ECONOMIC INQUIRY, Issue 4 2010
JORGE SOARES
This article presents a new rationale for imposing restrictions on child labor. In a standard overlapping generation model where parental altruism results in transfers that children allocate to consumption and education, the Nash-Cournot equilibrium results in suboptimal levels of parental transfers and does not maximize the average level of utility of currently living agents. A ban on child labor decreases children's income and generates an increase in parental transfers bringing their levels closer to the optimum, raising children's welfare as well as average welfare in the short run and in the long run. Moreover, the inability to work allows children to allocate more time to education, and it leads to an increase in human capital. Besides, to increase transfers, parents decrease savings and hence physical capital accumulation. When prices are flexible, these effects diminish the positive welfare impact of the ban on child labor. (JEL D91, E21) [source]

FISCAL POLICY, EXPECTATION TRAPS, AND CHILD LABOR

ECONOMIC INQUIRY, Issue 3 2007
PATRICK M. EMERSON
This paper develops a dynamic model with overlapping generations where there are two possible equilibria: one without child labor, and one with it. It is shown that intergenerational transfers can eliminate the child labor equilibrium and that this intervention is Pareto improving. However, if society does not believe that the government will implement the transfer program, it won't, reinforcing society's expectations. This is true even if the transfer program would have been implemented in the absence of uncertainty. Thus a government may be powerless to prevent the child labor equilibrium if it does not command the confidence of their populace, leaving the country in an expectations trap. (JEL D91, E60, J20, O20) [source]

HUMAN CAPITAL AND THE LABOR OF LEARNING: A CASE OF MISTAKEN IDENTITY

EDUCATIONAL THEORY, Issue 2 2007
Alexander M Sidorkin
Specifically, human capital theorists underestimate the private cost of schooling by taking low-level manual labor as the basis for estimating students' forgone earnings. This does not take into consideration the nature of students' labor of learning. In the essay, Sidorkin describes student work as a form of labor, not an investment activity, and considers the implications such an understanding of student work has for school reform. [source]

THE GEOGRAPHY OF INSECURITY: SPATIAL CHANGE AND THE FLEXIBILIZATION OF LABOR IN METRO MANILA

JOURNAL OF URBAN AFFAIRS, Issue 4 2009
GAVIN SHATKIN
ABSTRACT:,There has been considerable attention in the urban studies literature to the implications of spatial change associated with globalization for the urban poor in advanced economies, but much less so in developing countries despite the fact that this is where most urbanization is occurring. This article attempts to address this issue in the context of Metro Manila, a globalizing city of 10.7 million that sits in a larger mega-urban region of some 17 million. It does so through an analysis of data collected through two methods: a sample survey of six low-income settlements in the Metro Manila region that collected information about housing conditions, income, and employment of household members, commuting, and household heads',opinions regarding spatial change; and in-depth interviews with a subset of respondents that were intended to generate narratives and stories that would elucidate the experience of households with spatial change. The study identifies three main issues confronting the surveyed households: the social impacts of the flexibilization of labor in the Metro Manila region, gender and age differences in access to employment, and the prevalence of extremely long commutes on the urban fringe. The article concludes that the issues faced by Metro Manila households are in many ways quite distinct from those in cities in advanced economies. It further argues that these differences have important implications both for urban policy and practice in addressing equity issues, and for theories of globalization and issues of spatial change and social equity in cities. [source]

THE DOUBLE ROLE OF SKILLED LABOR, NEW TECHNOLOGIES AND WAGE INEQUALITY

METROECONOMICA, Issue 1 2005
Hartmut Egger
ABSTRACT We examine the relationship between the supply of skilled labor, technological change and relative wages. In accounting for the role of skilled labor in both production activities and productivity- enhancing ,support' activities we derive the following results. First, an increase in the supply of skilled labor raises the employment share of non-production labor within firms, without lowering relative wages. Second, new technologies raise wage inequality only in so far as they give incentives to firms to reallocate skilled labor towards non-production activities. In contrast, skill-biased technological change of the sort usually considered in the literature does not affect wage inequality. [source]

