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Terms modified by Johnson Selected AbstractsLaboratory strength of glass ionomer and zinc phosphate cementsJOURNAL OF PROSTHODONTICS, Issue 3 2001Andree Piwowarczyk Dr med dent Purpose The present in vitro study examined 3 mechanical properties, namely compressive, flexural, and diametral tensile strength, of various commercially available cements and core materials as a function of time after mixing. Materials and Methods The examined materials were 2 cermet cements (Ketac Silver [ESPE, Seefeld, Germany] and Chelon Silver [ESPE]), 1 metal-reinforced glass ionomer cement (Miracle Mix [GC Dental Industrial Corp, Tokyo, Japan]), 2 conventional glass ionomer cements (Ketac Bond [ESPE] and Ketac Cem [ESPE]), 1 standard cure zinc phosphate cement (Harvard Cement [Richter and Hoffmann, Berlin, Germany]), and 1 zinc phosphate cement with the addition of 30% silver amalgam alloy powder (Harvard Cement 70% with Dispersalloy 30% [Richter and Hoffmann/Johnson and Johnson, East Windsor, NJ]). Properties were measured using a universal testing machine at 15 minutes, 1 hour, and 24 hours after first mixing. Results Compressive strengths varied widely between the 3 times of measurement from 5.8 ± 6.6 MPa for Ketac Cem to 144.3 ± 10.2 MPa for Ketac Silver. Twenty-four hours after mixing, the Bonferroni test showed significant (p, .01) differences between Ketac Silver and all other materials tested. Diametral tensile strengths ranged widely from 4.4 ± 0.9 MPa for Ketac Cem to 11.5 ± 2.2 MPa for Chelon Silver. At 15 minutes, 1 hour, and 24 hours after first mixing, the analysis of variance did not show any significant differences between Ketac Silver, Chelon Silver, and Miracle Mix. The 3-point flexural strength of Ketac Silver showed, at 15 minutes with 13.5 ± 3.9 MPa and at 24 hours with 27.2 ± 7.4 MPa, the highest values. Conclusions Setting time influences the mechanical properties of the materials tested in this study. Ketac Silver, a glass ionomer cement reinforced with sintered glass-silver particles, showed the highest mechanical properties of the examined materials. [source] Forehead Donor Site Full-Thickness Skin GraftDERMATOLOGIC SURGERY, Issue 3 2005Vassilios Dimitropoulos MD Background Full-thickness skin grafts (FTSGs) are useful for reconstructing nasal defects. Traditional reported donor sites include the preauricular, postauricular, supraclavicular, clavicular, conchal bowl, melolabial fold, and upper eyelid skin. Selection of the "best" donor site is based on the "best" tissue match and ability to camouflage the donor scar. Objective The purpose was to report our experience with FTSGs harvested from the forehead for reconstruction of nasal defects following Mohs' surgery. Methods A retrospective query of the Mohs' surgery database was performed to identify nasal defects repaired with a FTSG harvested from the forehead skin. The research record contained the patient age and gender, defect size, and cosmetic and functional outcomes interpreted by the patient and surgeon. Results FTSGs from forehead skin were used to repair the nasal defects in three patients. The functional and cosmetic outcome of all three cases was deemed excellent by the patient and surgeon. Donor site scars were well concealed within preexisting rhytids. Conclusion FTSGs harvested from the forehead, although limited in practical utility, may offer an optimal FTSG match for limited select defects while also providing an easily camouflaged donor site scar within a forehead rhytid. VASSILIOS DIMITROPOULOS, MD, CHRISTOPHER K. BICHAKJIAN, MD, AND TIMOTHY M. JOHNSON, MD, HAVE INDICATED NO SIGNIFICANT INTEREST WITH COMMERCIAL SUPPORTERS. [source] Phased-Array Intracardiac Echocardiography for Guiding Transseptal Catheter Placement: Utility and Learning CurvePACING AND CLINICAL ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY, Issue 4 2002SUSAN B. JOHNSON JOHNSON, S.B., et al.: Phased-Array Intracardiac Echocardiography for Guiding Transseptal Catheter Placement: Utility and Learning Curve. The utility of a new intracardiac 64-element, phased-array, longitudinal ultrasound imaging system for guiding transseptal catheterization was assessed during 69 crossing attempts in 45 dogs because of the inherent limitations of fluoroscopy and mechanical ultrasound. Multifrequency (7.5,8.5 MHZ) imaging of the membranous fossa ovalis, posterior left atrium, and