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Kinds of Label Terms modified by Label Selected AbstractsHARM REDUCTION IS A GOOD LABEL FOR A CRITERION ALL DRUG PROGRAMS SHOULD MEETADDICTION, Issue 3 2009ROBERT J. MACCOUN No abstract is available for this article. [source] Triplex Au,Ag,C Core,Shell Nanoparticles as a Novel Raman LabelADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 6 2010Aiguo Shen Abstract Monodispersed, readily-grafted, and biocompatible surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopic (SERS) tagging materials are developed; they are composed of bimetallic Au@Ag nanoparticles (NPs) for optical enhancement, a reporter molecule for spectroscopic signature, and a carbon shell for protection and bioconjugation. A controllable and convenient hydrothermal synthetic route is presented to synthesize the layer-by-layer triplex Au,Ag,C core,shell NPs, which can incorporate the Raman-active label 4-mercapto benzoic acid (4-MBA). The obtained gold seed,silver coated particles can be coated further with a thickness-controlled carbon shell to form colloidal carbon-encapsulated Aucore/Agshell spheres with a monodisperse size distribution. Furthermore, these SERS-active spheres demonstrated interesting properties as a novel Raman tag for quantitative immunoassays. The results suggest such SERS tags can be used for multiplex and ultrasensitive detection of biomolecules as well as nontoxic, in vivo molecular imaging of animal or plant tissues. [source] Determinants of Adoption of Protected Designation of Origin Label: Evidence from the French Brie Cheese IndustryJOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS, Issue 2 2010Zohra Bouamra-Mechemache D2; L13; L15; Q13 Abstract This paper investigates empirically the determinants of agro-food firms' adoption of the Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) label. A unique dataset containing firm-level cost and production information on the French Brie cheese is used, covering the period 1980,2000. The Brie cheese data are especially relevant as PDO Brie producers have coexisted with other non-PDO producers since 1981. To evaluate the producers' incentive to opt for PDO certification, we use a structural switching regression model which incorporates cost and production structure variables. Results show that PDO certification is less attractive the higher the costs of raw materials and the greater the size of the company. PDO Brie cheese production costs are estimated to be on average 40% higher than those for non-PDO Brie. The PDO production process could be technically inefficient when compared with the unconstrained non-PDO manufacturing; yet, PDO producers benefit from a price premium on their product which offsets their higher production cost. [source] Development of the Nursing Outcome (NOC) Label: Hyperactivity LevelJOURNAL OF CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRIC NURSING, Issue 3 2005Carol L. Caldwell MS TOPIC:,Hyperactivity, a persistent, severe pattern of inattention or impulsivity, places children at risk for impaired functioning in many developmental areas. This behavior is characterized by short attention span, low frustration tolerance, impulsivity, distractibility, and increased physical activity. Responses from multiple sources in the child's environment must be monitored to manage childhood hyperactivity. PURPOSE:,Success at school, in peer relationships, and parent-child interactions is frequently affected by hyperactivity. Using a focus group approach, a Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC) label, definition, and indicators were developed for Hyperactivity Level. SOURCES:,Review of the literature allowed for a content analysis approach and conceptualization of hyperactivity at several levels. CONCLUSION:,Twenty three (23) measurable indicators were formulated and refined into conceptually and clinically coherent outcomes. Clinical relevance and utility were presented through a case study approach. [source] Alterations in cerebral metabolism by the neurotoxin kainic acid studied by 13C MRSJOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY, Issue 2002E. Olstad Kainic acid is a potent agonist at the kainate subclass of ionotropic glutamate receptors, and functional kainate receptors have not only been demonstrated on neurons but also on glial cells in culture. Kainic acid injections are used to induce limbic seizures in rodents. When combined with injections of [1-13C]glucose and [1,2-13C]acetate followed by analyses of forebrain extracts using 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and HPLC information about glial neuronal interaction can be obtained. Using kainic acid treatment and 24 h later injection of 13C label a significant increase in label derived from [1,2-13C]acetate was observed in glutamine and glutamate. Label derived from [1-13C]glucose was unchanged in most metabolites, however, a decrease was observed in [2-13C]GABA. It should be noted that only astrocytes are able to utilize acetate as a substrate, whereas acetyl CoA