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Key Principles (key + principle)
Selected AbstractsJuvenile Delinquency Guidelines: Improving Court Practice in Juvenile Delinquency Cases SIXTEEN KEY PRINCIPLESJUVENILE AND FAMILY COURT JOURNAL, Issue 3 2005Article first published online: 14 JUL 200 ABSTRACT This article is excerpted from the National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges' landmark JUVENILE DELINQUENCY GUIDELINES: Improving Court Practice in Juvenile Delinquency Cases, Chapter I, Foundations for Excellence, published in 2005. Beginning with a basic discussion of why separate courts for juveniles and adults continue to be necessary, the article describes the goals and key principles of a juvenile delinquency court of excellence. [source] Teaching the Global Dimension: Key Principles and Effective PracticeINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CONSUMER STUDIES, Issue 1 2008Sue L.T. McGregor No abstract is available for this article. [source] Towards integrated paediatric services in the Netherlands: a survey of views and policies on collaboration in the care for children with cerebral palsyCHILD: CARE, HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT, Issue 5 2007B. J. G. Nijhuis Abstract Aim, Worldwide, family-centred and co-ordinated care are seen as the two most desirable and effective methods of paediatric care delivery. This study outlines current views on how team collaboration comprising professionals in paediatric rehabilitation and special education and the parents of children with disabilities should be organized, and analyses the policies of five paediatric rehabilitation settings associated with the care of 44 children with cerebral palsy (CP) in the Netherlands. Methods, For an overview of current ideas on collaboration, written statements of professional associations in Dutch paediatric rehabilitation were examined. The policy statements of the five participating settings were derived from their institutional files. Documents detailing the collaborative arrangements involving the various professionals and parents were evaluated at the institutional level and at the child level. Involvement of the stakeholders was analysed based on team conferences. Results, Also in the Netherlands collaboration between rehabilitation and education professionals and parents is endorsed as the key principle in paediatric rehabilitation, with at its core the team conference in which the various priorities and goals are formulated and integrated into a personalized treatment plan. As to their collaborative approaches between rehabilitation centre and school, the five paediatric settings rarely differed, but at the child level approaches varied. Teams were large (averaging 10.5 members), and all three stakeholder groups were represented, but involvement differed per setting, as did the roles and contributions of the individual team members. Conclusion, Collaboration between rehabilitation and education professionals and parents is supported and encouraged nationwide. Views on collaboration have been formulated, and general guidelines on family-centred and co-ordinated care are available. Yet, collaborative practices in Dutch paediatric care are still developing. Protocols that carefully delineate the commitments to collaborate and that translate the policies into practical, detailed guidelines are needed, as they are a prerequisite for successful teamwork. [source] Principles and approaches to abate seabird by-catch in longline fisheriesFISH AND FISHERIES, Issue 1 2005Eric Gilman Abstract Mortality in longline fisheries is a critical global threat to most albatross and large petrel species. Here we identify key principles and approaches to identify and achieve broad use of effective seabird by-catch avoidance methods. Despite the availability of highly effective and cost-saving seabird avoidance methods, few longline fleets employ them. Given the political context and capacity of management authorities of the majority of longline fisheries, it is critical to identify seabird avoidance strategies that are not only highly effective, but are also economically viable and commercially practical. Adoption of an international performance standard for longline baited hook,sink rate, and prescribing minimum gear weighting designs that meet this standard that are achievable by all longline fisheries, would be an important step forward towards resolving low use of seabird avoidance methods by vessels, including those in illegal, unregulated and unreported fisheries. Due to differences between fleets, no single seabird avoidance measure is likely to be effective and practical in all longline fisheries. Therefore, testing of seabird avoidance methods in individual fleets is needed to determine efficacy and economic viability. Longline fishers should directly participate in these trials as they have a large repository of knowledge and skills to effectively develop and improve seabird by-catch avoidance techniques, and this provides industry with a sense of ownership for uptake of effective by-catch reduction methods. Establishing protected areas containing seabird colonies and adjacent waters within a nation's EEZ can be an expedient method to address seabird by-catch. However, establishing high seas marine protected areas to restrict longline fishing in seabird foraging areas, which would require extensive and dynamic boundaries and large buffer zones, may not be a viable short-term solution because of the extensive time anticipated to resolve legal complications with international treaties, to achieve international consensus and political will, and to acquire requisite extensive resources for surveillance and enforcement. Analysis of results of research on seabird avoidance methods reveals that the most reliable comparisons of the efficacy of alternative strategies are from comparing the effectiveness of methods tested in a single experiment. Benefits from standardizing the reporting of seabird by-catch rates to account for seabird abundance are