ENTRY AND EXIT OF LABOR AND CAPITAL IN A FISHERY

NATURAL RESOURCE MODELING, Issue 2 2005
ASGEIR DANIELSSON
ABSTRACT. Exit and entry of fishermen, as well as vessels, is modeled explicitly. If the speed of exit and entry of fishermen is less than instantaneous the wage rate varies with the fortunes of the fishing firms and affects the endogenous labor supply creating a second transmission mechanism from profits to effort. There are realistic cases where this mechanism has important effects on the stability of the dynamic system and on the effects of taxes (subsisdies) on the size of the fish stock. If labor supply depends negatively on the wage rate, the immediate effect of an increase in the tax rate is to increase effort and harvest. This condition makes it also more probable that the dynamic system is unstable. In those cases where the dynamic system is unstable the increase in the tax rate increases overexploitation not only in the short-term but also in the long-term. [source]

THE DIVISION OF LABOR AND ROUNDABOUT PRODUCTION: ALLYN YOUNG REVISITED

PACIFIC ECONOMIC REVIEW, Issue 3 2003
Guang-Zhen Sun
First, apart from advancing the state of knowledge, the progressive division of labor that can occur within a given population encourages the adoption of more specialized, differentiated intermediate goods in the production process. Second, the level of division of labor and the extent of the market depend on each other. Using a general equilibrium model with increasing returns to specialization, economies of complementarity between intermediate goods, and transaction costs, we demonstrate that the level of division of labor and the number of intermediate goods increase concurrently as transaction conditions are improved. [source]

IS EMOTIONAL LABOR MORE DIFFICULT FOR SOME THAN FOR OTHERS?

PERSONNEL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 1 2009
A MULTILEVEL, EXPERIENCE-SAMPLING STUDY
In response to 2 areas for development in the emotional labor literature,(a) the contemporaneous associations between emotional labor and affective reactions, and (b) whether emotional labor might be more personally costly for some employees than others,this study tested a conceptual model explaining the differential effects of deep and surface acting on job satisfaction and emotional exhaustion via their asymmetrical influences on mood, and whether extraverts fare better when engaging in emotional labor. As expected, surface acting was positively associated with negative mood, and this explained some of the association of surface acting with increased emotional exhaustion and decreased job satisfaction. Contrary to hypotheses, deep acting was unrelated to job satisfaction and was associated with lower positive affect. Extraversion moderated several emotional labor relationships such that, in general, surface and deep acting had more positive (or less negative) effects for extraverts (compared to introverts). Overall, the results support the importance of considering the roles of mood and disposition in the impact of emotional labor. [source]

CHILD LABOR AND SCHOOL ENROLLMENT IN RURAL INDIA: WHOSE EDUCATION MATTERS?

THE DEVELOPING ECONOMIES, Issue 4 2006
Takashi KUROSAKI
J22; I21; I31; O15 This paper empirically analyzes the determinants of child labor and school enrollment in rural Andhra Pradesh, India. A village fixed-effect logit model for each child is estimated with the incidence of child labor or school enrollment as the dependent variable, in order to investigate individual and household characteristics associated with the incidence. Among the determinants, this paper focuses on whose education matters most in deciding the status of each child, an issue not previously investigated in the context of the joint family system. The regression results show that the education of the child's mother is more important in reducing child labor and in increasing school enrollment than that of the child's father, the household head, or the spouse of the head. The effect of the child's mother is similar on boys and girls while that of the child's father is more favorable on boys. [source]

Fluid Labor and Blood Money: The Economy of HIV/AIDS in Rural Central China

CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY, Issue 4 2006
SHAO Jing
This ethnographically grounded "epidemiology" implicates China's liberalized economy in the HIV epidemic among commercial plasma donors in rural central China. It uncovers the pathological confluence of spheres of economic circulations that have created the conditions for value to be extracted not through labor but from human plasma harvested from agricultural producers. This critique has emerged out of, and in turn informed, efforts to forestall the secondary epidemic of AIDS among donors already infected by HIV. The specific history of the production and consumption of blood products in China shows how biotechnology broadly defined can be powerfully refracted by local configurations of economy, technology, and social relations. The ideologically sustained second-order "reality" of benevolent economic imperatives needs to be brought into the critical focus of cultural anthropology. [source]

Introduction: Workers, Labor, and War: New Directions in the History of AmericanForeign Relations

DIPLOMATIC HISTORY, Issue 4 2010
Elizabeth Mckillen
No abstract is available for this article. [source]

"Banana Growing and Negro Management": Race, Labor, and Jim Crow Colonialism in Guatemala, 1884,1930