derived from glucose is metabolized predominantly in the neuronal tricarboxylic acid cycle. These results indicate that turnover of metabolites was increased predominantly in astrocytes whereas glutamatergic neurons were not affected. However, GABAergic neurons showed decreased GABA labelling, possibly due to reduced GABA release 24 h after kainic acid injection. Taken together with results obtained 2 weeks after kainic acid injection, it can be suggested that increased astrocytic activity one day after epileptic seizures results, subsequently, in an increased amino acid turnover in neurons. Cell culture work was also performed, results will be presented at the meeting. [source] Can Nutritional Label Use Influence Body Weight Outcomes?KYKLOS INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF SOCIAL SCIENCES, Issue 4 2009Andreas C. Drichoutis SUMMARY Many countries around the world have already mandated, or plan to mandate, the presence of nutrition related information on most pre-packaged food products. Health advocates and lobbyists would like to see similar laws mandating nutrition information in the restaurant and fast-food market as well. In fact, New York City has already taken a step forward and now requires all chain restaurants with 15 or more establishments anywhere in US to show calorie information on their menus and menu board. The benefits were estimated to be as much as 150,000 fewer obese New Yorkers over the next five years. The implied benefits of the presence of nutrition information are that consumers will be able to observe such information and then make informed (and hopefully healthier) food choices. In this study, we use the latest available dataset from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2005,2006) to explore whether reading such nutrition information really has an effect on body weight outcomes. In order to deal with the inherent problem of cross-sectional datasets, namely self-selection, and the possible occurrence of reverse causality we use a propensity score matching approach to estimate causal treatment effects. We conducted a series of tests related to variable choice of the propensity score specification, quality of matching indicators, robustness checks, and sensitivity to unobserved heterogeneity, using Rosenbaum bounds to validate our propensity score exercise. Our results generally suggest that reading nutrition information does not affect body mass index. The implications of our findings are also discussed. [source] "Made in China" Label Won't Survive Without Rule of LawNEW PERSPECTIVES QUARTERLY, Issue 4 2007MINXIN PEI As it prepares to host the 2008 Olympics, China's authoritarian development model, which has sustained high growth for two decades, is entering a fragile new stage. Tainted toys and other products have made the American consumers on whom China relies wary even as the debt-and-deficit ridden American economy relies on China's massive foreign reserves to keep going. In the meantime, China's aggressive search for raw materials in Africa is causing a backlash while its cyberspying probes into Western defense systems are reviving Cold War-like tensions. The US treasury secretary, a top China expert and former intelligence officials offer their views. [source] Carbon and nitrogen dynamics in zero-water exchange shrimp culture as indicated by stable isotope tracersAQUACULTURE RESEARCH, Issue 11 2002M A Epp Abstract The uptake and assimilation of nitrogen and carbon by shrimp were measured in 1200 L mesocosms using stable isotope enrichments. Labels were added via 15N-, 13C-glycine and amino acid mixtures in feeds or as 15NH4+ to pond water. Label was incorporated into shrimp via algal growth indicating that up to 31% of nitrogen requirements were derived from pond ecosystem dynamics. This value is low in comparison with other shrimp aquaculture isotopic tracer studies but is probably due to differences in shrimp-rearing conditions. Direct incorporation of the enriched feed label was low in shrimp muscle tissue (3.3% for 13C-glycine, 5.9% for 15N-glycine and 7.8% for 15N-amino acid mixture). Mass balance calculations indicate the remaining shrimp biomass was derived from feed, but loss of label into solution during feeding led to underestimation based on tracers. Incorporation of isotopic labels into feed as large molecular weight proteinaceous or microencapsulated/fat-coated compounds is recommended to prevent dissolution and loss. [source] 4-Fluorophenylglycine as a Label for 19F NMR Structure Analysis of Membrane-Associated PeptidesCHEMBIOCHEM, Issue 11 2003Sergii Afonin Abstract The non-natural amino acid 4-fluorophenylglycine (4F-Phg) was incorporated into several representative membrane-associated peptides for dual purpose. The 19F-substituted ring is directly attached to the peptide backbone, so it not only provides a well-defined label for highly sensitive 19F NMR studies but, in addition, the D and L enantiomers of the stiff side chain may serve as reporter groups on the transient peptide conformation during the biological