described. To provide the most precise inputs for seabird population models, estimates of seabird mortality in longline fisheries should account for seabird falloff from hooks before hauling, delayed mortality of seabirds caught but freed from gear, and mortality caused by hooks discarded in offal. [source] How to diagnose multiple sclerosis and what are the pitfallsINTERNAL MEDICINE JOURNAL, Issue 12 2009C. Shaw Abstract The task of confirming a diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS), one of the commonest neurological disorders affecting young adults, has altered significantly in the magnetic resonance imaging era. Conversely, key principles, most notably objective documentation of neurological dissemination in time and space, remain fundamental to the process. Clinical acumen and experience are equally as crucial as an ability to interpret relevant investigations. Recognising typical clinical patterns, addressing potential ,mimics', and stratifying prognosis of a clinically isolated syndrome are just some of the challenges inherent in diagnosing MS. [source] On the framing of one kind of indefinite referring expression: learning challenges and pedagogical implicationsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF APPLIED LINGUISTICS, Issue 2 2002Asha Tickoo The paper shows that two key principles of communication (the Shared Knowledge Principle and the Economy Principle), which monitor the framing of all well-formed referring expressions, are manifest in a specialized mode in the framing of focal specific indefinite referring expressions. It is suggested that the special features associated with this type of reference pose a challenge for a group of advanced learners whose L1 is Cantonese. The strategies that these learners adopt in framing this category of indefinite referring expressions are examined and compared to those customarily used by educated native speakers. Pedagogical implications are explored. [source] The challenges for nurses communicating with and gaining valid consent from adults with intellectual disabilities within the accident and emergency care serviceJOURNAL OF CLINICAL NURSING, Issue 9 2007Margaret Sowney MSc Aim., This paper reports the challenges experienced by nurses within accident and emergency departments in communicating with and gaining valid consent from adults with intellectual disabilities. Background., Consent is both a legal requirement and an ethical principle required to be obtained by health-care professionals, prior to the start of any examination, treatment and/or care. Central to the process of seeking consent is effective communication. However, evidence shows that people with intellectual disabilities are not viewed by professionals within acute general hospitals as a vital source of information, neither are they often communicated with directly, nor involved in discussions or decisions about their health care and are frequently not directly asked for their consent. Method., A purposive sample of nurses working within the accident and emergency departments of five general hospitals was recruited to participate in this qualitative study. Data were collected from five focus groups. Findings., Effective communication was identified as the most challenging aspect in caring for adults with intellectual disabilities within this environment, having an impact on the assessment of needs, informing patients of their health status and seeking valid consent. Conclusions., Fundamental to the provision of quality care are the concepts communication, choice and control. However, these issues are perceived to be more challenging in the provision of health care to people with intellectual disabilities. Communication and consent, therefore, require further consideration within the educational and clinical areas to strengthen nurses' competence in caring for people with intellectual disabilities, with an emphasis and understanding that choice and control are key principles for all people, being central aspects to the provision of an inclusive service for people with intellectual disabilities. Relevance to clinical practice., All nurses need to have a greater awareness of learning disability, how to increase opportunities for effective communication and be very familiar with the issue and guidelines relating to consent, to ensure that people with learning disabilities have choice, control and are more active in decision making regarding their health. [source] Telemedicine: barriers and opportunities in the 21st centuryJOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE, Issue S741 2001B. Stanberry Abstract. Stanberry B (Centre for Law Ethics and Risk in Telemedicine, Cardiff, Wales, UK). Telemedicine: barriers and opportunities in the 21st century (Internal Medicine in the 21st Century). J Intern Med 2000; 247: 615,628. This paper aims to examine how health telematics will develop in the first 10 years of the new millennium and, in particular, to assess what operational, ethical and legal barriers may lie in the way of this development. A description of the key principles and concepts involved in telemedicine and a short historical overview of telemedicine's evolution over the past century are followed by consideration of why empirical research into ,info-ethics' and other deontological and legal issues relating to telemedicine is being necessarily catalysed by, amongst others, the European Commission. Four evolving health telematics applications are examined in some detail: electronic health records; the transmission of visual media in disciplines such as teleradiology, teledermatology, telepathology and teleophthalmology; telesurgery and robotics and the use of call centres and decision-support software. These are discussed in the light of their moral, ethical and cultural implications for clinicians, patients and society at large. The author argues that telemedicine presents unique opportunities for both patients and clinicians where it is implemented in direct response to clear clinical needs, but warns against excessive