DIPLOMATIC HISTORY, Issue 4 2006
Jason M Colby
First page of article [source]

Geography and the Immigrant Division of Labor

ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY, Issue 3 2007
Mark Ellis
Abstract: Immigrants concentrate in particular lines of work. Most investigations of such employment niching have accented either the demand for labor in a limited set of mostly low-wage industries or the efficiency of immigrant networks in supplying that labor; space has taken a backseat or has been ignored. In contrast, this article's account of immigrant employment niching modulates insights built on social network theories with understandings derived from relative location. We do so by altering the thinking about employment niches as being metropolitan wide to considering them as local phenomena. Specifically, the analysis examines the intraurban variation in niching by Mexican, Salvadoran, Chinese, and Vietnamese men and women in four industries in Los Angeles. Niching is uneven; in some parts of the metropolitan area, these groups niche at high rates in these industries, whereas in others, there is no unusual concentration. We show how a group's propensity to niche in an industry is generally higher when the industry is located close to the group's residential neighborhoods and demonstrate the ways in which the proximity of competing groups dampens this geographic advantage. The study speaks to debates on immigrant niching and connects with research on minority access to employment and accounts of the agglomeration of firms. More generally, it links the geographies of home and work in a new way, relating patterns of immigrant residential segregation to those of immigrant employment niches. [source]

The Wealth of Nations at the Turn of the Millennium: A Classification System Based on the International Division of Labor,

ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY, Issue 2 2002
Wolfgang Hoeschele
Abstract: Simple dichotomies, such as First World,Third World, developed,developing countries, and north,south, are no longer adequate for understanding the complex economic geography of the world. Even the division into core, semi-periphery, and periphery groups diverse economies into an excessively limited number of categories. It is time to develop a new scheme that better classifies the countries of the world into coherent groups. This article constructs a new classification based on the international division of labor, using three fundamental dimensions. The first dimension is the success of the industrial and services economy in providing employment to the people within a country. The second is the export orientation of a country, concentrating either on natural-resource-intensive products (e.g., agricultural produce, food and beverages, minerals and metals) or on core industrial manufactures (from textiles to computers). The third is the presence of control functions in the world economy: countries that include the headquarters of major firms and are the source regions of major flows of foreign direct investments. The combination of these three dimensions leads to the creation of eight basic categories. I introduce a terminology that combines these basic categories into larger groups, depending on the context. This new conceptual scheme should facilitate a more informed analysis of world economic, political, social, and environmental affairs. [source]

Emergence and Consequences of Division of Labor in Associations of Normally Solitary Sweat Bees

ETHOLOGY, Issue 4 2009
C. Tate Holbrook
Division of labor is a pervasive feature of animal societies, but little is known about the causes or consequences of division of labor in non-eusocial cooperative groups. We tested whether division of labor self-organizes in an incipient social system: artificially induced nesting associations of the normally solitary sweat bee Lasioglossum (Ctenonomia) NDA-1 (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). We quantified task performance and construction output by females nesting either alone or with a conspecific. Within pairs, a division of labor repeatedly arose in which one individual specialized on excavation and pushing/tamping while her nestmate guarded the nest entrance. Task specialization could not be attributed to variation in overall activity, and the degree of behavioral differentiation was greater than would be expected due to random variation, indicating that division of labor was an emergent phenomenon generated in part by social dynamics. Excavation specialists did not incur a survival cost, in contrast to previous findings for ant foundress associations. Paired individuals performed more per capita guarding, and pairs collectively excavated deeper nests than single bees , potential early advantages of social nesting in halictine bees. [source]

Racial Differences in Division of Labor in Colonies of the Honey Bee (Apis mellifera)

ETHOLOGY, Issue 2 2002
Charles Brillet
We measured the age at onset of foraging in colonies derived from three races of European honey bees, Apis mellifera mellifera, Apis mellifera caucasica and Apis mellifera ligustica, using a cross-fostering design that involved six unrelated colonies of each race. There was a significant effect of the race of the introduced bees on the age at onset of foraging: cohorts of A. m. ligustica bees showed the earliest onset, regardless of the race of the colony they were introduced to. There also was a significant effect of the race of the host colony: cohorts of bees introduced into mellifera colonies showed the earliest onset of foraging, regardless of the race of the bees introduced. Significant inter-trial differences also were detected, primarily because of a later onset of foraging in trials conducted during the autumn (September,October). These results demonstrate differences among European races of honey bees in one important component of colony division of labor. They also provide a starting point for analyses of the evolution of division of labor under different ecological conditions. [source]