left atrial appendage was conducted from the right atrium. Contact of the Brockenbrough needle with the interatrial septum as reflected by membranous fossa ovalis "tenting" was uniformly identified. Transseptal crossing and advancement of the dilator and sheath were adequately imaged because of deeper ultrasound tissue penetration. Transseptal catheterization was successfully accomplished in 44 of 45 dogs: on the first attempt in 40 and with additional attempts in 4 and confirmed by direct far-field imaging of nonagitated saline injection via the sheath. Total transseptal catheterization time was 3.0 ± 1.8 minutes. Unsuccessful first attempts and/or subsequent sheath pullback into the right atrium with catheter manipulation were also readily recognized. Insertion of the transseptal needle beyond the ultrasound imaging plane resulted in perforation of the posterior left atrial wall in three attempts. Accompanying effusions in these animals and three others related to subsequent intracardiac ablation catheter manipulation were readily identified and monitored echocardiographically. In conclusion, phased-array intracardiac imaging provides a highly reliable means of guiding transseptal access to the left atrium. In addition, inadvertent complications such as perforation and pericardial effusion development can be readily recognized. [source] PROFESSOR JAMES H JOHNSON 1930,2009THE GEOGRAPHICAL JOURNAL, Issue 1 2010John Salt No abstract is available for this article. [source] Peer Commentaries on Marcy A. Kingsbury and Barbara L. Finlay's The cortex in multidimensional space: where do cortical areas come from?DEVELOPMENTAL SCIENCE, Issue 2 2001Article first published online: 28 JUN 200 Elizabeth Bates, Brain evolution and development: passing through the eye of the needle, p. 143 Serena M. Dudek, Multidimensional gene expression in cortical space, p. 145 Henry Kennedy and Colette Dehay, Gradients and boundaries: limits of modularity and its influence on the isocortex, p. 147 Sarah L. Pallas, Specification of mammalian neocortex: the power of the evo,devo approach in resolving the nature,nurture dichotomy, p. 148 Michel Roger, Embryonic stage of commitment of neocortical cells to develop area-specific connections, p. 151 M.W. Spratling and M.H. Johnson, Activity-dependent processes in regional cortical specialization, p. 153 [source] Sample Splitting and Threshold EstimationECONOMETRICA, Issue 3 2000Bruce E. Hansen Threshold models have a wide variety of applications in economics. Direct applications include models of separating and multiple equilibria. Other applications include empirical sample splitting when the sample split is based on a continuously-distributed variable such as firm size. In addition, threshold models may be used as a parsimonious strategy for nonparametric function estimation. For example, the threshold autoregressive model (TAR) is popular in the nonlinear time series literature. Threshold models also emerge as special cases of more complex statistical frameworks, such as mixture models, switching models, Markov switching models, and smooth transition threshold models. It may be important to understand the statistical properties of threshold models as a preliminary step in the development of statistical tools to handle these more complicated structures. Despite the large number of potential applications, the statistical theory of threshold estimation is undeveloped. It is known that threshold estimates are super-consistent, but a distribution theory useful for testing and inference has yet to be provided. This paper develops a statistical theory for threshold estimation in the regression context. We allow for either cross-section or time series observations. Least squares estimation of the regression parameters is considered. An asymptotic distribution theory for the regression estimates (the threshold and the regression slopes) is developed. It is found that the distribution of the threshold estimate is nonstandard. A method to construct asymptotic confidence intervals is developed by inverting the likelihood ratio statistic. It is shown that this yields asymptotically conservative confidence regions. Monte Carlo simulations are presented to assess the accuracy of the asymptotic approximations. The empirical relevance of the theory is illustrated through an application to the multiple equilibria growth model of Durlauf and Johnson (1995). [source] In