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Terms modified by Lee Selected AbstractsEnhancement of Light Extraction Through the Wave-Guiding Effect of ZnO Sub-microrods in InGaN Blue Light-Emitting DiodesADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 7 2010Ki Seok Kim Abstract The improvement of the light extraction efficiency (LEE) of a conventional InGaN blue light-emitting diode (LED) by the incorporation of one-dimensional ZnO sub-microrods is reported. The LEE is improved by 31% through the wave-guiding effect of ZnO sub-microrods compared to LEDs without the sub-microrods. Different types of ZnO microrods/sub-microrods are produced using a simple non-catalytic wet chemical growth method at a low temperature (90,°C) on an indium-tin-oxide (ITO) top contact layer with no seed layer. The crystal morphologies of needle-like or flat-top hexagonal structures, and the ZnO microrods/sub-microrod density and size are easily modified by controlling the pH value and growth time. The wave-guiding phenomenon within the ZnO rods is observed using confocal scanning electroluminescence microscopy and micro-electroluminescence spectra. [source] Grammar Acquisition and Processing Instruction: Secondary and Cumulative Effects,by BENATI, ALESSANDRO G., & JAMES F. LEEMODERN LANGUAGE JOURNAL, Issue 1 2010CLAUDIA FERNÁNDEZ No abstract is available for this article. [source] Researching Second Language Classrooms by MCKAY, SANDRA LEEMODERN LANGUAGE JOURNAL, Issue 2 2008REBECCA L. CHISM No abstract is available for this article. [source] Identification and characterization of NleA, a non-LEE-encoded type III translocated virulence factor of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7MOLECULAR MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 5 2004Samantha Gruenheid Summary Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 uses a specialized protein translocation apparatus, the type III secretion system (TTSS), to deliver bacterial effector proteins into host cells. These effectors interfere with host cytoskeletal pathways and signalling cascades to facilitate bacterial survival and replication and promote disease. The genes encoding the TTSS and all known type III secreted effectors in EHEC are localized in a single pathogenicity island on the bacterial chromosome known as the locus for enterocyte effacement (LEE). In this study, we performed a proteomic analysis of proteins secreted by the LEE-encoded TTSS of EHEC. In addition to known LEE-encoded type III secreted proteins, such as EspA, EspB and Tir, a novel protein, NleA (non- LEE-encoded effector A), was identified. NleA is encoded in a prophage-associated pathogenicity island within the EHEC genome, distinct from the LEE. The LEE-encoded TTSS directs translocation of NleA into host cells, where it localizes to the Golgi apparatus. In a panel of strains examined by Southern blot and database analyses, nleA was found to be present in all other LEE-containing pathogens examined, including enteropathogenic E. coli and Citrobacter rodentium, and was absent from non-pathogenic strains of E. coli and non-LEE-containing pathogens. NleA was determined to play a key role in virulence of C. rodentium in a mouse infection model. [source] Activation of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) LEE2 and LEE3 operons by LerMOLECULAR MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 4 2000Vanessa Sperandio Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) produces attaching and effacing lesions (AE) on epithelial cells. The genes involved in the formation of the AE lesions are contained within a pathogenicity island named the locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE). The LEE comprises 41 open reading frames organized in five major operons: LEE1, LEE2, LEE3, LEE4 and tir. The first gene of the LEE1 operon encodes a transcription activator of the other LEE operons that is called the LEE-encoded regulator (Ler). The LEE2 and LEE3 operons are divergently transcribed with overlapping ,10 promoter regions, and gene fusion studies have shown that they are both activated by Ler. Deletion analysis, using lacZ reporter fusions, of the LEE2 and LEE3 promoters demonstrated that deletions extending closer to the LEE2 transcription start site than ,247 bp lead to loss of activation by Ler, whereas only 70 bp upstream of the LEE3 transcription start site is required for Ler-mediated activation. We have purified Ler as a His-tagged protein and used it to perform DNA-binding assays with LEE2 and LEE3. We observed that Ler bound to a DNA fragment