. [source] The Influence of Tetracycline Loading on the Surface Morphology and Biocompatibility of Films Made from P(3HB) Microspheres,ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATERIALS, Issue 7 2010Lydia Francis Tetracycline, an antibiotic used against a broad range of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria was encapsulated in microspheres made of poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid) P(3HB), a microbial biodegradable polymer isolated from Bacillus cereus SPV. The drug loaded microspheres were prepared using an oil emulsion technique and compressed uniaxially to produce films. Although the same fabrication conditions were used for preparing the drug loaded and unloaded microspheres, the presence of the drug changed the surface morphology and roughness of the films. The surface morphology of the drug loaded films appeared uneven and coarser and the roughness, with an average root mean square value of 5.89,µm, was significantly higher than that of the unloaded film. The in vitro biocompatibility of the films was investigated using a human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT) by comparing cell viability on the films to that on conventional tissue culture plastics. Both films appear to support cell growth but cell attachment and percentage cell viability were greater on the drug loaded films (32% of control) compared to the unloaded film (10% of control), possibly as a result of the non-uniform surface morphology and increased roughness of the drug loaded film. Thus, the above results illustrate that the drug loaded films, in addition to being a suitable matrix for drug delivery, represent an improved substrate for keratinocyte cell attachment. [source] Effect of subtherapeutic concentrations of tylosin on the inhibitory stringency of a mixed anaerobe continuous-flow culture of chicken microflora against Escherichia coli O157:H7JOURNAL OF APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 1 2003T.L. Poole Abstract Aims: The aim of this study was twofold: first to determine the effect of subtherapeutic concentrations of tylosin, a macrolide antibiotic used for growth promotion, on a mixed anaerobic continuous-flow fermentation culture of chicken gastrointestinal microorganisms (CCF) and secondly, to determine if these concentrations would allow persistence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in CCF. Methods and Results: CCF was treated with tylosin at 10·0, 20·0 and 40·0 ,g ml,1. Tylosin treatment resulted in a significant (P < 0·0001) decrease in total volatile fatty acids (VFAs) from a mean concentration of 101 ± 10·8 ,mol ml,1 in control cultures to 32·0 ± 6·3 and 40·2 ± 9·6 ,mol ml,1 in 10 and 40 ,g ml,1 treated cultures, respectively. Untreated CCF challenged with E. coli O157:H7 cleared the challenge microorganism in 7 days at a rate of 0·96 log10 CFU ml,1 day,1. In contrast, E. coli O157:H7 persisted in all tylosin treated cultures. Conclusions: In the presence of tylosin, E. coli O157:H7 was able to persist in the CCF culture. The significant decrease in the production of VFAs may have been a contributing factor. Significance and Impact of the Study: The use of low-level, growth-promoting antimicrobials may compromise the ability of normal microflora that serve as a natural host defence against infection. [source] Pharmacokinetics of oxytetracycline in the American horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemusJOURNAL OF VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS, Issue 5 2007M. W. NOLAN The American horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus, is regularly cultured and maintained in research laboratories and public aquaria. Rising concerns over the health of these captive animals makes the diagnosis and treatment of pathological conditions in L. polyphemus essential. This study investigated the kinetics of oxytetracyline following either intravascular or oral dosing. Oxytetracylcine is a broad-spectrum antibiotic used in the treatment of various bacterial diseases of aquatic animals. A noncompartmental model was developed to describe the pharmacokinetics of oxytetracycline (OTC) in the horseshoe crab. The following parameters were determined for a single intravascular bolus of 25 mg/kg OTC: AUC = 9524.60 ,g·h/mL, MRT = 443.65 h, Clb = 0.044 mL/min/kg, Vd(ss) = 1.164 L/kg, t1/2 = 128.3 h, Cmax = 55.90 ,g/mL, Cave = 27.39 ,g/mL. Following a single oral bolus of 25 mg/kg, these parameters were calculated: AUC = 5861.81 ,g·h/mL, MRT = 395.89 h, Clb = 0.071 mL/min/kg, Vd(ss) = 1.688 L/kg, t1/2 = 210.0 h, Cmax = 7.83 ,g/mL, Cave = 2.89 ,g/mL, F = 61.56%. [source] Teicoplanin-dependent antibodies: detection and characterizationBRITISH JOURNAL OF HAEMATOLOGY, Issue 2 2005Stephen F. Garner Summary There are only a few reports of thrombocytopenia associated with clinical doses of teicoplanin, a glycopeptide antibiotic used against Gram-positive bacteria. We investigated 39 patients receiving teicoplanin; 31 were thrombocytopenic with platelet counts between 1,105 × 109/l and 8 were not thrombocytopenic. We identified 14 thrombocytopenic cases (45%) and two (25%) non-thrombocytopenic cases with IgG teicoplanin-dependent platelet-reactive antibodies. Use of glycoprotein (GP) capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with platelets and GPIIb/IIIa transfected Chinese Hamster Ovary cells as well as flow cytometry with GP-deficient platelets indicated that the GPIIb/IIIa complex is a major target antigen of these antibodies. [source] Effects of fish oil treatment on bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in miceCELL BIOCHEMISTRY AND FUNCTION, Issue 5 2006Luciano Paulino Silva Abstract Bleomycin is an antibiotic used to treat a variety of neoplasms. A major side-effect of bleomycin therapy is the induction of an intense inflammatory response that develops into pulmonary fibrosis. Several studies have shown that certain polyunsaturated fatty acids found in fish oil reduce the inflammatory response in vivo. Fish oil has been employed for the treatment of several pathologies such as glomerulonephritis, cardiovascular diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, and even as an adjuvant in cancer therapy. This study examined the effects of fish oil treatment on the development of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Mice were intraperitoneally treated with bleomycin or with saline daily for 10 days, and 15 days after the last injection they started to receive fish oil by gavage for 14 days. The lungs were processed for light microscopy, biochemical and immunohistochemical investigations. Fish oil did not prevent the development of pulmonary fibrosis after the injury as shown by light microscopy, cytokines immunohistochemical analysis, TBARS content and protein levels in the lung. In addition however, fish oil itself induced a slight inflammatory process in the lung, as observed by the increase in cellularity, vasodilatation in the lung parenchyma, TBARS content, and a slight increase in the lung protein content. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] | |||||||||||||