Memory of Dr. Sylvia T. JohnsonEDUCATIONAL MEASUREMENT: ISSUES AND PRACTICE, Issue 4 2001Ingram Olkin No abstract is available for this article. [source] Discovery of the genus Skidmorella Johnson (Coleoptera: Ptiliidae) in Japan, with descriptions of two new speciesENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE, Issue 4 2003Yoshihiro SAWADA Abstract The genus Skidmorella Johnson, previously known only from the South Pacific islands, is discovered in Japan. The type species, Skidmorella magnifica Johnson, is confirmed from Japan as the first record of the species other than the type locality. In addition, two new species, Skidmorella amamiana sp. nov. and Skidmorella quadrisulucia sp. nov., are described from the Ryukyus, Japan. Phylogenetic relationships of the genus Skidmorella and its allies are discussed on the basis of their morphological characters. [source] Design for the environment at Johnson & Johnson: A product design processENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT, Issue 3 2006Al Iannuzzi First page of article [source] Study of essential oils of Eucalyptus resinifera Smith, E. tereticornis Smith and Corymbia maculata (Hook.) K. D. Hill & L. A. S. Johnson, grown in CubaFLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 1 2002Jorge A. Pino Abstract The yields and chemical composition are reported of oils obtained by hydrodistillation from the leaves of three species grown in the western region of Cuba: Eucalyptus resinifera Smith, Eucalyptus tereticornis Smith and Corymbia maculata (Hook.) K. D. Hill & L. A. S. Johnson. The analyses were made by GC and GC,MS. The oil of E. resinifera was found to contain 1,8-cineole (68.0%) as the major constituent. In contrast, the oil of E. tereticornis was found to contain 1,8-cineole (23.2%) and p - cymene (13.8%), while that of C. maculata contained ,-pinene (49.7%), ,-eudesmol (18.0%) and ,-eudesmol (11.3%) as major constituents. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Lmx1b -expressing cells in the mouse limb bud define a dorsal mesenchymal lineage compartmentGENESIS: THE JOURNAL OF GENETICS AND DEVELOPMENT, Issue 4 2009Qiong Qiu Lmx1b-lacZ expression (blue) highlights dorsal-restricted expression in limb bud mesenchyme of the mouse embryo. See the paper by Qiu and Johnson in this issue. [source] Johnson & Johnson's transformational leadership program prepares quality leaders for global challengesGLOBAL BUSINESS AND ORGANIZATIONAL EXCELLENCE, Issue 2 2010Cindy L. Crosby The health care giant, faced with gaps in its pipeline for executives in the Quality function, constructed a potent yearlong development experience around action learning and a strong international focus. The program's successful five-year run has produced a strong stable of high-potential individuals prepared to lead in a global business. The authors discuss the structure and content of the program, the role of faculty and coaches, and the benefits of action learning projects and exercises for group and individual development, including how failure can lead to pivotal teaching moments, as illustrated through the experience of participants in the Class of 2009. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] Identification of application-specific critical inputs for the 1991 Johnson and Ettinger vapor intrusion algorithmGROUND WATER MONITORING & REMEDIATION, Issue 1 2005Paul C. Johnson At sites where soil or ground water contains chemicals of concern, there is the potential for chemical vapors to migrate through the subsurface to nearby basements, buildings, and other enclosed spaces. The 1991 Johnson and Ettinger algorithm and subsequent refinements are often used to assess the significance of this pathway and to establish target cleanup levels. To facilitate its use, the U.S. EPA distributes spreadsheets programmed with the 1991 Johnson and Ettinger algorithm. These user-friendly spreadsheets make the equations more accessible; however, the U.S. EPA spreadsheets require a large number of inputs (>20), and as a result, relationships between model inputs and outputs are not well understood and users are not able to identify and focus on the critical inputs. The U.S. EPA spreadsheets also allow users to inadvertently enter inconsistent and unreasonable sets of input values, and these often lead to unreasonable outputs. The objective of this work, therefore, is to help users develop a better