containing the ,300 to +1 region of LEE2; however, it failed to bind to a DNA fragment containing the ,300 to +1 region of LEE3, suggesting that Ler activates both operons by only binding to the regulatory region upstream of LEE2. The Ler-activatable LEE3::lacZ fusions extended to what would be ,246 bp of the LEE2 operon. A lacZ fusion from the ,300 to +1 region of LEE3 failed to be activated by Ler, consistent with our hypothesis that Ler activates the expression of LEE2 and LEE3 by binding to a region located downstream of the LEE3 transcription start site. DNase I footprinting revealed that Ler protected a region of 121 bp upstream of LEE2. Purified Ler mutated in the coiled-coil domain was unable to activate transcription and to bind to the LEE2 regulatory region. These data indicate that Ler may bind as a multimer to LEE2 and activate both divergent operons by a novel mechanism potentially involving changes in the DNA structure. [source] IN RESPONSE TO DRS. PLANCARTE, GUAJARDO, AND LEEPAIN PRACTICE, Issue 4 2008ABIPP, Miles Day MD No abstract is available for this article. [source] On the Improvement of Efficiency and Storage Requirements of the Discontinuous Galerkin Method for AeroacousticsPROCEEDINGS IN APPLIED MATHEMATICS & MECHANICS, Issue 1 2003M. Dumbser For Computational Aeroacoustics (CAA), good wave propagation properties are a crucial point for numerical schemes which solve the linearized Euler equations (LEE) in the time domain. A recently developed high order scheme with excellent wave propagation properties is the Discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method. The DG schemes are based on the Finite Element Method (FEM), using discontinuous piecewise polynomial basis functions to represent the solution. The efficiency can be highly improved for CAA applications if a quadrature-free formulation of the DG method is used, but nevertheless the DG schemes consume much computer storage due to the Runge-Kutta time integration procedure and the high number of degrees of freedom to be stored for each element. We managed to develop a high order single-step quadrature-free DG method which does not use a Runge-Kutta time integration procedure but which applies the ADER approach of Toro, Schwartzkopff et al. and where the accuracy of the scheme can further be improved using additionally a reconstruction technique working on the degrees of freedom of the element and its neighbors. [source] Nonlinear Dimensionality Reduction by LEE, J. A. and VERLEYSEN, M.BIOMETRICS, Issue 2 2009Haonan Wang No abstract is available for this article. [source] JAN LEE: A JOURNEY OF INDIVIDUATIONBRITISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHOTHERAPY, Issue 2 2007Christopher Perry No abstract is available for this article. [source] Theoretical Studies of Damage to 3,-Uridine Monophosphate Induced by Electron AttachmentCHEMISTRY - A EUROPEAN JOURNAL, Issue 9 2008bo Zhang Ass. Abstract Low-energy electrons (LEE) are well known to induce nucleic acid damage. However, the damage mechanisms related to charge state and structural features remain to be explored in detail. In the present work, we have investigated the N1-glycosidic and C3,O(P) bond ruptures of 3,-UMP (UMP=uridine monophosphate) and the protonated form 3,-UMPH with ,1 and zero charge, respectively, based on hybrid density functional theory (DFT) B3,LYP together with the 6-31+G(d,p) basis set. The glycosidic bond breakage reactions of the 3,UMP and 3,UMPH electron adducts are exothermic in both cases, with barrier heights of 19,20,kcal,mol,1 upon inclusion of bulk solvation. The effects of the charge state on the phosphate group are marginal, but the C2,OH group destabilizes the transition structure of glycosidic bond rupture of 3,-UMPH in the gas phase by approximately 5.0,kcal,mol,1. This is in contrast with the C3,O(P) bond ruptures induced by LEE in which the charge state on the phosphate influences the barrier heights and reaction energies considerably. The barrier towards C3,O(P) bond dissociation in the 3,UMP electron adduct is higher in the gas phase than the one corresponding to glycosidic bond rupture and is dramatically influenced by the C2,OH group and bulk salvation, which decreases the barrier to 14.7,kcal,mol,1. For the C3,O(P) bond rupture of the 3,UMPH electron adduct, the reaction is exothermic and the barrier is even lower, 8.2,kcal,mol,1, which is in agreement with recent results for 3,-dTMPH and 5,-dTMPH (dTMPH=deoxythymidine monophosphate). Both the Mulliken atomic charges and unpaired-spin distribution play significant roles in the