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Anterior Horns (anterior + horn)

Distribution by Scientific Domains
Medical Sciences42%
Life Sciences42%

Terms modified by Anterior Horns

  • anterior horn cell
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  • anterior horn neuron
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    Selected Abstracts

    Neural precursor cells from a fatal human motoneuron disease differentiate despite aberrant gene expression

    DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROBIOLOGY, Issue 3 2007
    Niklas Pakkasjärvi
    Abstract Precursor cells of the human central nervous system can be cultured in vitro to reveal pathogenesis of diseases or developmental disorders. Here, we have studied the biology of neural precursor cells (NPCs) from patients of lethal congenital contracture syndrome (LCCS), a severe motoneuron disease leading to prenatal death before the 32nd gestational week. LCCS fetuses are immobile because of a motoneuron defect, seen as degeneration of the anterior horn and descending tracts of the developing spinal cord. The genetic defect for the syndrome is unknown. We show that NPCs isolated postmortem from LCCS fetuses grow and are maintained in culture, but display increased cell cycle activity. Global transcript analysis of undifferentiated LCCS precursor cells present with changes in EGF-related signaling when compared with healthy age-matched human controls. Further, we show that LCCS-derived NPCs differentiate into cells of neuronal and glial lineage and that the initial differentiation is not accompanied by overt apoptosis. Cells expressing markers Islet-1 and Hb9 are also generated from the LCCS NPCs, suggesting that the pathogenic mechanism of LCCS does not directly affect the differentiation capacity or survival of the cells, but the absence of motoneurons in LCCS may be caused by a noncell autonomous mechanism. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2007 [source]

    Neuronal and vascular localization of histamine N-methyltransferase in the bovine central nervous system

    EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE, Issue 2 2000
    Masahiro Nishibori
    Abstract Histamine N-methyltransferase (HMT) (EC 2.1.1.8) plays a crucial role in the inactivation of the neurotransmitter histamine in the CNS. However, the localization of HMT remains to be determined. In the present study, we investigated immunohistochemical localization of HMT in the bovine CNS using a polyclonal antibody against bovine HMT. The HMT-like immunoreactivity was observed mainly in neurons. Strongly immunoreactive neurons were present in the oculomotor nucleus and ruber nucleus in the midbrain, the facial nucleus in the pons, the dorsal vagal nucleus and hypoglossal nucleus in the medulla oblongata and in the anterior horn as well as intermediolateral zone of the spinal cord. Intermediately immunoreactive neurons were present in the piriform cortex and the inferior olivary nucleus. The grey matter of the forebrain regions was diffusely and faintly stained. In the cerebellum and the striatum, the nerve fibres in the white matter were positive. The tuberomammillary nucleus, where histaminergic neurons are present, were weakly positive. The other immunoreactive structures in the CNS were blood vessels. Almost all of the blood vessel walls, irrespective of whether they were arterial or venous, were variably stained. The glial fibrillary acidic protein- (GFAP-) immunoreactive astrocytes were not stained. These findings indicated that histamine released from histaminergic nerve terminals or varicose fibres is methylated mainly in postsynaptic or extrasynaptic neurons rather than in astrocytes. The localization of HMT in the blood vessel wall may mean that blood-borne histamine and histamine released from mast cells associated with the blood vessels are catabolized in this structure. [source]

    Enhanced proliferation of progenitor cells in the subventricular zone and limited neuronal production in the striatum and neocortex of adult macaque monkeys after global cerebral ischemia,

    JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE RESEARCH, Issue 6 2005
    Anton B. Tonchev
    Abstract Cerebral ischemia in adult rodent models increases the proliferation of endogenous neural progenitor cells residing in the subventricular zone along the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle (SVZa) and induces neurogenesis in the postischemic striatum and cortex. Whether the adult primate brain preserves a similar ability in response to an ischemic insult is uncertain. We used the DNA synthesis indicator bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) to label newly generated cells in adult macaque monkeys and show here that the proliferation of cells with a progenitor phenotype (double positive for BrdU and the markers Musashi1, Nestin, and ,III-tubulin) in SVZa increased during the second week after a 20-min transient global brain ischemia. Subsequent progenitor migration seemed restricted to the rostral migratory stream toward the olfactory bulb and ischemia increased the proportion of adult-generated cells retaining their location in SVZa with a progenitor phenotype. Despite the lack of evidence for progenitor cell migration toward the postischemic striatum or prefrontal neocortex, a small but sustained proportion of BrdU-labeled cells expressed features of postmitotic neurons (positive for the protein NeuN and the transcription factors Tbr1 and Islet1) in these two regions for at least 79 days after ischemia. Taken together, our data suggest an enhanced neurogenic response in the adult primate telencephalon after a cerebral ischemic insult. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]

    Size at maturity and egg capsules of the softnose skates Bathyraja brachyurops (Fowler, 1910) and Bathyraja macloviana (Norman, 1937) (Elasmobranchii: Rajidae) in the SW Atlantic (37°00,,39°30,S)