understanding of the relationships between inputs and outputs so that they can identify critical inputs and also to ensure reasonableness of inputs and outputs. The 1991 Johnson and Ettinger algorithm is introduced, and differences between it and its U.S. EPA spreadsheet implementation are identified. Next, results from a parametric analysis of the algorithm are used to create a flowchart-based approach for identifying the application-specific critical inputs. Use of the flowchart-based approach is then illustrated and validated through comparison with the results of a more traditional sensitivity analysis for four scenarios. Recommendations are also given for the reformulation of inputs to minimize misapplication of the algorithm and the spreadsheets, and reasonable ranges for reformulated input values are discussed. [source] The aging face: A systematic approach by Calvin M. Johnson, Jr, Ramsey Alsarraf, W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia, 2002, 160 ppHEAD & NECK: JOURNAL FOR THE SCIENCES & SPECIALTIES OF THE HEAD AND NECK, Issue 3 2005J. Randall Jordan MD FACS No abstract is available for this article. [source] What Should Historians Do With Heroes?HISTORY COMPASS (ELECTRONIC), Issue 2 2007Reflections on Nineteenth-, Twentieth-Century Britain This article reviews research on modern British heroes (in particular Henry Havelock, Florence Nightingale, Amy Johnson and Robert Falcon Scott) to argue that heroes should be analysed as sites within which we can find evidence of the cultural beliefs, social practices, political structures and economic systems of the past. Much early work interpreted modern heroes as instruments of nationalist and imperialist ideologies, but instrumental interpretations have been superseded within the New Cultural History by broader analyses of the range of gendered meanings encoded in heroic reputations. Studies of heroic icons have generated important insights for historians of masculinity and femininity. More research, however, is needed on the reception rather than the representation of heroic icons, on visual and material sources, and on the changing forms and functions of national heroes after 1945. [source] W.E.B. Du Bois and Charles S. Johnson: Differing Views on the Role of Philanthropy in Higher EducationHISTORY OF EDUCATION QUARTERLY, Issue 4 2002Marybeth Gasman First page of article [source] Simulation of high velocity concrete fragmentation using SPH/MLSPHINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN ENGINEERING, Issue 10 2003T. Rabczuk Abstract The simulation of concrete fragmentation under explosive loading by a meshfree Lagrangian method, the smooth particle hydrodynamics method (SPH) is described. Two improvements regarding the completeness of the SPH-method are examined, first a normalization developed by Johnson and Beissel (NSPH) and second a moving least square (MLS) approach as modified by Scheffer (MLSPH). The SPH-Code is implemented in FORTRAN 90 and parallelized with MPI. A macroscopic constitutive law with isotropic damage for fracture and fragmentation for concrete is implemented in the SPH-Code. It is shown that the SPH-method is able to simulate the fracture and fragmentation of concrete slabs under contact detonation. The numerical results from the different SPH-methods are compared with the data from tests. The good agreement between calculation and experiment suggests that the SPH-program can predict the correct maximum pressure as well as the damage of the concrete slabs. Finally the fragment distributions of the tests and the numerical calculations are compared. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] The evolving sociopolitical context of immersion education in Canada: some implications for program development1INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF APPLIED LINGUISTICS, Issue 2 2005Merrill Swain l'immersion; l'éducation bilingue; le multilingualisme; la théorie socioculturelle In 1997 Swain and Johnson defined immersion as one category within bilingual education, providing examples and discussion from multiple international perspectives. In this article, we review the core features of immersion program design identified by Swain and Johnson and discuss how current sociopolitical realities and new research on second language learning serve to update and refresh the discussion of these features. One feature identified by Swain and Johnson is that "the classroom culture is that of the local L1 community". The dramatic increase in ethnic diversity in Canada's urban centres calls into question the notion of a monolithic culture in the school community. A second example concerns the use of the L1 in the classroom: while a central feature of immersion education is the use of the L2 as medium of instruction, new research suggests that allowing a judicious use of the L1 on the part of learners may be warranted. The article concludes with suggestions for building on multiple L1s in the immersion classroom. En 1997, Swain et Johnson ont défini l'immersion comme une catégorie del'éducation bilingue, fournissant des exemples et une discussion à partir de multiples perspectives internationales. Dans cet article, nous passons en revue les éléments de base du programme d'immersion tels qu'identifiés par Swain et Johnson, et portons la discussion sur la façon dont les réalités socio-politiques actuelles et les nouvelles recherches sur l'apprentissage de la langue seconde permettent de mettre à jour et de reprendre la discussion de ces éléments. Un de ceux-ci, identifié par Swain et Johnson signale que «la culture de la salle de classe est celle de la langue première de la communauté locale.» La remarquable augmentation de la diversité ethnique dans les centres urbains du Canada remet en question la notion d'une culture monolithique dans la communauté scolaire. Un deuxième exemple concerne l'utilisation de la langue première en salle de classe. Bien que l'utilisation de la langue seconde comme moyen d'enseignement reste un élément central de l'immersion, de nouvelles recherches suggèrent que de permettre une utilisation judicieuse de la langue première chez les apprenants peut se justifier. En conclusion, l'article présente des suggestions pour tirer parti des multiples langues premières dans la classe d'immersion. [source] An Examination of the Effects of Accountability when Auditors are Uncertain about the Views of Superior PartnersINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AUDITING, Issue 2 2001Steven E. Kaplan This experiment focused on the effect of accountability on senior audit managers' reporting decisions related to ambiguous scenarios, where the auditors could only speculate on the views of superior auditors on specific reporting issues. It examines the potential effect of accountability on the relationship between judgments an auditor would make versus the judgments the auditor perceives superior partners would make. In particular, accountable auditors were predicted to engage in a hybrid strategy of processing information with more effort and of complying more with views they perceived to be held by the superiors. Consistent with the acceptability heuristic, the results indicate that accountability is associated with greater agreement between self-judgments and judgments the auditor perceives superiors would make. However, contrary to Tetlock's (1992) theory but consistent with some prior research (Johnson and Kaplan, 1991; Hoffman and Patton, 1997), the accountability treatment did not significantly affect the auditors' processing of information. [source] Characteristics of skin aging in Korean men and womenINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COSMETIC SCIENCE, Issue 1 2005J. H. Chung Introduction Korea is located between Japan and Mainland China. The people of these three countries have similar appearances and it is difficult to differentiate between them. Although the population of Asia is more than half of the total population of the Earth, the inherent characteristics of Asian skin have not been well investigated. Commercial markets for cosmetics and drugs for photoaged skin are rapidly expanding in many Asian countries. Therefore, many investigators in the field of dermatology and cosmetology have become interested in brown Asian skin. Clinical characteristics of skin aging and photoaging in Asians Skin aging can be divided into two basic processes: intrinsic aging and photoaging [1]. Intrinsic aging is characterized by smooth, dry, pale, and finely wrinkled skin, whereas photoaging, which indicates premature skin aging in chronically photodamaged skin, is characterized by severe wrinkling and irregular pigmentation. The pattern of wrinkling in Asians seems to differ from that in Caucasians. Asians have coarser, thicker and deep wrinkles, particularly in the forehead, perioral