Screening wild cherry (Prunus avium) for resistance to bacterial canker by laboratory and field tests

FOREST PATHOLOGY, Issue 6 2004
F. Santi
Summary Currently, bacterial canker caused by Pseudomonas syringae is a major cause of dieback and tree death in wild cherry (Prunus avium) plantations. The evaluation of breeding collections is needed to produce less susceptible clones or cultivars. Resistance tests were performed using excised shoots (1 and 2 years old) from 79 clones in the laboratory. A subset of 10 clones was also tested in the field. The clones were inoculated with four to seven isolates of a set of 15 isolates of P. s. pv. morsprunorum, P. s. pv. syringae, P. s. pv. persicae, P. syringae pv. avii and P. fluorescens. In the laboratory tests, older and larger shoots were more susceptible. In the field test, size and age of the shoots were not related to girdling by the bacterial canker. Two-year-old shoots were best for clonal discrimination. Correlations between 1 and 2-year-old shoots were significant but not high. The isolates varied a lot between experiments, but as the clone × isolate interactions were always low, breeding could thus be facilitated. The ranking of clones was conserved quite well between two laboratory tests, but not between two others. Good agreement was found for the best clones in the laboratory tests and in the field test. However, the two worst clones in the latter were among the best in one laboratory test. At least two independent tests in the laboratory are needed to evaluate resistance/susceptibility of clones. Broad sense heritability for resistance varied from 0.27 to 0.51. Although moderate, such heritability clearly encourages a breeding approach to reduce the problem of bacterial canker. Résumé Le chancre bactérien (Pseudomonas syringae) est une cause majeure de dépérissement dans les plantations de merisier du nord de la France. Nous devons évaluer les collections pour produire des variétés moins sensibles. Des branches coupées de un ou deux ans de 79 clones ont été testées au laboratoire. Dix de ces clones ont également été testés dans un test en extérieur. Les clones ont été inoculés avec un total de 15 isolats de P. s. pv. morsprunorum, P. s. pv. syringae, P. s. pv. persicae, P. s. pv. avii et P. fluorescens. Les plus fortes infections, mesurées par la longueur du chancre, ont été observées sur les branches les plus âgées et les plus épaisses, mais la taille et l'âge des branches n'ont eu aucune influence sur la note de ceinturation du test au champ. Les branches de deux ans se sont révélées meilleures pour discriminer les clones. Les corrélations entre moyennes de clones avec les branches de un et deux ans étaient significatives mais pas très élevées. Les isolats variaient beaucoup entre expériences, mais comme les interactions clone × bactérie étaient toujours faibles, la sélection clonale en devrait être facilitée. Le classement des clones était bien conservé entre deux tests de laboratoire, mais pas entre deux autres. Le classement entre tests au laboratoire et au champ se trouvait conservé, mais les deux plus mauvais clones dans ce dernier ont été bien classés dans un test de laboratoire, ce qui signifie qu'un seul test a laboratoire est insuffisant pour l'évaluation des clones. Les héritabilités au sens large variaient de 0.27 à 0.51. Bien que modérées, de telles héritabilités encouragent clairement à sélectionner des génotypes moins sensibles pour solutionner le problème du chancre bactérien. Zusammenfassung Der durch Pseudomonas syringae verursachte Bakterienkrebs ist eine der häufigsten Ursachen für das Absterben von Süsskirschen (Prunus avium) in Pflanzungen. Die Prüfung von Zuchtformen auf Resistenz ist nötig, um weniger anfällige Klone und Sorten zu fördern. Die Resistenz von 79 Klonen wurde im Labor an abgeschnittenen ein- und zweijährigen Trieben getestet. Zehn Klone wurden auch im Feld getestet. Die Klone wurden mit je vier bis sieben von insgesamt 15 Isolaten von P. s. pv. morsprunorum, P. s. pv. syringae, P. s. pv. persicae, P. s. pv. avii und P. fluorescens inokuliert. In den Labortests waren die älteren, dickeren Triebe anfälliger, währenddem in den Feldversuchen weder Alter noch Dicke der Triebe eine Rolle spielten. Zweijährige Triebe eigneten sich zur Differenzierung der Klone hinsichtlich ihrer Resistenz besser. Korrelationen zwischen ein- und zweijährigen Trieben waren signifikant aber nicht hoch. Die Reaktionen auf die Isolate variierten stark zwischen den Experimenten, aber die statistisch nachgewiesenen Wechselwirkungen zwischen Klonen und Isolaten waren stets schwach, was die Züchtung neuer Klone erleichtern dürfte. In zwei Labortests erzielten die Klone analoge Bewertungen, währenddem sie in zwei anderen Labortests unterschiedlich reagierten. Die Resultate aus Labor- und Feldversuchen stimmten für die resistentesten Klone gut überein, die anfälligsten Klone im Feldversuch waren jedoch unter den resistentesten in den Laborversuchen. Es sind also mindestens zwei unabhängige Labortests nötig, um den Grad der Resistenz eines Klones zu bestimmen. Der Vererbarkeit der Resistenz variierte zwischen 0.27 und 0.51. Obschon diese Werte moderat sind, sollen sie dazu ermuntern, mittels Züchtung auf eine Reduktion von durch den Bakterienkrebs bedingten Ausfällen hinzuarbeiten. [source]