reliance upon technology to the detriment of traditional clinician,patient relationships and against complacency regarding the risks and responsibilities , many of which are as yet unknown , that distant medical intervention, consultation and diagnosis carry. [source] Telemedicine: barriers and opportunities in the 21st centuryJOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE, Issue 6 2000B. Stanberry Abstract. Stanberry B (Centre for Law Ethics and Risk in Telemedicine, Cardiff, Wales, UK). Telemedicine: barriers and opportunities in the 21st century (Internal Medicine in the 21st Century). J Intern Med 2000; 247: 615,628. This paper aims to examine how health telematics will develop in the first 10 years of the new millennium and, in particular, to assess what operational, ethical and legal barriers may lie in the way of this development. A description of the key principles and concepts involved in telemedicine and a short historical overview of telemedicine's evolution over the past century are followed by consideration of why empirical research into ,info-ethics' and other deontological and legal issues relating to telemedicine is being necessarily catalysed by, amongst others, the European Commission. Four evolving health telematics applications are examined in some detail: electronic health records; the transmission of visual media in disciplines such as teleradiology, teledermatology, telepathology and teleophthalmology; telesurgery and robotics and the use of call centres and decision-support software. These are discussed in the light of their moral, ethical and cultural implications for clinicians, patients and society at large. The author argues that telemedicine presents unique opportunities for both patients and clinicians where it is implemented in direct response to clear clinical needs, but warns against excessive reliance upon technology to the detriment of traditional clinician,patient relationships and against complacency regarding the risks and responsibilities , many of which are as yet unknown , that distant medical intervention, consultation and diagnosis carry. [source] Nurse staffing levels revisited: a consideration of key issues in nurse staffing levels and skill mix researchJOURNAL OF NURSING MANAGEMENT, Issue 6 2009BSc (Hons), MARIA FLYNN RGN Aim, This paper revisits the published evidence relating to how nurse staffing levels impact on patient, nurse and service outcomes and considers the implications of this body of research for nurse managers in their quest to determine optimum nursing numbers. Background, Within the context of the recognized global nursing shortage and particular local pressures within international health services, questions of appropriate nurse staffing levels and skill mix are once again becoming increasingly important. It would seem that the determination of optimum nurse staffing levels and skill mix is a central issue in relation to health service governance, service user involvement, as well as in the recruitment, retention and well-being of nursing staff across the service sectors. Methods, A review of published evidence was carried out, applying key principles of the systematic method, in order to facilitate the identification of current factors and issues in nurse staffing levels research. The review did not seek to address a specific research question. The search covered 10 years from 1998 to 2008 and identified more than 500 relevant papers, giving a wide international perspective. Key issues, The majority of research in the field relates to the acute service sector and there are considerable similarities in issues that transcend international boundaries. Much of the research focuses on the impact on patients and nurses of ,poor' nurse staffing levels. More recent studies have explored the impact of nurse staffing levels on the service organization itself. However, while there may be an association between models of nurse staffing and outcomes, there is insufficient evidence to establish a causal relationship between these factors. In this context it is perhaps time to reconsider how nursing outcomes are defined and measured. Implications for nursing management and conclusion, Nurse managers, commissioners of services and workforce planners need to be cognisant of key issues and analyses in the consideration of nurse staffing levels. Not least of these is the need for a healthy degree of caution regarding the supposed objectivity, scientific basis, or evidence base, for rational calculation of optimum nurse staffing levels. [source] Juvenile Delinquency Guidelines: Improving Court Practice in Juvenile Delinquency Cases SIXTEEN KEY PRINCIPLESJUVENILE AND FAMILY COURT JOURNAL, Issue 3 2005Article first published online: 14 JUL 200 ABSTRACT This article is excerpted from the National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges' landmark JUVENILE DELINQUENCY GUIDELINES: Improving Court Practice in Juvenile Delinquency Cases, Chapter I, Foundations for Excellence, published in 2005. Beginning with a basic discussion of why separate courts for juveniles and adults continue to be necessary, the article describes the goals and key principles of a juvenile delinquency court of excellence. [source] Comparisons and connections between mean field dynamo theory and accretion disc theoryASTRONOMISCHE NACHRICHTEN, Issue 1 2010E.G. Blackman Abstract The origin of large scale magnetic fields in astrophysical rotators, and the conversion of gravitational energy into radiation near stars and compact objects via accretion have been subjects of active research for a half century. Magnetohydrodynamic turbulence makes both problems highly nonlinear, so both subjects have benefitted from numerical simulations.However, understanding the key principles and practical modeling of observations warrants testable semi-analytic mean field theories that distill the essential physics. Mean field dynamo (MFD) theory and alpha-viscosity accretion disc theory exemplify this pursuit. That the latter is a mean field theory is not always made