Late Infection (late + infection)

Distribution by Scientific Domains


Selected Abstracts


Bean dwarf mosaic virus: a model system for the study of viral movement

MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY, Issue 4 2010
AVNER LEVY
SUMMARY Taxonomy:Bean dwarf mosaic virus -[Colombia:1987] (BDMV-[CO:87]) is a single-stranded plant DNA virus, a member of the genus Begomovirus of the family Geminiviridae. Physical properties: BDMV virions are twinned incomplete isosahedra measuring 18 × 30 nm. The viral particle is composed of 110 subunits of coat protein, organized as 22 pentameric capsomers. Each subunit has a molecular mass of ,29 kDa. BDMV possesses two DNA components (designated DNA-A and DNA-B), each ,2.6 kb in size. Host range: The natural and most important host of BDMV is the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). Nicotiana benthamiana is often used as an experimental host. Common bean germplasm can be divided into two major gene pools: Andean materials, which are mostly susceptible to BDMV, and Middle American materials, which are mostly resistant to BDMV. Disease symptoms: The symptom intensity in common bean plants depends on the stage of infection. Early infection of susceptible bean seedlings will result in severe stunting and dwarfing, leaf distortion and mottling or mosaic, as well as chlorotic or yellow spots or blotches. BDMV-infected plants usually abort their flowers or produce severely distorted pods. Late infection of susceptible plants or early infection of moderately resistant genotypes may show a mild mosaic, mottle and crumpling or an irregular distribution of variegated patches. Biological properties: As a member of the Begomovirus group, BDMV is transmitted from plant to plant by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci. BDMV is a nonphloem-limited virus and can replicate and move in the epidermal, cortical and phloem cells. As a nonphloem-limited virus, it is sap-transmissible. [source]


Influence of maternal infection on offspring immune response in murine larval toxocariasis

PARASITE IMMUNOLOGY, Issue 7 2003
K. Reiterová
SUMMARY The impact of Toxocara canis infection on the proportion of CD4+ and CD8+ T splenocytes, the serum concentrations of cytokine IFN-, and IL-5, and the production of Toxocara -specific antibodies were studied in two C57BL6/J mouse groups and their offspring. The mice were infected with 1000 T. canis eggs on the day of mating (early infection) and on day 14 of pregnancy (late infection). Early infection resulted in a significant increase of CD4+ T-cell subtype, however, a decline in CD8+ in comparison with late infection, as well as with non-infected control. The IFN-, serum concentrations decreased in infected mothers after the birth when compared with non-infected mothers, while in the offspring this cytokine was barely or not detectable. In the mothers of both infected groups, the humoral immune response included both parasite-specific IgM and IgG2 antibodies. While IgG1 levels remained constant throughout the whole experiment in mothers with early infection, late-infected mothers became seropositive only 3 weeks after delivery. IgM was not detectable in any offspring. Pups from early-infected mothers had IgG1 antibodies. Conversely, IgG2 was detectable in pups of both experimental infection groups. A significant difference was observed in the amounts of pups/litter of the infected mothers in comparison with the non-infected ones. Only 56% of females after early infection and 79% of those after late infection had a successful pregnancy. However, all mice of the control group produced a litter. The first T. canis larvae were detected in the muscles of the offspring of both groups on day 5 after the birth. These data show the changes in regulatory and cytotoxic immunity mechanisms of the infected mothers and their offspring and the high level of pregnancy loss as a result of larval toxocariasis. [source]


Long-term surveillance with computed tomography after endovascular aneurysm repair may not be justified,

BRITISH JOURNAL OF SURGERY (NOW INCLUDES EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SURGERY), Issue 11 2009
Mr S. A. Black
Background: There is a common perception that a large number of secondary interventions are needed following endovascular aortic aneurysm repair. Methods: Prospective data were collected for a cohort of 417 consecutive elective patients undergoing infrarenal aortic endograft repair between April 2000 and May 2008. The rate of secondary interventions, associated morbidity and need for reintervention following surveillance imaging were analysed. Results: The male : female ratio was 11 : 1, median age 76 (range 40,93) years and median aneurysm diameter 6·1 (5·3,11) cm. The overall 30-day mortality rate was 1·7 per cent (seven of 417). Secondary interventions were performed in 31 patients (7·4 per cent), of which six (1·4 per cent) were detected by surveillance. Endoleaks requiring reintervention occurred in 12 patients (2·9 per cent; ten type I and two type III endoleaks). Limb ischaemia secondary to graft occlusion occurred in 17 patients (4·1 per cent); extra-anatomical bypass was needed in 15 patients (3·6 per cent) and the remaining two had an amputation. Graft explantation following late infection was required in two patients (0·5 per cent). Conclusion: Endoluminal repair of infrarenal aortic aneurysms can be performed with a low reintervention rate. The value of prolonged surveillance seems limited and current surveillance protocols may require revision. Copyright © 2009 British Journal of Surgery Society Ltd. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]


Multicentre retrospective analysis of the outcome of artificial anal sphincter implantation for severe faecal incontinence