Tragedy Reshapes the American Workplace: A Symposium with Lynn Martin

GLOBAL BUSINESS AND ORGANIZATIONAL EXCELLENCE, Issue 4 2002
Sandra L. Williams
In March 2002, the Midwest Workplace Symposium was sponsored by the Union League Club of Chicago. The discussion explored leadership needs, cultural management issues, and the reshaping of attitudes and values at American businesses in the post-9/11 environment. A panel of business experts gathered to share observations and provide insight into future challenges facing domestic and international commerce. The honorable Lynn Martin, former Secretary of Labor, facilitated the group. This article details salient portions of their discussion. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source]

Differences in Labor versus Value Chain Industry Clusters: An Empirical Investigation

GROWTH AND CHANGE, Issue 3 2007
HENRY RENSKI
ABSTRACT Regional analysts often identify industry clusters according to a single dimension of industrial interdependence, typically by trading patterns as revealed in national or regionalized input,output data. This is despite the fact that the theory underpinning regional industry cluster applications draws heavily on Marshall's theory of external economies, including the important role of labor pooling economies and knowledge spillovers in addition to spatially co-located suppliers. This article investigates whether industry clusters identified based on trading relationships (value chain clusters) are meaningfully different in industrial composition and geography than those derived from an analysis of occupational employment requirements (labor-based clusters). The results suggest that value chain linkages are a weak proxy for shared labor requirements, and vice versa. [source]

An Appreciation of Loves Labor

HYPATIA, Issue 3 2002
SARA RUDDICK
This is a selective reading of Love's Labor: Essays on Women, Equality, and Dependency. My aim is twofold: to continue Love Labor's focus on dependency work and relations, adding certain distinctions and questions of my own; and to recognize the conjunction of three perspectives,theoretical, social/political, and personal,that strengthen this focus. I scant particulars of argument and ignore certain issues in the hope of providing a vivid outline of the rewards and demands of dependency as Eva Kittay envisions them. [source]

Labor ELAted: The Los Angeles Union Movement Revival

INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS, Issue 4 2007
KATHERINE V. W. STONE
First page of article [source]