    JOURNAL OF APPLIED ICHTHYOLOGY, Issue 2009
    L. Paesch
    Summary The softnose skates Bathyraja brachyurops and Bathyraja macloviana represent an important portion of the skate catches of the Uruguayan trawling fleet in the southwestern Atlantic. From March to October 2004, specimens of these species were collected at 75,200 m depth range in the area situated between latitudes 37°00,,39°30,S. For B. brachyurops, total length at which 50% of the specimens were retained by the gear was 68.0 cm for both sexes; TL50 was estimated at 65.4 cm for males and 67.0 cm for females. For B. macloviana, total length at which 50% of the specimens were retained was 56.0,57.0 cm for both sexes; TL50 was estimated at 53.5 cm for males and 52.0 cm for females. Egg capsule length varied from 79,91 mm in B. brachyurops and 69,75.5 mm in B. macloviana. In both species, capsules displayed striated surfaces and similar gross morphology, although egg capsules of B. macloviana had more robust anterior horns and a smaller size than those of B. brachyurops. Egg capsules of the latter also exhibited microscopical prickles. Capsule edges were laterally keeled with a groove along the keel, and a straight and transverse velum was present in the egg capsules of both species. [source]

    An autopsy case of frontotemporal dementia with severe dysarthria and motor neuron disease showing numerous basophilic inclusions

    NEUROPATHOLOGY, Issue 5 2006
    Kenji Ishihara
    We report a clinicopathological study of a patient suffering from frontotemporal dementia (FTD) with severe dysarthria and concomitant motor neuron disease (MND). The patient was a 52-year-old woman with almost simultaneous emergence of severe dysarthria and FTD. The severe dysarthria subsequently evolved into anterior opercular syndrome. Motor neuron signs then emerged, and the patient developed akinetic mutism approximately 2 years after the onset of the disease. The patient died of pneumonia after a 7-year clinical illness. Pathologically, severe and widespread degeneration in the frontal and temporal lobes, including the anterior opercular area, limbic system, basal ganglia, spinal cord and cerebellum, and frequent ubiquitin- and tau-negative basophilic inclusions were observed. The pyramidal tracts and anterior horns of the cervical cord also showed marked degeneration. Cases showing basophilic inclusions reported so far have been divided into two groups: early onset FTD and MND with basophilic inclusions. Our case presented clinicopathological features of both FTD and MND, which suggests that cases showing basophilic inclusions may constitute a clinicopathological entity of FTD/MND. [source]

    Masses of phosphorylated neurofilaments are associated with abnormal Golgi apparatus of anterior horn neurons of ,, ,,-iminodipropionitrile-intoxicated rats

    NEUROPATHOLOGY, Issue 2 2002
    Makoto Uesugi
    The Golgi apparatus (GA) of anterior horn neurons of rats chronically intoxicated with ,,,,-iminodipropionitrile (IDPN) in drinking water was examined with an organelle-specific antibody. The neuropile of the anterior horns contained the typical axonal spheroids associated with IDPN toxicity while the perikarya of approximately one-third of the neurons contained phosphorylated neurofilaments, which are not found in the perikarya of control rat neurons. By serial or double immunostaining with the SMI-31 and anti-MG 160 antibodies, there were no morphological changes of the GA in the majority of neurons including neurons with a mild to moderate degree of neurofilamentous accumulation. However, a few neurons with a massive accumulation of phosphorylated neurofilaments contained abnormal profiles of the GA which consisted of focal clustering, reduction in size and fragmentation. The results suggest that masses of phosphorylated neurofilaments are associated with struc-tural abnormalities of the GA. [source]

    Spinal Cord Neuronal Pathology in Multiple Sclerosis

    BRAIN PATHOLOGY, Issue 4 2009
    Christopher P. Gilmore MRCP
    Abstract The objective of this study was to assess neuronal pathology in the spinal cord in multiple sclerosis (MS), both within myelinated and demyelinated tissue. Autopsy material was obtained from 38 MS cases and 21 controls. Transverse sections were taken from three spinal cord levels and stained using Luxol Fast Blue/Cresyl Violet and myelin protein immunohistochemistry. Measurements of neuronal number and size were made for all neurons within the anterior horns of the gray matter. Neurons were classified as motoneurons or interneurons according to size criteria. In comparison with controls, both motoneuron and interneuron number were reduced in MS cases at the upper cervical (interneuron P = 0.0549; motoneuron P = 0.0073) and upper thoracic (interneuron P = 0.0507; motoneuron P = 0.0144), but not the lumbar level. Interneuron cross-sectional area was reduced in MS cases at all levels (upper cervical, P = 0.0000; upper thoracic, P = 0.0002; lumbar, P = 0.0337). Neuronal loss appears to be predominantly related to local gray matter plaques, whereas interneuron atrophy occurs in both myelinated and demyelinated areas. [source]