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Lateral Spreading (lateral + spreading)
Selected AbstractsThermal evolution of the orogenic lower crust during exhumation within a thickened Moldanubian root of the Variscan belt of Central EuropeJOURNAL OF METAMORPHIC GEOLOGY, Issue 2 2006L. TAJ, MANOVá Abstract At the eastern margin of the Bohemian Massif (Variscan belt of Central Europe), large bodies of felsic granulite preserve mineral assemblages and structures developed during the early stages of exhumation of the orogenic lower continental crust within the Moldanubian orogenic root. The development of an early steep fabric is associated with east,west-oriented compression and vertical extrusion of the high-grade rocks into higher crustal levels. The high-pressure mineral assemblage Grt-Ky-Kfs-Pl-Qtz-Liq corresponds to metamorphic pressures of ,18 kbar at ,850 °C, which are minimum estimates, whereas crystallization of biotite occurred at 13 kbar and ,790 °C during decompression with slight cooling. The late stages of the granulite exhumation were associated with lateral spreading of associated high-grade rocks over a middle crustal unit at ,4 kbar and ,700 °C, as estimated from accompanying cordierite-bearing gneisses. The internal structure of a contemporaneously intruded syenite is coherent with late structures developed in felsic granulites and surrounding gneisses, and the magma only locally explored the early subvertical fabric of the felsic granulite during emplacement. Consequently, the emplacement age of the syenite provides an independent constraint on the timing of the final stages of exhumation and allows calculation of exhumation and cooling rates, which for this part of the Variscan orogenic root are 2.9,3.5 mm yr,1 and 7,9.4 °C Myr,1, respectively. The final part of the temperature evolution shows very rapid cooling, which is interpreted as the result of juxtaposition of hot high-grade rocks with a cold upper-crustal lid. [source] Vertical extrusion and middle crustal spreading of omphacite granulite: a model of syn-convergent exhumation (Bohemian Massif, Czech Republic)JOURNAL OF METAMORPHIC GEOLOGY, Issue 3 2004típská Abstract The exhumation of eclogite facies granulites (Omp,Plg,Grt,Qtz,Rt) in the Rychleby Mts, eastern Czech Republic, was a localised process initiated by buckling of crustal layers in a thickened orogenic root. Folding and post-buckle flattening was followed by the main stage of exhumation that is characterized by vertical ductile extrusion. This process is documented by structural data, and the vertical ascent of rocks from a depth of c. 70 to c. 35 km is documented by metamorphic petrology. SHRIMP 206Pb/238U and 207Pb/206Pb evaporation zircon ages of 342 ± 5 and 341.4 ± 0.7 Ma date peak metamorphic conditions. The next stage of exhumation was associated with sideways flat thrusting associated with lateral viscous spreading of granulites and surrounding rocks over indenting adjacent continental crust at a depth of c. 35,30 km. This stage was associated with syntectonic intrusion of a granodiorite sill at 345,339 Ma, emplaced at a crustal depth of c. 25 km. The time required for cooling of the sill as well as for heating of the country rocks brackets this event to a maximum of 250 000 years. Therefore, similar ages of crystallization for the granodiorite magma and the peak of eclogite facies metamorphism of the granulite suggest a very short period of exhumation, limited by the analytical errors of the dating methods. Our calculations suggest that the initial exhumation rate during vertical extrusion was 3,15 mm yr,1, followed by an exhumation rate of 24,40 mm yr,1 during further uplift along a magma-lubricated shear zone. The extrusion stage of exhumation was associated with a high cooling rate, which decreased during the stage of lateral spreading. [source] Preferential flow and aging of NAPL in the unsaturated soil zone of a hazardous waste site: implications for