reactions. [source] Comprehensive Analysis of DNA Strand Breaks at the Guanosine Site Induced by Low-Energy Electron AttachmentCHEMPHYSCHEM, Issue 1 2010Jiande Gu Prof. Dr. Abstract To elucidate the role of guanosine in DNA strand breaks caused by low-energy electrons (LEEs), theoretical investigations of the LEE attachment-induced CO ,-bonds and N-glycosidic bond breaking of 2,-deoxyguanosine-3,,5,-diphosphate (3,,5,-dGMP) were performed using the B3LYP/DZP++ approach. The results reveal possible reaction pathways in the gas phase and in aqueous solutions. In the gas phase LEEs could attach to the phosphate group adjacent to the guanosine to form a radical anion. However, the small vertical detachment energy (VDE) of the radical anion of guanosine 3,,5,-diphosphate in the gas phase excludes either CO bond cleavage or N-glycosidic bond breaking. In the presence of the polarizable surroundings, the solvent effects dramatically increase the electron affinities of the 3,,5,-dGDP and the VDE of 3,,5,-dGDP,. Furthermore, the solvent,solute interactions greatly reduce the activation barriers of the CO bond cleavage to 1.06,3.56 kcal,mol,1. These low-energy barriers ensure that either C5,O5, or C3,O3, bond rupture takes place at the guanosine site in DNA single strands. On the other hand, the comparatively high energy barrier of the N-glycosidic bond rupture implies that this reaction pathway is inferior to CO bond cleavage. Qualitative agreement was found between the theoretical sequence of the bond breaking reaction pathways in the PCM model and the ratio for the corresponding bond breaks observed in the experiment of LEE-induced damage in oligonucleotide tetramer CGTA. This concord suggests that the influence of the surroundings in the thin solid film on the LEE-induced DNA damage resembles that of the solvent. [source] THE MOLECULAR FUTURE IN CYTOLOGYCYTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 2006M. Salto-Tellez Molecular diagnosis is the application of molecular biology techniques and knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of disease to diagnosis, prognostication and treatment of diseases. Molecular Diagnosis is, arguably, the fastest growing area of diagnostic medicine. The US market for molecular testing generated $1.3 billion in 2000, which was predicted to increase to about $4.2 billion by 2007.1 We proposed the term Diagnostic Molecular Cytopathology to define the application of molecular diagnosis to cytopathology2. Diagnostic Molecular Cytopathology is essential for the following reasons: (i) Molecular testing is sometimes indispensable to establish an unequivocal diagnosis on cell preparations; (ii) Molecular testing provides extra information on the prognosis or therapy of diseases diagnosed by conventional cytology; (iii) Molecular testing provides genetic information on the inherited nature of diseases that can be directly investigated in cytology samples, by either exfoliation or by fine needle aspiration; (iv) Sometimes the cytopathology sample is the most convenient (or the only available) source of material for molecular testing; (v). Direct molecular interrogation of cells allows for a diagnostic correlation that would otherwise not be possible. Parallel to this direct diagnostic implication, cytopathology is increasing important in the validation of biomarkers for specific diseases, and in therefore of significant importance in the overall translational research strategies. We illustrate its application in some of the main areas of oncology molecular testing, such as molecular fingerprinting of neoplasms,3 lymphoreticular diseases,2 sarcomas4 and lung cancer,5 as well as translational research using diagnostic cytopathology techniques. The next years will see the consolidation of Diagnostic Molecular Cytopathology, a process that will lead to a change of many paradigms. In general, diagnostic pathology departments will have to reorganize molecular testing to pursue a cost-efficient operation. Sample preparation will have to take into account optimal preservation of nuclear acids. The training of technical staff and the level of laboratory quality control and quality assurance would have to follow strict clinical (not research) laboratory parameters. And, most importantly, those pathologists undertaking molecular diagnosis as a discipline would have to develop their professional expertise within the same framework of fellowships and professional credentials that is offered in other sub-specialties. The price to pay if this effort is not undertaken is too important for the future