Animal Interaction (animal + interaction)

Distribution by Scientific Domains


Selected Abstracts


Impact of the black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis minor) on a local population of Euphorbia bothae in the Great Fish River Reserve, South Africa

AFRICAN JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY, Issue 4 2009
Bodina L. Luske
Abstract In the Great Fish River Reserve, South Africa, black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis minor) feed extensively on a local population of Euphorbia bothae. Maintaining the endangered black rhinoceros and the protected E. bothae population are both conservation priorities of the reserve. Therefore, the sustainability of this plant,animal interaction was investigated by comparing population characteristics, browsing incidence and intensity within the reserve and in an adjacent exclosure without access to rhino. Fixed-point photographs showed that over a 2-month period 36.6% of 213 monitored plants were browsed, with an average biomass loss of 13%, and 1% were destroyed. Of 26 plants re-photographed after approximately 3 years, 70% showed a decrease in biomass, averaging 37.8% over this period. In this time span, 19% of the monitored plants died. Small plants (<45 cm) were over-represented in the rhino-browsed area, whereas the fraction of reproductively active plants and overall plant density were found to be lower than in the adjacent exclosure. No evidence of short-term compensatory growth in response to browsing was found for E. bothae. This study indicates that, with the current population size, rhinos are overexploiting the E. bothae population and special measures should be taken to prevent local extinction. Résumé Dans la Great Fish River Reserve, en Afrique du Sud, le rhinocéros noir (Diceros bicornis minor) se nourrit en très grande partie d'une population locale d'Euphorbia bothae. Le maintien du rhino noir en danger et de la population protégée d'E. bothae sont deux priorités de la réserve en matière de conservation. C'est pourquoi on a investigué la durabilité de cette interaction plante-animal en comparant les caractéristiques des populations, l'incidence et l'intensité de la consommation du rhino dans la réserve et dans un enclos adjacent d'où les rhinos sont exclus. Des photographies prises d'un point fixe ont montré que, sur une période de deux mois, 36.6% des 213 plantes suivies avaient été broutées, avec une perte moyenne de biomasse de 13%, et un pour cent avait été détruit. Des 26 plantes qui avaient été rephotographiées après environ trois ans, 70% montraient une diminution de la biomasse, qui était de 37.8% en moyenne pour cette période. Pendant ce laps de temps, 19% des plantes suivies sont mortes. Les petites plantes (<45 cm) étaient surreprésentées dans la zone broutée par les rhinos, alors que la fraction des plantes actives au point de vue reproduction et la densité générale des plantes se sont avérées plus faibles que dans l'enclos adjacent. On n'a pu mettre en évidence aucune croissance compensatoire d'E. bothaeà court terme en réponse au broutage des rhinos. Cette étude indique que, vu la taille actuelle de leur population, les rhinos surexploitent la population d'E. bothae et qu'il faut prendre des mesures spéciales pour empêcher l'extinction locale de cette dernière. [source]


Pre-dispersal acorn predation in mixed oak forests: interspecific differences are driven by the interplay among seed phenology, seed size and predator size

JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY, Issue 6 2009
Josep M. Espelta
Summary 1.,Pre-dispersal seed predation (PSP) often occurs in multi-host,predator systems (e.g. several plant species exposed to a common array of granivorous insects). However, whether the interaction among seed phenology, seed size and predator size accounts for interspecific differences in PSP remains elusive. 2.,We studied PSP in a mixed-oak forest with two oaks (the larger-seeded Quercus humilis and the smaller-seeded Q. ilex), both depredated by two acorn weevils (the smaller Curculio glandium and the larger C. elephas). We intensively monitored acorn production and infestation phenology and we identified the weevil species depredating acorns by means of DNA taxonomy. 3.,The minimum acorn size required for infestation was lower for C. glandium than for C. elephas, in accordance with their different body sizes. This resulted in an earlier infestation phenology in C. glandium and the ability of this species to infest both smaller and larger acorns. Above a minimum acorn size threshold, no selection for larger acorns by weevils was observed. 4.,Initial acorn crop size was similar in the two oaks. Nonetheless, the earlier acorn phenology and the production of larger acorns in Q. humilis favoured the earlier infestation by C. glandium and the predation by both small and large weevils. Smaller acorns of Q. ilex almost excluded infestation by the larger C. elephas. 5.,Although larger acorns of Q. humilis could better survive infestation (preserve the embryo), higher PSP in this species finally resulted in a lower mature acorn crop size than in Q. ilex. 6.,Synthesis. In a multi-host,predator system, smaller-seeded species may benefit from a reduced PSP because they exclude larger granivorous insects, but also by means of a ,free-rider effect', if larger-seeded heterospecifics earlier reach a critical size to be depredated. These results also highlight the benefits of a small body size in granivorous insects to depredate seeds earlier and to forage on a wider range of seed sizes. Whether the advantage of ,being small' in this antagonistic plant,animal interaction is offset by other processes, or whether it results in a pressure towards seed and insect size reduction, deserves further attention. [source]


Speciation in the Orchidaceae: confronting the challenges

MOLECULAR ECOLOGY, Issue 14 2007
ROD PEAKALL
The Orchidaceae is renowned for its large number of species (19 500) and its many diverse, even bizarre, specialized pollination systems. One unusual feature of orchids is the high frequency of food deception whereby animal pollination is achieved without providing nectar, pollen or other food rewards. Food-deceptive pollination is estimated to occur in approximately one-third of all orchids. Equally intriguing is pollination by sexual deception whereby pollination is achieved by the sexual attraction of male insects to the orchid flower. Sexual deception is found in several hundred species representing multiple lineages. Given their rich species diversity and extraordinary plant,animal interactions, orchids clearly offer exciting research opportunities in pollination biology, reproductive isolation and speciation, yet surprisingly they remain under-represented in scientific investigations both in these fields and more generally. In this special issue of Molecular Ecology, Moccia et al. provide an exemplar study that combine multiple lines of evidence to illuminate the mechanism of reproductive isolation between two closely related food-deceptive orchids. Their study demonstrates that many of the challenges that confront orchid researchers and impede progress in our understanding of speciation in the Orchidaceae can be overcome by the creative application and integration of both old and new tools in ecology and genetics. [source]


Biological and Cultural Anthropology of a Changing Tropical Forest: A Fruitful Collaboration across Subfields

AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST, Issue 2 2006
REBECCA HARDIN
In this article, we integrate approaches from biological and cultural anthropology to describe changing relationships between humans and animals in the Dzanga-Ndoki Park and Dzanga-Sangha Dense Forest Reserve (RDS), Central African Republic (CAR). Recent decades have seen a rapid proliferation of human activities, with striking tensions between logging and conservation economies. Our data suggest that certain animals and humans initially adapted successfully to these forest uses, and that local residents have crafted culturally rich new ways of living in the forest. However, our longitudinal data indicate animal declines and expanding frontiers of increasingly intensive human use. These trends are altering previous territorial arrangements and coming to undermine today's remarkably rich spectrum of human,animal encounters there. Our combined approach offers an alternative to increasingly distinct method and theory between anthropology's subfields. We sketch a research agenda for integrated anthropological attention to environmental change, especially to transformations in human,animal interactions and entanglements. [source]