contaminant transportJOURNAL OF PLANT NUTRITION AND SOIL SCIENCE, Issue 1 2003Kai U. Totsche Abstract Flow of non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPL) in the unsaturated zone is thought to be driven by gravity with a dominant vertical flow direction, and lateral spreading to be limited to the gradient of the relative permeabilities. The effect of soil profile build-up, preferential flow, aging, and groundwater level fluctuations is mostly neglected. The objective of our study was to check the effects of such processes on the fate of NAPL in the unsaturated soil zone. At a hazardous waste site, we conducted a field survey of the unsaturated soil zone and monitored the groundwater for a two year period. We conducted spatially resolved and depth dependent soil sampling and analysis and the evaluation of former ram and core drilling protocols. The samples were analyzed for the 16 EPA PAH and alkanes with GC-MS and GC-FID. 13C-NMR spectroscopy was used to assess structural changes of the NAPL phase. Flow of bulk NAPL along macropores and along preferential permeability structures, like sedimentation discontinuities, are the dominant transport pathways which cause large lateral spreading beyond those expected by the relative permeability gradient. Accumulation of NAPL was found at locations with abrupt textural changes and within the zone of capillary rise. Aging of NAPL results in the depletion in soluble and volatile compounds but also in oxidation and polymerization. It increases the chemical diversity and decreases the mobility of the NAPL. Thus, NAPL flow ceases much earlier than expected from the capillary forces. As chemical transformation is restricted to the NAPL water/air interface, a skin-like thin film is formed which encapsulates and preserves the bulk NAPL from further hardening, limiting contaminant mass transfer from the NAPL to the aqueous phase. Präferenzieller Fluss und Alterung nichtwässriger flüssiger Phasen (NAPL) in der ungesättigten Bodenzone eines Altlastenstandortes: Bedeutung für den Stofftransport Bei der Abschätzung der Tiefenverlagerung von nichtwässrigen Phasen (NAPL) in der ungesättigten Bodenzone ging man bisher davon aus, dass der Fluss im Boden eine dominante vertikale Fließkomponente besitzt. Die Bedeutung bevorzugter Fließwege, des Bodenprofils und der Alterung für die Ausbreitung der NAPL wurde bisher nicht untersucht. Ziel unserer Arbeiten war es daher, die Gültigkeit der Vorstellungen zum Transport von NAPL in der ungesättigten Bodenzone zu überprüfen. Hierzu wurde die ungesättigte Bodenzone an einem ehemaligen Teerwerkstandort untersucht und ein zweijähriges Grundwassermonitoring durchgeführt. Es wurde eine tiefendifferenzierte und räumlich aufgelöste Probenahme mit Rammkernsondierungen und Linern durchgeführt, sowie Bohrprotokolle vorhandener Gutachten ausgewertet. In den Proben wurden Alkane mittels GC-FID und PAK mittels GC-MS bestimmt. NAPL wurden 13C-NMR-spektroskopisch untersucht. Der Fluss von NAPL entlang präferenzieller Fließpfade ist der dominante Prozess der Tiefenverlagerung. Dabei kommt es zu einer starken lateralen Ausbreitung von NAPL weit über den Bereich hinaus, der aufgrund der heterogenen Verteilung der relativen Permeabilitäten erwartet werden würde. Innerhalb des Bodenprofils reichern sich NAPL oberhalb der Grenzflächen mit abruptem Texturwechsel und innerhalb der kapillaren Aufstiegszone an. Alterung der NAPL führt zu einer Zunahme der chemischen Diversität und zu einer Abnahme der Mobilität. Die Tiefenverlagerung von NAPL kommt viel früher zum Erliegen als durch Viskosität und Kapillarkräfte zu erwarten wäre. Die strukturchemischen Veränderungen beschränken sich jedoch auf die Grenzfläche NAPL/Wasser bzw. NAPL/Bodenluft: Es bildet sich eine dünne, verhärtete Grenzschicht aus, die die NAPL umhüllt, die weitere Alterung verlangsamt und den Stoffaustausch zwischen NAPL und Bodenwasser bzw. der Bodenluft verringert. [source] | ||||||||||