function. Besides peptide synthesis, which is accompanied by racemisation of 4F-Phg, we also describe separation of the epimers by HPLC and removal of trifluoroacetic acid. As a first example, 18 different analogues of the fusogenic peptide "B18" were prepared and tested for induction of vesicle fusion; the results confirmed that hydrophobic sites tolerated 4F-Phg labelling. Similar fusion activities within each pair of epimers suggest that the peptide is less structured in the fusogenic transition state than in the helical ground state. In a second example, five doubly labelled analogues of the antimicrobial peptide gramicidin S were compared by using bacterial growth inhibition assays. This cyclic ,-sheet peptide could accommodate both L and D substituents on its hydrophobic face. As a third example, we tested six analogues of the antimicrobial peptide PGLa. The presence of d- 4F-Phg reduced the biological activity of the peptide by interfering with its amphiphilic ,-helical fold. Finally, to illustrate the numerous uses of l- 4F-Phg in 19F NMR spectroscopy, we characterised the interaction of labelled PGLa with uncharged and negatively charged membranes. Observing the signal of the free peptide in an aqueous suspension of unilamellar vesicles, we found a linear saturation behaviour that was dominated by electrostatic attraction of the cationic PGLa. Once the peptide is bound to the membrane, however, solid-state 19F NMR spectroscopy of macroscopically oriented samples revealed that the charge density has virtually no further influence on the structure, alignment or mobility of the peptide. [source] A Novel Heavy-Atom Label for Side-Specific Peptide Iodination: Synthesis, Membrane Incorporation and X-ray ReflectivityCHEMPHYSCHEM, Issue 9-10 2009Philipp E. Schneggenburger Abstract A novel iodine peptide label for X-ray analysis of membrane-active peptide structures is applied to solid-phase peptide synthesis. The resulting pore-structured labeled peptide as well as a non-labeled reference were reconstituted in lipid bilayer stacks (see scheme). The results indicate the exhibition of a membrane-spanning ,5.6 -double helical peptide structure and illustrate the quality of the new label. Structural parameters, such as conformation, orientation and penetration depth of membrane-bound peptides and proteins that may function as channels, pores or biocatalysts, are of persistent interest and have to be probed in the native fluid state of a membrane. X-ray scattering in combination with heavy-atom labeling is a powerful and highly appropriate method to reveal the position of a certain amino acid residue within a lipid bilayer with respect to the membrane normal axis up to a resolution of several Ångstrøm. Herein, we report the synthesis of a new iodine-labeled amino acid building block. This building block is intended for peptide incorporation to provide high intensities for electron density difference analysis of X-ray reflectivity data and improve the labeling potential for the lipid bilayer head-group and water region. The novel building block as well as the commercially available non-iodinated analogue, required for X-ray scattering, was implemented in a transmembrane peptide motif via manual solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) following the fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc)-strategy. The derived peptides were reconstituted in lipid vesicles as well as in highly aligned multilamellar lipid stacks and investigated via circular dichroism (CD) and X-ray reflectivity. Thereby, it has been revealed that the bulky iodine probe neither causes conformational change of the peptide structure nor lamellar disordering of the membrane complexes. [source] Protocols for the Sequential Solid-State NMR Spectroscopic Assignment of a Uniformly Labeled 25 kDa Protein: HET-s(1-227)CHEMBIOCHEM, Issue 11 2010Anne Schuetz Abstract The sequence-specific resonance assignment of a protein forms the basis for studies of molecular structure and dynamics, as well as to functional assay studies by NMR spectroscopy. Here we present a protocol for the sequential 13C and 15N resonance assignment of uniformly [15N,13C]-labeled proteins, based on a suite of complementary three-dimensional solid-state NMR spectroscopy experiments. It is directed towards the application to proteins with more than about 100 amino acid residues. The assignments rely on a walk along the backbone by using a combination of three experiments that correlate nitrogen and carbon spins, including the well-dispersed C, resonances. Supplementary spectra that correlate further side-chain resonances can be important for identifying the amino acid type, and greatly assist the assignment process. We demonstrate the application of this assignment protocol for a crystalline preparation of the N-terminal globular domain of the HET-s prion, a 227-residue protein. [source] Super-Resolution Imaging of DNA Labelled with Intercalating DyesCHEMPHYSCHEM, Issue 13 2009Cristina Flors Dr. Imaging DNA: DNA intercalating cyanine dyes