of diagnostic pathology in general. The increasing characterization of molecular biomarkers with diagnostic, prognostic or therapeutic value is making the analysis of tissue and cell samples prior to treatment a more complex exercise. If cytopathologists and histopathologists allow others to take charge of molecular diagnosis, our overall contribution to the diagnostic process will be diminished. We may not become less important, but we may become less relevant. However, those within the discipline of diagnostic pathology who can combine the clinical background of diseases with the morphological, immunocytochemical and molecular diagnostic interpretation will represent bona fide diagnostic specialists. Such ,molecular cytopathologists' would place themselves at the centre of clinical decision-making. Reference:, 1. Liz Fletcher. Roche leads molecular diagnostics charge. Nature Biotechnol 20, 6,7; 2002 2. Salto-Tellez M and Koay ESC. Molecular Diagnostic Cytopathology - Definitions, Scope and Clinical Utility. Cytopathology 2004; 15:252,255 3. Salto-Tellez M, Zhang D, Chiu LL, Wang SC, Nilsson B, and Koay ESC. Immunocytochemistry Versus Molecular Fingerprinting of Metastases. Cytopathology, 2003 Aug; 14(4):186,90. 4. Chiu LL, Koay SCE, Chan NL and Salto-Tellez M. Molecular Cytopathology: Sequencing of the EWS-WT1 Gene Fusion Transcript in the Peritoneal Effusion of a Patient with Desmoplastic Small Round Cell Tumour. Diagnostic Cytopathology, 2003 Dec; 29(6): 341,3. 5. TM Chin, D Anuar, R Soo, M Salto-Tellez, WQ Li, B Ahmad, SC Lee, BC Goh, K Kawakami, A Segal, B Iacopetta, R Soong. Sensitive and Cost-Effective deptection of epidermal growth factor Receptor Mutations in Small Biopsies by denaturing High Performance Liquid Chromatography. (In press). [source] Reduction in the Incidence of Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients Treated with Cyclic Photodynamic TherapyDERMATOLOGIC SURGERY, Issue 5 2010ANDREA WILLEY MD BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) produce significant morbidity in solid organ transplant recipients (SOTRs), particularly in patients who develop multiple tumors. Topical photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been shown to decrease the number of keratotic lesions in SOTRs, but the duration of the beneficial effect is limited. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential benefit of cyclic PDT in the prevention of new SCCs in SOTRs. METHODS Twelve high-risk SOTRs received cyclic PDT treatments at 4- to 8-week intervals for 2 years. The development of new SCCs (invasive and in situ) performed 12 and 24 months after the start of cyclic PDT were compared with the number of SCCs developed during the year before initiation of cyclic PDT. RESULTS The median reduction in the 12- and 24-month post-treatment counts from the 1-month pretreatment counts was 79.0% (73.3,81.8%) and 95.0% (87.5,100.0%), respectively. Treatments were well tolerated. CONCLUSION Cyclic PDT with 5-aminolevulinic acid may reduce the incidence of SCC in SOTRs. Additional studies with larger numbers of patients and optimized protocols are necessary to further explore the potential benefits of cyclic PDT in the prevention of skin cancer in this high-risk patient population. Dr. Lee is member of the Medical Advisory Board of Dusa Pharmaceuticals, Inc. [source] Not All Venous Malformations Needed Therapy Because They Are Not Arteriovenous MalformationsDERMATOLOGIC SURGERY, Issue 3 2010B. B. LEE MD B. B. Lee, MD, has indicated no significant interest with commercial supporters. [source] Complex-valued multidirectional associative memoryELECTRICAL ENGINEERING IN JAPAN, Issue 1 2007Masaki Kobayashi Abstract Hopfield model is a representative associative memory. It was improved to Bidirectional Associative Memory (BAM) by Kosko and to Multidirectional Associative Memory (MAM) by Hagiwara. They have two layers or multilayers. Since they have symmetric connections between layers, they ensure convergence. MAM can deal with multiples of many patterns, such as (x1,x2,,), where xm is the pattern on layer m. Copyright © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Noest, Hirose, and Nemoto proposed complex-value Hopfield model. Lee proposed complex-valued Bidirectional Associative Memory. Zemel proved the rotation invariance of complex-valued Hopfield model. It means that the rotated pattern in also stored. In this paper, the complex-valued Multidirectional Associative Memory is proposed. The rotation invariance is also proved. Moreover it is shown by computer simulation that the differences