BRITISH JOURNAL OF SURGERY (NOW INCLUDES EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SURGERY), Issue 11 2001
Dr D. F. Altomare
Background: A new prosthetic device, the ActiconTM artificial anal sphincter, has recently been introduced for treating severe faecal incontinence. The results of this procedure in 28 patients are presented. Methods: The patients underwent operation for severe faecal incontinence in four Italian university hospitals and patients were reviewed after a median follow-up of 19 (range 7,41) months. Results: Early infections occurred in four patients, requiring removal of the device in three. Dehiscence of the perineal wound occurred in nine patients. After activation of the device, the cuff had to be removed in a further four patients (for rectal erosion in two, anal pain in one and late infection in one). The cuff was accidentally broken in one patient. A new anal cuff was repositioned successfully in two patients. Overall, five patients had complete removal of the device and two removal of the cuff only. Twenty-one patients available for long-term evaluation had a major improvement in faecal continence. Median resting anal pressure increased from 27 mmHg before surgery to 32 mmHg after operation. Preoperative squeeze pressure was 42 mmHg while maximum postoperative anal pressure with the activated device was 67 mmHg. The median American Medical System incontinence score decreased significantly from 98·5 to 5·5 (P < 0·001). Similar figures were observed using the Continence Grading Scale (from 14·9 to 2·6; P < 0·001). Twelve patients developed symptoms of obstructed defaecation while two patients complained of anal pain. Conclusion: Improved continence was achieved after neosphincter implantation in three-quarters of the patients. Early infection and rectal erosion, together with difficulty in evacuating, are still major concerns with this technique. © 2001 British Journal of Surgery Society Ltd [source]


Plasma levels of asymmetric dimethylarginine in premature neonates: its possible involvement in developmental programming of chronic diseases

ACTA PAEDIATRICA, Issue 3 2009
Gabriella Vida
Abstract Aim: The endothel dysfunction in early life may play a role in developmental programming of cardiovascular morbidity. The changes of dimethylarginines' plasma levels during the first month among preterm infants and their determinants had been investigated in our study. Methods: Twenty preterm infants of healthy mothers were studied. Mean (±SD) birth weight and gestational age were 919.5 ± 235.5 g and 26.7 ± 1.6 weeks, respectively. Blood samples were taken by venipuncture at the 3rd, 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th days. Plasma concentrations of L-arginine, asymmetric and symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) were measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method, evaluated by multivariate linear regression analysis. Results: L-arginine (p < 0.001) and asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) levels (p < 0.001) were positively associated with postnatal age. ADMA levels were negatively correlated with gestational age (p = 0.007), dopamine-need on the 3rd day of life (p = 0.015) and late infection (p = 0.038). The higher birth weight was associated with higher L-arginine (p = 0.052) and ADMA (p = 0.002) concentrations. The dopamine-need on the 7th day of life had a significant effect on postnatal elevation of SDMA levels (p = 0.035). Conclusion: The progressive increase of ADMA levels described by our study among preterm infants suggests that early endothel dysfunction may take part in developmental programming of chronic adult diseases. [source]


Infants with late breast milk acquisition of HIV-1 generate interferon-gamma responses more rapidly than infants with early peripartum acquisition

CLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL IMMUNOLOGY, Issue 3 2009
B. Lohman-Payne
Summary Infants infected with HIV-1 after the first month of life have a lower viral set-point and slower disease progression than infants infected before 1 month. We investigated the kinetics of HIV-1-specific CD8+ T lymphocyte secretion of interferon (IFN)-, in infants infected before 1 month of life compared with those infected between months 1 and 12 (late infection). HIV-1 infection was assessed at birth and at months 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 and timing of infection was determined by HIV-1 gag DNA from dried blood spots and verified by plasma HIV-1 RNA levels. HIV-1 peptide-specific IFN-, responses were measured by enzyme-linked immunospot at months 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12. Timing of development of IFN-, responses was compared using the log,rank test and Kaplan,Meier survival curves. Infants infected late developed HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cell responses 2·8 months sooner than infants infected peripartum: 2·3 versus 5·1 months after HIV-1 infection (n = 52, P = 0·04). Late-infected infants had more focused epitope recognition than early-infected infants (median 1 versus 2 peptides, P = 0·03); however, there were no differences in the strength of IFN-, responses. In infants infected with HIV-1 after the first month of life, emergence of HIV-1-specific CD8+ IFN-, responses is coincident with the decline in viral load, nearly identical to what is observed in adults and more rapid than in early-infected infants. [source]


Systemic anti-inflammatory fibrosis suppression in threatened trabeculectomy failure

CLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL OPHTHALMOLOGY, Issue 1 2004
Brendan Vote FRANZCO
Abstract Purpose:,To provide a rationale for the use of systemic anti-inflammatory fibrosis suppression in the postoperative management of threatened early trabeculectomy bleb failure. Methods:,A review of the literature and of the authors' own experiences was conducted. Results:,The most important cause of persistent elevation of intraocular pressure after trabeculectomy is unduly marked or persistent inflammation with deposition of fibrous tissue, which prevents the formation of an adequately draining bleb. It was found that a clinically useful degree of suppression of bleb inflammation and fibrosis can be obtained with a 4,6 week course of the combined systemic administration of prednisone (10 mg t.i.d.), a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (e.g. diclofenac 100 mg SR daily) and colchicine (0.25 mg or 0.3 mg t.i.d.), which was termed anti-inflammatory fibrosis suppression. Topical atropine 1% t.i.d. and adrenaline 1% t.i.d. eye drops can also be considered in addition to routine postoperative topical steroids. Conclusions:,Despite advances in surgical techniques and methods to control fibrosis, anti-inflammatory fibrosis suppression is a valuable tool to have available in the post­operative period for management of trabeculectomies that threaten failure. This regime produces a diffuse bleb, which has a very low risk of late infection or bleb perforation. It is recommend that this regime be added to the list of therapies that are considered when clinical features suggestive of a failing bleb are confronted early in the post­operative course. [source]