provide a simple and convenient method to image DNA topology by means of fluorescence microscopy with a spatial resolution better than the diffraction limit of light (see picture). [source] Prussian Blue Dispersed Sphere Catalytic Labels for Amplified Electronic Detection of DNAELECTROANALYSIS, Issue 3 2008Siriwan Suwansa-ard Abstract A highly sensitive electrochemical DNA hybridization assay using Prussian blue (PB)-modified polymeric spheres as the oligonculeotide labeling tag is described. The sandwich assay relies on a secondary nucleic-acid probe functionalized with polystyrene beads loaded with numerous Prussian blue nanoparticles. The very strong catalytic activity of the captured PB ,artificial peroxidase' tag towards the reduction of hydrogen peroxide, along with the encapsulation of numerous catalytic particles onto polymeric beads, allows amperometric detection of the DNA target down to the 50,fM level (2.5,amol). Imaging and spectroscopic measurements are used to characterize the PB-tagged polystyrene beads. Such coupling of PB catalytic labels with polymeric carrier beads offers great promise for amplified transduction of different biomolecular interactions. [source] Who is Looking for Nutritional Food Labels?: Wer sucht nach Nährwertangaben auf Lebensmitteln?: Mais qui donc s'occupe du contenu nutritionnel sur les étiquettes?EUROCHOICES, Issue 1 2005Andreas C. Drichoutis Summary Who is Looking for Nutritional Food Labels? Obesity amongst the population in Europe is increasing at an alarming rate. Consequently, nutritional and lifestyle factors are implicated in the huge increase in several chronic diseases in Europe. The Southern Europeans tend to be amongst the worst, mth Greece being first in adult obesity mainly due to the replacement of the Mediterranean diet with ready-made and fast foods. People want to see change towards an environment that makes it easier to make healthy choices. The EU, in order to assist consumers make healthy food choices, tried to make nutritional information available to consumers through a food labelling law framework, which currently works on a voluntary basis with the perspective to change towards a mandatory system. We conducted a study in Greece in order to assess consumer use of nutritional food labels and determine which consumers use certain types of nutrient content information. We found that almost a third of consumers often use food labels and these are the more educated, who are more nutritionally knowledgeable. Many others do not, and to increase their chances of reading the labels one should improve their knowledge of nutrition havlng in mind that they are not big users of the media but get their information from informd sources. Mais qui donc s'occupe du contenu nutritionnel sur les etiquettes? La prevalence de I'obesitk augmente a un t a u toujours plus preoccupant en Europe. Les facteurs nutritionnels et les styles de vie sont par consequent impliquks dans l'Cnorme accroissement constati: de diverses pathologies chroniques. La situation est specialement mauvaise en Europe du sud, ou la Grece detient le record du taux d'obesite dans la population adulte, en particulier du fait du remplacement du fameux ,regime mediterraneen' par les plats prepares et la restauration rapide. Les gens souhaitent un environnement susceptible de leur faciliter le choix d'une alimentation saine. C'est pour cela que l'Union europkenne a tente de mettre des informations nutritionnelles a la disposition des consommateurs, en instituant un cadre legal pour l'etiquetage alimentaire Il fonctionne actuellement sur la base du volontariat, mais il a pour vocation d'evoluer vers un systeme obligatoire. Il est rendu compte ici d'une enquOte effectuee en Grkce pour determiner quels types de consommateurs utilisent quels genres dindications de contenu nutritionnel portees sur les etiquettes alimentaires, et dans quelle mesure. Environ un tiers des consommateurs utilisent souvent les contenus nutritionnels. Ce sont les plus eduques et les mieux informks. La plupart des autres negligent les etiquettes. Pour accroitre les chances que ces dernieres soient lues, il faudrait donc arneliorer les connaissances nutritionnelles, en gardant a l'esprit que les personnes concernkes utilisent peu les mkdias et tirent leurs informations de sources informelles. Wer sucht nach Nährwertangaben auf Die Fettleibigkeit in der europaischen Bevolkerung nimmt alarmierend schnell zu. Folglich spiegeln sich Ernahrung und Lebensstil in dem hohen Anstieg zahlreicher chronischer Erkrankungen in Europa wider. Fur die Sudeuropaer ergeben sich einige der schlechtesten Werte, wobei in Griechenland die Erwachsenenfettleibigkeit am ausgepriigtesten ist. Dies liegt hauptsachlich daran, dass die mediterrane Erniihrung von Fertiggerichten und Fast-Food abgelost wurde. Die Bevolkerung wiinscht sich eine Veriinderung hin zu einer Umgebung, die sie darin unterstutzt, der Gesundheit zutr;dgliche Entscheidungen zu treffen. Die EU wollte den Verbrauchern gesundheitlich relevante Informationen durch eine Kennzeichnung