of angles of given patterns are automatically reduced. At first we define complex-valued Multidirectional Associative Memory. Then we define the energy function of network. With the energy function, we prove that the network ensures convergence. Next, we define the learning law and show the characteristic of recall process. The characteristic means that the differences of angles of given patterns are automatically reduced. Especially we prove the following theorem. In the case that only a multiple of patterns is stored, if patterns with different angles are given to each layer, the differences are automatically reduced. Finally, we investigate whether the differences of angles influence the noise robustness. It is found to reduce the noise robustness, because the input to each layer becomes small. We show this by computer simulations. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 159(1): 39,45, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20387 [source] Taxonomic Study of Korean Oedipodinae (Orthoptera: Caelifera: Acrididae)ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH, Issue 2 2005Tae-Woo KIM ABSTRACT As a result of Korean Oedipodinae is taxonomically revised, eleven species are recognized and Microgastrimargus taeguensis Lee and Park 1992 is a new synonym of Oedaleus infernalis Saussure 1884. A key to Korean species of Oedipodinae, and description of a little known species Epacromius japonicus (Shiraki 1910) are provided. [source] Loving styles: relationships with personality and attachment stylesEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY, Issue 2 2004Patrick C. L. Heaven We investigated the ability of the major personality dimensions, some of their underlying facet scales, and attachment styles to predict primary and secondary loving styles, as conceptualized by Lee. Personality was assessed using the International Personality Item Pool, and attachment styles through an inventory devised by Collins and Read. Respondents were 302 undergraduate students (212 females; 90 males) who participated in the study in exchange for course credit. Results of regression path analysis showed that N was the only personality dimension without direct predictive links to loving styles. Instead, the influence of N was through an anxious attachment style. There were no personality predictors of Agape, and similarities were also observed between these results and those obtained in Hong Kong. The results are discussed with reference to previous studies and some suggestions for further research are also noted. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Gone too far,or not far enough?EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY, Issue 1 2002Comments on the article by Ashton, Lee (2001) Ashton and Lee argue that Honesty should be added to the Big Five model of personality as a sixth factor, and present a theoretical framework for interpreting Big Five factors and Honesty that helps make sense of the proposed six-factor structure. The attempt by Ashton and Lee to go beyond the Big Five is applauded, but numerous problems are evident. Adding Honesty to the Big Five is plausible only if one ignores key assumptions that the Big Five model consists of independent factors that are candidates for pervasive lexical universals. The proposal does not take into account significant deviations from the Anglo-Germanic Big Five that have occurred in emic studies of languages having their origin outside of northern Europe, nor potential substantive interpretations of the widely replicated Negative Valence factor. Future studies should seek improvements or alternatives to the Big Five in a way that keeps constituent factors well discriminated from one another and enhances the likelihood of ubiquity across diverse languages and cultures. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Books and Materials ReviewsFAMILY RELATIONS, Issue 2 2003Article first published online: 17 FEB 200 Demo, D. H., Allen, K. R., and Fine, M. A. (Eds.). (1999). Handbook of Family Diversity. Golombok, S. (2000). Parenting: What Really Counts? Hewlett, S. A., Rankin, N., and West, C. (Eds.) (2002). Taking Parenting Public: The Case for a New Social Movement. Kozol, J. (2000). Ordinary Resurrections: Children in the Years of Hope. Krovetz, M. L. (1999). Fostering Resiliency: Expecting All Students to Use Their Minds Well. Lee, E. E. (2000). Nurturing Success: Successful Women of Color and Their Daughters. [source] Biomineralization: Mussel-Inspired Polydopamine Coating as a Universal Route to Hydroxyapatite Crystallization (Adv. Funct.ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 13 2010Mater. A universal biomineralization approach that can integrate hydroxyapatites on virtually any type and shape of substrate is presented. H. Lee, C. B. Park, and co-workers show on page 2132 that polydopamine, a catecholamine surface modifier inspired by adhesive proteins found in mussels, enriches calcium ions at the interface, facilitating the formation of biomimetic hydroxyapatite crystals. [source] Fluorescent Nanoprobes: Fluorescent Gold Nanoprobe Sensitive to Intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species (Adv. Funct.ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 12 2009Mater. On page 1884, H. Lee and co-workers report fluorescent gold nanoprobes sensitive to reactive oxygen species (ROS). Using nanoparticle surface energy transfer between gold nanoparticles and end-dopamine modified fluorescein-hyaluronic acid conjugates, gold nanoprobes are created with extreme sensitivity to intracellular ROS. The cover image shows real time monitoring of intracellular ROS generation within macrophage cells via fluorescence recovery of the nanoprobes. [source] Inverse-Opal Electrodes: Compact Inverse-Opal Electrode Using Non-Aggregated TiO2 Nanoparticles for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (Adv. Funct.ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 7 2009Mater. On page 1093, Hyunjung Lee and co-workers report a novel method to fabricate an inverse-opal electrode for dye-sensitized solar cells. Compact and ordered TiO2 inverse-opal photoelectrodes are prepared using a 3D colloidal array templating route with flexible dimensional control of pore size. Organic-layer-coated TiO2 nanoparticles improved the degree of infiltration and consequently minimized the volume contraction during thermal calcinations of the colloidal template within the inverse opal structure. [source] Comprehensive Modeling of Ion Conduction of Nanosized CaF2/BaF2 Multilayer HeterostructuresADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 1 2009Xiangxin Guo Abstract Molecular beam epitaxy-grown CaF2/BaF2 heterolayers are a demonstration of the potential of nanoionics. It has been shown that ion conductivities both parallel and perpendicular to the interfaces increase with decrease in interfacial spacing. This size effect was attributed to the thermodynamically necessary redistribution of the mobile fluoride ions (N. Sata, K. Eberl, K. Eberman, J. Maier, Nature 2000, 408, 946; X. X. Guo, I. Matei, J.-S. Lee, J. Maier, Appl. Phys. Lett. 2007, 91, 103102). On this basis, the striking phenomenon of an upward bending in the effective parallel conductivity as a function of inverse interfacial spacing for low temperatures (T,,,593,K) has been satisfactorily explained by application of a modified Mott,Schottky model for BaF2 (X.X. Guo, I. Matei, J. Jamnik, J.-S. Lee, J. Maier, Phys. Rev. B 2007, 76, 125429). This model was further confirmed by measurements perpendicular to the interfaces that offer complementary information on the more resistive parts. Here a successful comprehensive modeling of parallel and perpendicular conductivities for the whole parameter range, namely for interfacial spacings ranging from 6 to 200,nm and investigated temperatures ranging from 455 to 833,K, is presented. The model is based on literature data for carrier mobilities and Frenkel reaction constants and the assumption of a pronounced F, redistribution. Given the fact that an impurity content that was experimentally supported is taken into account and apart from minor assumptions concerning profile homogeneity, the only fit parameter is the space charge potential. In particular, it is worth mentioning that in BaF2 the low temperature Mott,Schottky space charge zone which is determined by impurities changes over, at high temperatures, into a Gouy,Chapman situation owing to increased thermal disorder. (The situation in CaF2 is of Gouy,Chapman type at all temperatures.) [source] Colloidal Networks: Polymorphic Meniscus Convergence for Construction of Quasi-Periodic Assemblies and Networks of Colloidal Nanoparticles (Adv. Mater.ADVANCED MATERIALS, Issue 37 201037/2010) Quasi-periodic colloidal networks can be constructed on the basis of polymorphic meniscus convergence (MC) in an air-cavity-embedded, nanocolloidal system, report Sin-Doo Lee and coworkers on p. 4172. Depending on the flow associated with the air-cavities, the colloidal particles are self-organized into nanowires through binary MC, hexagonal networks with Y-junctions through ternary MC and square networks