Contingent Chicago: Restructuring the Spaces of Temporary Labor

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF URBAN AND REGIONAL RESEARCH, Issue 3 2001
Jamie Peck
Hiring-halls, specializing in the placement of day-laborers in temporary jobs, have in recent years been proliferating along major transport arteries in Chicago's low-income neighborhoods. This article examines the phenomenon of low-wage temporary work in Chicago from the perspective of the principal institutional actors in these highly ,flexibilized' or ,contingent' labor markets , the ,temp' agencies. Particular emphasis is placed on the labor-market effects of temp-agency strategies, both in respect to patterns of labor segmentation and in terms of the spatial (re)constitution of urban job markets. It is suggested that temp agencies are actively engaged in both the exploitation and facilitation of contingent labor-market conditions. In this sense, they are assuming important new roles as privatized ,labor-market intermediaries', with apparently deleterious effects for job security and social segregation in the lower reaches of urban labor markets. Their strategies can also be related to the social and geographic restructuring of these job markets, because the growth and polarization of temp employment has been associated with a ,hardening', and indeed ,stretching', of extant ethnic, gender and spatial inequalities. Des bureaux d'embauche, spécialisés dans le placement de journaliers sur des postes temporaires, ont récemment proliféré le long des grands axes de transport dans les quartiers défavorisés de Chicago. Cet article étudie le phénomène du travail temporaire à faible revenu dans cette ville, et ce, du point de vue des principaux acteurs institutionnels sur ces marchés du travail hautement ,flexibilisés' ou ,aléatoires': les agences de travail temporaire. Il insiste sur les conséquences des stratégies de ces agences pour le marché de l'emploi, à la fois au niveau des schémas de segmentation du travail et en termes de (re)constitution spatiale des marchés du travail urbains. Aussi peut-on suggérer que ces agences sont activement impliquées dans l'exploitation et la facilitation des conditions aléatoires du marché du travail. En ce sens, elles jouent un rôle important et nouveau comme ,intermédiaires du marché du travail' privatisés, avec des effets apparemment néfastes pour la sécurité de l'emploi et la ségrégation sociale dans les circuits inférieurs des marchés urbains. Leurs stratégies peuvent aussi être liées à la restructuration sociale et géographique de ces marchés, la croissance et la polarisation de l'emploi temporaire ayant ètè associées à un ,durcissement', et assurément à une ,extension', des inégalités existantes au plan ethnique, spatial et des sexes. [source]

Prevalence of renal cell carcinoma: A nation-wide survey in Japan, 2002

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF UROLOGY, Issue 6 2007
Ken Marumo
Objective: To investigate the incidence of renal cell carcinoma, classified by sex, age group and region in Japan, following a 5-year interval after a previous survey performed in 1997. Methods: The survey was conducted between the beginning of January 2002 and the end of December 2002. A total of 1288 institutions in all 47 prefectures throughout Japan were requested to register cases. Results: There were 7405 persons with renal cell carcinoma, consisting of 5063 males and 2342 females. Crude incidence rates were 8.2 and 3.6 per 100 000 population for men and women, respectively. Incidence rates in the Hokkaido region were highest followed by the Shikoku region. Conclusions: Despite incidence of renal cell carcinoma increasing to 7405 from the 6358 persons in 1997, statistical data reported by the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare indicate that rising age-adjusted death rate for this tumor reached a ceiling in the past decade. Early detection may have contributed to this current trend; however, further epidemiological research is required to fully elucidate this. [source]

The State Connection in China's Rural-Urban Migration,

INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION REVIEW, Issue 2 2005
Lei Guang
This study explores the role of China's rural local state-owned and urban state-owned units in its rural-urban migration process. Most studies on Chinese migration have focused on migrants moving from rural to urban areas through informal mechanisms outside of the state's control. They therefore treat the Chinese state as an obstructionist force and dismiss its facilitative role in the migration process. By documenting rural local states' "labor export" strategies and urban state units' employment of millions of peasants, this article provides a corrective to the existing literature. It highlights and explains the state connection in China's rural-urban migration. Labor is , a special kind of commodity. What we do is to fetch a good price for this special commodity. Labor bureau official from Laomei county, 1996 If we want efficiency, we have to hire migrant workers. Party secretary of a state textile factory in Shanghai, 1997 [source]

The Relationship Between Emotional Resources and Emotional Labor: An Exploratory Study

JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 10 2008
Yongmei Liu
The study examines the effects of a subtype of personal resources (i.e., emotional resources) on emotional labor strategies. We examined 2 variables, emotional intelligence and negative affectivity, as proxies for emotional resources. Largely consistent with predictions, results indicated that individuals with a high level of emotional resources (indicated by high emotional intelligence) are more likely than others to deep act, and individuals with comparatively low emotional resources (indicated by high negative affectivity) are more likely than others to surface act. The differential effects of surface acting and deep acting on strain and job satisfaction were examined. Depressed mood was found to mediate the relationship between surface acting and job satisfaction. [source]