der Inhaltsstoffe der Lebensmittel verschaffen. Dieses System sieht gegenwartig lediglich eine freiwillige Kennzeichnung vor, ist aber als obligatorisch geplant. Wir fiihrten in Griechenland eine Studie durch, um zu beurteilen, inwiefern Nahrwertangaben auf Lebensmitteln den Verbrauchern nutzen, und um festzustellen, welche Verbraucher auf bestimmte Nahrwertangaben achten. Wir fanden heraus, dass beinahe ein Drittel aller Verbraucher auf die Lebensmittelkennzeich nung achten. Diese Verbraucher verfiigen uber eine hohere Bildung und kennen sich in Erniihrungsfragen relativ gut aus. Ein großer Anted der Verbraucher verfiigt uber keinerlei gesundheitliche Grundkenntnisse; um diesen Verbrauchern das Lesen der Etiketten zu ermoglichen, sollte man ihre Kenntnisse in Sachen Ernahrung verbessern und sich dabei vor Augen fiihren, dass diese Verbraucher die Medien nicht allzu intensiv nutzen, sondern ihre Informationen aus informellen Quellen beziehen. [source] Tagging (Arene)ruthenium(II) Anticancer Complexes with Fluorescent LabelsEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 18 2007Fabio Zobi Abstract Fluorescent (arene)ruthenium(II) complexes have been prepared by tagging a small fluorogenic reporter onto the chelating ligand of complexes of the type [(,6 -arene)RuCl(Z)]+ (Z = chelating ligand). Complexes [(,6 - p -cym)RuCl(NNO)](Cl) (2), [(,6 - p -cym)RuCl(L3)](Cl) (3) and [(,6 - p -cym)RuCl(L4)](Cl) (4) {p -cym = p- cymene, NNO = 2-[(2-aminoethyl)amino]ethanol, L3 = 2-[(2-aminoethyl)amino]ethyl-2-(methylamino)benzoate and L4 = N -{2-[(2-aminoethyl)amino]ethyl}-2-(methylamino)benzamide} were obtained in good yield from the reaction of the Ru dimer [(,6 - p -cym)RuCl2]2 (1) and the corresponding ligand. The compounds have been fully characterized and their X-ray crystal structures are reported. Compounds 3 and 4 show a photoluminescence response centered at 435 nm with partial fluorescence quenching of the fluorogenic reporters L3 and L4 upon coordination to the metal center. Species 2,4 show good solubility both in water and organic solvents. In water, 2,4 readily hydrolyze to form the aqua complexes. These are stable at acidic pH forming 10,15,% of the corresponding hydroxido complexes in buffered solution (25 mM HEPES) as the pH is raised to a physiological value (pH = 7.44). Under these conditions, 4 (but not 2 or 3) undergoes a fast pH-dependent reversible intramolecular rearrangement. Experimental data and semiempirical calculations indicate that the major species arising from this transformation is a complex with a tridentate chelating ligand following deprotonation at the nitrogen atom of the amide group. Esterase-catalyzed hydrolysis of 3 liberates isatoic acid (MIAH) and generates 2 indicating that the complex is a substrate for the enzyme. Complexes similar to 3 may have potential for esterase-activated Ru-based prodrug delivery systems.(© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007) [source] Liquidity, Labels and Medium-Term NotesFINANCIAL MARKETS, INSTITUTIONS & INSTRUMENTS, Issue 5 2002Donald J. Mullineaux We suggest that the medium-term note market provides an excellent laboratory for exploring the relationships between yield, liquidity, and the label affixed to a financial instrument. Crabbe and Turner (1995) examined the liquidity issue and uncovered the counter-intuitive result that issue size is unrelated to liquidity. Their study failed to examine a potential channel for a liquidity effect, however, in the form of multiple issues from a single, typically large, MTN registration filing. We find evidence that file size is significantly related to yield in a number of instances. Several other proxies for liquidity, such as frequency of issue, are also sometimes significantly related to yields. Contrary to Crabbe and Turner (1995), we find that labeling a security an MTN can have an impact on its yield. The label "note" also appears to matter for yield in some instances. [source] Nanoaggregate-Embedded Beads as Novel Raman Labels for BiodetectionADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 2 2009Ping-Ji Huang Abstract Novel Raman tags called nanoaggregate-embedded beads (NAEBs) have been developed. NAEBs are silica-coated, dye-induced aggregates of a small number of metal nanoparticles. In this work, the Raman reporters used to induce aggregation of gold nanoparticles include strongly binding dyes such as XRITC, TRITC, and DTDC and weakly binding dyes such as R6G. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) signal from a single NAEB can be detected. This study also demonstrates that these SERS-active beads can be used as Raman tags for bio-detection. [source] Synthesis and Conformational Switching of Partially and Differentially Bridged Resorcin[4]arenes Bearing Fluorescent Dye Labels.HELVETICA CHIMICA ACTA, Issue 6 2003Preliminary Communication We report the synthesis of modified Cram -type cavitands bearing one or two fluorescent labels for single-molecule spectroscopic studies of vasekite conformational switching (Scheme,3). Syntheses were performed by stepwise bridging of the four couples of neighboring H-bonded OH groups of resorcin[4]arene bowls (Schemes,2 and 3). The new substitution patterns enable the construction of a large variety of future functional architectures. 