and Crow's foot areas. In contrast, Caucasians usually have relatively fine cheek and Crow's foot wrinkles. The reasons for these differences are not known and need further investigation. There are racial, ethnic and genetic differences, and differences of skin structure and function, between the brown skin of Asians and the white skin of Caucasians. As Asian skin is more pigmented, acute and chronic cutaneous responses to UV irradiation differ from those in white skin. Many people believe, based on clinical impressions, that the main process of photoaging in Asians involves pigmentary changes, rather than wrinkling. However, no study has been performed to confirm this belief. Risk factors for skin wrinkles and their relative risks in Korean skin [2] Various factors such as age, sun-exposure, and smoking are known to be important risk factors for wrinkles. However, the relative risks of each factor on wrinkles in the brown skin of Asians have not been investigated, and they could differ from those in Caucasians. An evaluation system for skin wrinkling is necessary for Asian skin [3]. Thus, we developed an eight-point photographic scale for assessing wrinkles in both Korean genders [2]. This scale can probably be applied to the populations of other Asian countries, at least to the Japanese and Chinese. The pattern of wrinkles in both genders appears to be similar. Age Age is an important risk factor for wrinkling in Asians, as in Caucasians. Korean subjects in their 60s showed a 12-fold increased risk of wrinkling, while subjects in their 70s have a 56-fold increased risk compared with young age group. UV light It is well known that the UV component in sunlight can cause and accelerate photoaging. The pigmented skin of Asian may better protect skin from acute and chronic UV damage. However, we found a strong association between sun-exposure and the development of wrinkling in Koreans. It was found that sun exposure of more than 5 h per day was associated with a 4.8-fold increased risk in wrinkling versus less than 2 h of sun-exposure in Koreans. Estrogen deficiency Korean females have more wrinkles than men, after controlling for age, sun exposure, and smoking, it was found that they have a 3.6-fold increased risk of developing wrinkles than their male counterparts [2]. It has also been reported, that the relative risk for wrinkling in women is higher than in men as for in white Caucasians [4]. The reason why women show more wrinkles remains to be determined. It is possible that a reduction in skin collagen because of estrogen deficiency in postmenopausal woman may aggravate wrinkling severity. Korean women with more than 10 years since menopause showed a 3.9-fold higher risk of wrinkling than the women 5 years of beyond menopause [5]. We demonstrated that women with a history of HRT have a significantly lower risk, more specifically, one fifth of the risk of facial wrinkling relative to those who had no history of HRT. Interestingly, we found that wrinkle severity significantly increased with an increasing number of full term pregnancies. The relative risk for severe wrinkling is increased by approximately 1.8-fold per full term pregnancy. Smoking It is known that smoking causes skin wrinkling in Caucasians, and that it plays no role in Blacks [6, 7]. Koreans with have a smoking history of more than 30 pack years showed a more than 2.8-fold increased risk of wrinkles [2]. The relative risks of wrinkles associated with a 30,50 pack-years history of smoking were 2.8- and 5.5-fold, respectively. Dyspigmentation in Asian skin To follow pigmentary changes, six photographic standards for both genders were developed for Korean skin, to produce a 6-point scale [2, 8]. Hyperpigmented spots, mostly lentigines, were prominent among women, while seborrheic keratosis tended to be more prominent in men. Seborrheic keratosis in Korean men Seborrheic keratoses (SKs) are benign cutaneous tumors. They have diverse clinical and histopathological appearances and are very common in the elderly (over 50 years old). The etiology of SKs is not well understood, although patients with a great number of lesionsshow a familial trait with an autosomal dominant pattern, and human papilloma virus has been suggested as possible cause because of verrucous appearance of the lesions. Exposure to sunlight has been suggested to be a risk factor for SKs. However, there is still some debate in terms