with X-junctions through quaternary MC, reflecting the flow symmetry according to the air-cavity deformation. [source] The Church of England and the Durham Coalfield, 1810,1926: Clergymen, Capitalists and Colliers , By Robert LeeHISTORY, Issue 320 2010ALAN HEESOM No abstract is available for this article. [source] Drug Delivery: Drawing Lithography: Three-Dimensional Fabrication of an Ultrahigh-Aspect-Ratio Microneedle (Adv. Mater.ADVANCED MATERIALS, Issue 4 20104/2010) Ultrahigh-aspect-ratio microneedles can be fabricated via "drawing lithography", a novel technique in which a thermosetting polymer is directly drawn from a two-dimensional solid surface without the need for a mask and light irradiation. Kwang Lee and co-workers demonstrate this technique on p. 483. The inside cover shows a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image of three-dimensional structures with ultrahigh aspect ratios, potentially suitable as drug-delivery devices that could replace hypodermic syringes. [source] George Canning and Liberal Toryism, 1801,1827 , By Stephen M. LeeHISTORY, Issue 316 2009RICHARD A. GAUNT No abstract is available for this article. [source] Nonvolatile Memory: Majority Carrier Type Conversion with Floating Gates in Carbon Nanotube Transistors (Adv. Mater.ADVANCED MATERIALS, Issue 47 200947/2009) A charge trapping layer can serve not only for designing multilevel nonvolatile memory but also for reversible type conversion from p- to n-type in carbon nanotube channels. Young Hee Lee and co-workers demonstrate on p. 4821 that reversible conversion from p- to n-type can be robustly realized in CNT field-effect transistors by changing the polarity of trapped charges. [source] An application of the unfolding model to explain turnover in a sample of military officersHUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT, Issue 1 2007Daniel T. Holt Questionnaire data from 182Air Force officers who had voluntarily separated from the service were used to test Lee and Mitchell's (1994) unfolding model of voluntary turnover. Specifically, Lee and Mitchell predict five distinct paths to voluntary turnover, explaining the sequence of deliberate and impulsive decisions individuals make as they choose to leave organizations, where individuals interpret an organizational event, assess their relation to the workplace, evaluate options, and enact a response. Results indicate that 47% of the participants followed those five paths. Model modifications were made that reflect the unique nature of military service where members have preexisting plans to leave the service after a defined period or event. These modifications capture an additional 36% to explain 83% of the turnover decisions. The implications of these findings are addressed. ©2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] Regulation of IL-4 production in mast cells: a paradigm for cell-type-specific gene expressionIMMUNOLOGICAL REVIEWS, Issue 1 2001Deborah L. Weiss Summary: The role of interleukin (IL)-4 as an important immunomodulatory cytokine is well established. IL-4 exhibits a highly restricted pattern of expression by cells of distinct lineages. The cell types that produce IL-4 are located in anatomically distinct locations (e.g. circulating T cells vs. fixed tissue mast cells) and thus have access to different IL-4-responsive target cells. In addition, these cells appear to regulate IL-4 expression in cell-type-specific ways. These findings suggest that an understanding of IL-4 gene regulation in T and mast cells could provide the means to specifically control IL-4 release in a lineage- and site-specific manner. In this article we review the current knowledge regarding the cell-type specific regulation of IL-4 gene expression in mast cells and compare this to what has been defined in T cells. We show that there are distinct yet parallel events that control developmentally determined chromatin modifications, allowing accessibility of the locus, and provide the potential for transcription. In differentiated cells, a subset of unique cell activation signals initiates the cascade of events that lead to transcriptional activation of the IL-4 gene. This work was supported by the National Science Foundation (DLW), the National Institutes of Health and the Multiple Sclerosis Society (MAB). We appreciate the technical and intellectual contributions of many colleagues including Doris Powell, John Hural, Tammy Nachman, Ben Hock, David Tara, Greg Henkel, Susan Lee, Millie Kwan, Melanie Sherman and Ginny Secor. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||