1H-NMR Investigations showed that the new partially and differentially bridged cavitands feature temperature- and pH-triggered vasekite conformational isomerism similar to symmetrical cavitands with four identical quinoxaline bridges (Table). It was discovered that vasekite switching of cavitands is strongly solvent-dependent. [source] Linguistic Labels and Categorization in Infancy: Do Labels Facilitate or Hinder?INFANCY, Issue 3 2007Christopher W. Robinson Although it is generally accepted that labels facilitate categorization in infancy, recent evidence suggests that infants and young children are more likely to process visual input when presented in isolation than when paired with nonlinguistic sounds or linguistic labels. These findings suggest that auditory input (when compared to a no-auditory baseline) may hinder rather than facilitate categorization. This study assessed 8-month-olds' (n = 191) and 12-month-olds' (n = 81) abilities to form categories when images were paired with nonlinguistic sounds, linguistic labels, and when presented in isolation. Overall, infants accumulated more looking when visual stimuli were accompanied by sounds or labels; however, infants were more likely to categorize when the visual images were presented without an auditory stimulus. [source] The Influence of Labels, Non-Labeling Sounds, and Source of Auditory Input on 9- and 15-Month-Olds' Object CategorizationINFANCY, Issue 3 2003Anne L. Fulkerson This experiment examines the joint influence of auditory and social cues on infants' basic-level and global categorization. Nine- and fifteen-month-olds were familiarized to a series of category exemplars in an object-examining task. Objects were introduced with a labeling phrase, a non-labeling sound, or no sound, and auditory input was presented orally by the experimenter or played on a hidden voice recorder. Novel objects from the familiarized category and a contrasting category were then presented. Results of analyses performed on novelty preference scores indicated that infants demonstrated basic-level categorization in all conditions. However, infants at both age levels only demonstrated global categorization when labeling phrases were introduced. In addition, labels led to global categorization in 9-month-olds regardless of the source of those labels; however, labels only led to global categorization in 15-month-olds when the labels were presented orally by the experimenter. [source] Smart Labels for Waste and Resource ManagementJOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY, Issue 2 2008An Integrated Assessment Summary This article explores the potential of RFID (radio frequency identification device) for improving the current waste and resource management system in Switzerland. It presents the following three possible options for utilizing RFID tags to support waste management processes: "at source automation" (using a "smart" trash can), "end of pipe I" (combination of the current system with an additional separation of recyclables before incineration), and "end of pipe II" (replacement of the current recycling infrastructure by sorting at the incineration plant). These options tackle the waste and resource management chain during different processes (i.e., waste generation, waste separation, and treatment). Based on an MFA (material flow analysis), we performed a multicriteria assessment of these options with experts from the waste management sector. The assessment of ten experts in the waste management field regarding the proposed options for batteries and electrical appliances showed that, from an ecological perspective, the implementation of RFID in waste management would be desirable and would lead to an improvement in the current recycling rate in Switzerland for the goods studied. From an economic perspective, new investments would be required in the range of 1 to 5 times the maintenance costs of the current separate collection system. From a social perspective, the utilization of RFID tags in the waste management process was ambiguous. In particular, the end of pipe II option would, on the one hand, significantly improve convenience for consumers. On the other hand, experts see privacy and, what is more, social responsibility as being under threat. The experts considered the ecological and social aspects to be more relevant than the economic ones, preferring the end of pipe I option over the other options and the status quo. [source] Synthesis of multiply labelled ribonucleosides for sequence-specific labelling of oligo-RNAJOURNAL OF LABELLED COMPOUNDS AND RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS, Issue 11 2001Jan Milecki Abstract The synthesis of ribonucleotide blocks multiply labelled with 2H, 13C and 15N for solid support synthesis of sequence specifically labelled RNA is described. Labels were introduced in the ribose ring (13C), C5 position of pyrimidine nucleobases (2H) and exocyclic amino groups (15N) and serve as multiple probes for studying the various physicochemical consequences of physiologically important RNA folding by high-resolution multi-nuclear NMR spectroscopy. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Ethnic Labels and Ethnic Identity as Predictors of Drug Use among Middle School Students in the SouthwestJOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE, Issue 1 2001Flavio Francisco Marsiglia This article explores differences in the self-reported drug use and exposure to drugs of an ethnically diverse group of 408 seventh-grade students from a large city in the southwest. We contrast the explanatory power of ethnic labels (African American, non-Hispanic White, Mexican American, and mixed ethnicity) and two dimensions of ethnic identity in predicting drug use. One dimension focuses on perceived ethnically consistent behavior, speech, and looks, while the other gauges a sense of ethnic pride. Ethnic labels were found to be somewhat useful in identifying differences in drug use, but the two ethnic identity measures, by themselves, did not generally help to explain differences in drug use. In conjunction, however, ethnic labels and ethnic identity measures explained far more of the differences in drug use than either did alone. The findings indicate that the two dimensions of ethnic identity predict drug outcomes in opposite ways, and these relations are different for minority students and non-Hispanic White students. Generally, African American, Mexican American, and mixed-ethnicity students with a strong sense of ethnic pride reported less drug use and exposure, while ethnically proud White students reported more. Ethnic minority students who viewed their behavior, speech, and looks as consistent with their ethnic group reported more drug use and exposure, while their White counterparts reported less. These findings are discussed, and recommendations for future research are provided. [source] Phospholipid-Coated Carbon Nanotubes as Sensitive Electrochemical Labels with Controlled-Assembly-Mediated Signal Transduction for Magnetic Separation Immunoassay,ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE, Issue 52 2009Huagui Nie Dr. Ein elektrochemisches Immunassay nutzt mehrwandige Kohlenstoffnanoröhren (MWNTs) mit Phospholipidüberzug als elektrochemische Markierungen (siehe Schema; PSA=Antigenprotein; MB=magnetisches Kügelchen). Die Signalübertragung bei dieser Strategie ist hoch empfindlich und spezifisch. [source] Variable expression of tenascin-C, osteopontin and fibronectin in inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour of the lungAPMIS, Issue 2 2010RIITTA KAARTEENAHO Kaarteenaho R, Sormunen R, Pääkkö P. Variable expression of tenascin-C, osteopontin and fibronectin in inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour of the lung. APMIS 2010; 118: 91,100. The aim of this study was to analyse the expression of tenascin-C, osteopontin and fibronectin in inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour of the lung, which is a rare tumour of unknown aetiology. Nine patients with an inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour of lung were studied by immunohistochemistry for the presence of tenascin-C, osteopontin, fibronectin and alpha-smooth muscle actin, which is a common marker for myofibroblasts. The ultrastructure of myofibroblasts was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. The expression of tenascin-C, osteopontin, fibronectin and alpha-smooth muscle actin was also studied by immunoelectron microscopy. All cases displayed all of the studied extracellular matrix proteins and also alpha-smooth muscle actin-positive spindle-shaped fibroblastic cells that were undoubtedly myofibroblasts. The immunoelectron microscopic studies demonstrated labelling for alpha-smooth muscle actin in intracellular filament bundles within myofibroblasts, for fibronectin in the extracellular filaments of the fibronexus and for tenascin-C extracellularly often adjacent to myofibroblasts. Labels for osteopontin were observed within myofibroblasts and plasma cells. These results demonstrate that tenascin-C, osteopontin and fibronectin were expressed in all three kinds of subtypes of inflammatory myofibroblastic tumours of the lung and further, variable amounts of myofibroblasts could be observed by light and transmission electron microscopy as well as by immunoelectron microscopic techniques. [source] Carbon and nitrogen dynamics in zero-water exchange shrimp culture as indicated by stable isotope tracersAQUACULTURE RESEARCH, Issue 11 2002M A Epp Abstract The uptake and assimilation of nitrogen and carbon by shrimp were measured in 1200 L mesocosms using stable isotope enrichments. Labels were added via 15N-, 13C-glycine and amino acid mixtures in feeds or as 15NH4+ to pond water. Label was incorporated into shrimp via algal growth indicating that up to 31% of nitrogen requirements were derived from