Relationship between renal anemia and prognostic stages of IgA nephropathy

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL LABORATORY ANALYSIS, Issue 2 2005
Seiki Aruga
Abstract In 2002, the Joint Committee of the Special Study Group on Progressive Glomerular Diseases, Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare of Japan newly revised the clinical guidelines for IgA nephropathy (Sakai et al.: Jpn J Nephrol 37:417,421, 1995; Tomino and Sakai: Clin Exp Nephrol, 7, 93,97, 2003). The prognostic stages were classified into four groups: the good prognosis group (Group I), relatively good prognosis group (Group II), relatively poor prognosis group (Group III), and poor prognosis group (Group IV). The relationship between the levels of Hb, Ht, and RBC in peripheral blood and the renal prognostic stages was determined in 62 patients with IgA nephropathy in the present study. The mean levels of Hb, Ht, and RBC were significantly lower in Group IV than in Group I (P<0.05). However, there were no significant changes in the levels of serum creatinine (s-Cr) or creatinine clearance (CCr) among these four groups. It appears that the levels of Hb, Ht, and RBC in peripheral blood may be important clinical parameters for the evaluation of prognostic stages in patients with IgA nephropathy. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 19:80,83, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]

Relationship between levels of urinary type IV collagen and renal injuries in patients with IgA nephropathy

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL LABORATORY ANALYSIS, Issue 1 2004
Hiroaki Io
Abstract Because type IV collagen is synthesized by podocytes and mesangial cells, we investigated the relationship between levels of urinary type IV collagen (uIV) and renal injuries in patients with IgA nephropathy. uIV was measured by a highly sensitive one-step sandwich enzyme immunoassay prior to renal biopsy. Patients with IgA nephropathy were classified into four grades (grade 1 = good prognosis, grade 2 = relatively good prognosis, grade 3 = relatively poor prognosis, and grade 4 = poor prognosis) by the prognostic criteria of the Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare of Japan. Levels of uIV in grade 4 were significantly higher than those in grades 1,3. These levels tended to increase gradually due to progression of renal injuries. The grades were further divided into two groups: group I (good or relatively good prognoses) and group II (relatively poor or poor prognoses). Patients with proteinuria of <1.0 g/day were defined as groups Ip and IIp. The levels of uIV in group II were significantly higher than those in group I, and those in group IIp were significantly higher than those in group Ip. It appears that the level of uIV can be a useful marker for detection of renal injuries in IgA nephropathy. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 18:14,18, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]

Privatization, Labor and Social Safety Nets

JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC SURVEYS, Issue 5 2001
Sanjeev Gupta
Privatization promotes economic efficiency and growth, thereby reinforcing macroeconomic adjustment. In the short run, however, it can lead to job losses and wage cuts for workers. This paper discusses these adverse impacts of privatization in terms of various methods of privatization and surveys the existing empirical evidence. It finds that public sales and auctions can have stronger negative effects on workers but maximize the government's revenue. Policymakers' options for mitigating the social impact of privatization are surveyed. [source]

Capitalism, Unfree Labor and Colonial Doxa: The Master and Servant Act from Britain to Hong Kong, 1823,1932

JOURNAL OF HISTORICAL SOCIOLOGY, Issue 2 2010
WAI KIT CHOI
The Master and Servant Act was a law that allowed the use of penal sanction against workers for breach of contract in nineteenth century Britain. For scholars who believe that wage laborers under capitalism are free from "extra-economic" coercion, this law was an anomaly. One explanation suggests technological backwardness during the early stages of capitalism as the cause. In this paper I will challenge this account and offer an alternative explanation. As the British Empire expanded, the same law was enacted in many British colonies. If it was the process of capitalist production that rendered the Master and Servant Act necessary, this explanation should also apply to the British colonies. By focusing on Hong Kong, I show that this was not the case. Instead, I show that the use of judiciary coercion could be explained by Bourdieu's notions of doxa, habitus and field. [source]

Does Parenthood Strengthen a Traditional Household Division of Labor?

JOURNAL OF MARRIAGE AND FAMILY, Issue 1 2009
Evidence From Sweden
Parenthood is often considered a major factor behind gender differences in time allocation, especially between paid work and housework. This article investigates the impact of parenthood on men's and women's daily time use in Sweden and how it changed over the 1990s. The analysis is made using time diary data from the Multinational Time Use Survey (MTUS; N = 13,729) and multivariate Tobit regressions. The results indicate that while parenthood in 1990 , 1991 clearly strengthened the traditional gender division of labor in the household, this was much less the case in 2000 , 2001, when parenthood affected men and women in a more similar way. [source]