explicit but the combination of turbulence and global symmetry imply such. The more commonly explicit presentation of assumptions in 20th century textbook MFDT has exposed it to arguably more widespread criticism than incurred by 20th century alpha-accretion theory despite complementary weaknesses. In the 21st century however, MFDT has experienced a breakthrough with a dynamical saturation theory that consistently agrees with simulations. Such has not yet occurred in accretion disc theory, though progress is emerging. Ironically however, for accretion engines, MFDT and accretion theory are presently two artificially uncoupled pieces of what should be a single coupled theory. Large scale fields and accretion flows are dynamically intertwined because large scale fields likely play a key role in angular momentum transport. I discuss and synthesize aspects of recent progress in MFDT and accretion disc theory to suggest why the two likely conspire in a unified theory (© 2010 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Review of the ecology of Australian urban fauna: A focus on spatially explicit processesAUSTRAL ECOLOGY, Issue 2 2006JENNI GARDEN Abstract Cities have a major impact on Australian landscapes, especially in coastal regions, to the detriment of native biodiversity. Areas suitable for urban development often coincide with those areas that support high levels of species diversity and endemism. However, there is a paucity of reliable information available to guide urban conservation planning and management, especially regarding the trade-off between investing in protecting and restoring habitat at the landscape level, and investing in programmes to maintain the condition of remnant vegetation at the local (site) level. We review the literature on Australian urban ecology, focusing on urban terrestrial and aquatic vertebrate and invertebrate fauna. We identify four main factors limiting our knowledge of urban fauna: (i) a lack of studies focusing at multiple ecological levels; (ii) a lack of multispecies studies; (iii) an almost total absence of long-term (temporal) studies; and (iv) a need for stronger integration of research outcomes into urban conservation planning and management. We present a set of key principles for the development of a spatially explicit, long-term approach to urban fauna research. This requires an understanding of the importance of local-level habitat quality and condition relative to the composition, configuration and connectivity of habitats within the larger urban landscape. These principles will ultimately strengthen urban fauna management and conservation planning by enabling us to prioritize and allocate limited financial resources to maximize the conservation return. [source] ROUTES TO HIGHER-ORDER ACCURACY IN PARAMETRIC INFERENCEAUSTRALIAN & NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF STATISTICS, Issue 2 2009G. Alastair Young Summary Developments in the theory of frequentist parametric inference in recent decades have been driven largely by the desire to achieve higher-order accuracy, in particular distributional approximations that improve on first-order asymptotic theory by one or two orders of magnitude. At the same time, much methodology is specifically designed to respect key principles of parametric inference, in particular conditionality principles. Two main routes to higher-order accuracy have emerged: analytic methods based on ,small-sample asymptotics', and simulation, or ,bootstrap', approaches. It is argued here that, of these, the simulation methodology provides a simple and effective approach, which nevertheless retains finer inferential components of theory. The paper seeks to track likely developments of parametric inference, in an era dominated by the emergence of methodological problems involving complex dependences and/or high-dimensional parameters that typically exceed available data sample sizes. [source] Time to make up your mind: why choosing is difficultBRITISH JOURNAL OF LEARNING DISABILITIES, Issue 1 2003John Harris Summary For many years, the promotion of choice has been a core objective for virtually every service provider working to support people with learning disability. This is confirmed by the 2001 English White Paper Valuing People, A New Strategy for Learning Disability for the 21st Century, which describes choice as one of four key principles at the heart of the UK Government's proposals, and the 2000 review of learning disability services commissioned by the Scottish Executive, People Like Us, which places a similarly high priority on the creation of choice. The present paper gives an overview of our current understanding of the concept of choice. It concludes that our aspirations to promote choice for people with learning disability are undermined by conceptual confusion about the meaning of choice, inappropriate methods for helping people to make choices and an absence of applied research to guide practice in service settings. This review is designed to establish a conceptual framework for examining choice and empowerment for people with learning disability, and to describe the implications for future research and practice. [source] Breaking barriers,provision and participation in an out-of-school centreCHILDREN & SOCIETY, Issue 2 2001Berry Mayall This paper uses a research and development project , the A Space project in Hackney , as an exemplar for discussion of policy and practice issues arising from the recent expansion of out-of-school child care and study support services. In particular, the authors explore children's participation rights and multi-agency working, two key principles upon which A Space is based. The paper suggests that current government out-of-school policy raises key questions about the siting, staffing, coordination and costs of future services; and that underlying these are more fundamental questions about: how children should be spending their time; and whose perspectives on this should be taken into account. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||