pond ecosystem dynamics. This value is low in comparison with other shrimp aquaculture isotopic tracer studies but is probably due to differences in shrimp-rearing conditions. Direct incorporation of the enriched feed label was low in shrimp muscle tissue (3.3% for 13C-glycine, 5.9% for 15N-glycine and 7.8% for 15N-amino acid mixture). Mass balance calculations indicate the remaining shrimp biomass was derived from feed, but loss of label into solution during feeding led to underestimation based on tracers. Incorporation of isotopic labels into feed as large molecular weight proteinaceous or microencapsulated/fat-coated compounds is recommended to prevent dissolution and loss. [source] Bioassay Labels Based on Apoferritin NanovehiclesCHEMBIOCHEM, Issue 9 2006Guodong Liu Dr. A simpler label. Various redox and optical markers have been easily loaded in the cavity of apoferritin to develop novel and versatile nanoparticle labels for optical and electrochemical bioassays. Such use of apoferritin nanovehicles offers convenient loading and releasing of the markers of interest by pH control instead of harsher conditions and avoids complicated nanoparticle syntheses. The new nanoparticle labels could be applicable to other biological assays, particularly immunoassays. [source] The three m's,mediation, postmodernism, and the new millenniumCONFLICT RESOLUTION QUARTERLY, Issue 3 2001Dale Bagshaw Postmodernism can be seen as a reaction to modernism. A modernist culture, built over the last few centuries around forms of rationality, self-discipline, and scientific values, is succumbing to the effects of rapid and unprecedented technological and economic change. The weakness of modernist thinking was the search for unitary definitions and the reduction under one label of complex clusters of thought. This article investigates the strengths and weaknesses of postmodernist and poststructuralist ideas for mediation at the beginning of the new millennium and argues that some aspects of postmodernist thinking are important to mediation,in particular the recognition of the power of language, or discourse, to reflect and shape the world. Postmodernism rejects dualistic thinking, notions of "neutrality" and "objectivity," and mega theories or overarching "truths," and celebrates diversity and conflict. Postmodernism offers mediators a new way of thinking about thinking but has its drawbacks when considering issues of human rights. [source] Fragrance contact allergic patients: strategies for use of cosmetic products and perceived impact on life situationCONTACT DERMATITIS, Issue 6 2009Susan Hovmand Lysdal Background: Fragrance ingredients are a common cause of contact allergy. Very little is known about these patients' strategies to manage their disease and the effect on their daily lives. Objectives: To investigate if patients with diagnosed fragrance contact allergy used scented products, how they identified tolerated products, and if fragrance allergy affected their daily living. Method: One hundred and forty-seven patients diagnosed with fragrance contact allergy in a 20-month period were included and received a postal questionnaire concerning the subjects of the study. One hundred and seventeen (79.6%) replied. Results: In total, 53/117 (45.3%) responded that they had found some scented products that they could tolerate. Thirty-seven (31.6%) had not tried to find any scented products and 26 (22%) had tried but could not find any. The methods most often used were trying different products and reading the ingredient label. Of the total respondents, 17.1% reported sick-leave due to fragrance allergy and 45.3% found that fragrance allergy significantly affected their daily living. Conclusion: Many patients with fragrance contact allergy succeeded in finding some scented products, which they could tolerate, e.g. by use of ingredient labelling, but a significant proportion had continued skin problems. Almost half of the patients perceived that fragrance allergy significantly affected their daily lives. [source] THE LABELING OF CONVICTED FELONS AND ITS CONSEQUENCES FOR RECIDIVISM,CRIMINOLOGY, Issue 3 2007TED CHIRICOS Florida law allows judges to withhold adjudication of guilt for individuals who have been found guilty of a felony and are being sentenced to probation. Such individuals lose no civil rights and may lawfully assert they had not been convicted of a felony. Labeling theory would predict that the receipt of a felony label could increase the likelihood of recidivism. Reconviction data for 95,919 men and women who were either adjudicated or had adjudication withheld show that those formally labeled are significantly more likely to recidivate in 2 years than those who are not. Labeling effects are stronger for women, whites, and those who reach the age of 30 years without a prior conviction. Second-level indicators of county characteristics (e.g., crime rates or concentrated disadvantage) have no significant effect on the adjudication/recidivism relationship. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||