of the role of sunlight. Recently, we have investigated the clinical characteristics of SKs and relationship between SKs and sunlight exposure in Korean males [9]. The prevalence of SKs in Koreans increases with age; it rose from 78.9% at 40 years, to 93.9% at 50 years and 98.7% in those over 60 years. Exposed areas, i.e. the face, neck and dorsum of the hands, demonstrate a significant increase in the prevalence of SKs by decade, whereas partly exposed areas, although SKs tended to increase in prevalence with age, this trend was not significant. When the estimated body surface area (BSA) is taken into account, the number of SKs on both the face and dorsum of the hands (0.51 ± 0.08 per 1% BSA) was over-represented compared with the trunk. SKs were also concentrated on the neck (0.38 ± 0.07 per 1% BSA) and in the V-area (0.47 ± 0.09 per 1% BSA). Outer forearms also showed 3-fold more SKs per unit area than neighboring arms and inner forearms, which are classified as partly exposed area (0.09 ± 0.02, 0.03 ± 0.01, respectively). The total area covered by SKs on exposed area also became significantly larger with aging than on intermittently exposed areas. These results indicate that exposure to sunlight might be related to SK growth. Our results indicated that excessive sun exposure is an independent risk factor of SKs. After controlling for age, smoking, and skin type, subjects with a sun exposure history of more than 6 hours per day showed a 2.28-fold increased risk of having severe SKs (n , 6) compared with those exposed for less that 3 h per day. These findings indicated that sun-exposure may play an important role in SK development. In summary, SKs are very common in Korean males and represent one of the major pigmentary problems. SKs concentrate on exposed skin, especially on the face and dorsum of the hands. Both age and lifetime cumulative sunlight exposure are important contributing factors and may work in a synergistic manner. Conclusion Many people tend to believe that wrinkles are not a prominent feature of Asian photoaged skin, and that dyspigmentation is a major manifestation in Asian skin. Contrary to this impression, wrinkling is also a major problem in the photoaged skin of Asians, and Korean people showing severe pigmentary changes usually tend to have severe wrinkles. In conclusion, the wrinkling patterns and pigmentary changes of photoaged skin in East Asians differ from those of Caucasians, and the relative risks of aggravating factors may be different from those of Caucasian skin. References 1.,Gilchrest, B.A. Skin aging and photoaging: an overview. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 21, 610,613 (1989). 2.,Chung, J.H. et al. Cutaneous photodamage in Koreans: influence of sex, sun exposure, smoking, and skin color. Arch. Dermatol. 137, 1043,1051 (2001). 3.,Griffiths, C.E. et al. A photonumeric scale for the assessment of cutaneous photodamage. Arch. Dermatol. 128, 347,351 (1992). 4.,Ernster, V.L. et al. Facial wrinkling in men and women, by smoking status. Am. J. Public Health. 85, 78,82 (1995). 5.,Youn, C.S. et al. Effect of pregnancy and menopause on facial wrinkling in women. Acta Derm. Venereol. 83, 419,424 (2003). 6.,Kadunce, D.P. et al. Cigarette smoking: risk factor for premature facial wrinkling. Ann. Intern. Med. 114, 840,844 (1991). 7.,Allen, H.B., Johnson, B.L. and Diamond, S.M. Smoker's wrinkles? JAMA. 225, 1067,1069 (1973). 8.,Chung, J.H. Photoaging in Asians. Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed. 19, 109,121 (2003). 9.,Kwon, O.S. et al. Seborrheic keratosis in the Korean males: causative role of sunlight. Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed. 19, 73,80 (2003). [source] Benjamin West's General Johnson and Representations of British Imperial Identity, 1759,1770.JOURNAL FOR EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY STUDIES, Issue 1 2004An Empire of Mercy? First page of article [source] The host plant range of the pea aphid subspecies Acyrthosiphon pisum ssp. destructor (Johnson) (Hom., Aphididae)JOURNAL OF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY, Issue 6 2002R. I. K. McVean The plant species used were: Lotus uliginosus, Medicago sativa, Melilotus officinalis, Ononis repens, Sarothamnus scoparius, Trifolium hybridum, Trifolium pratense, Trifolium repens, Vicia cracca and Vicia faba. Vicia faba and Trifolium hybridum were the plants on which aphids reached the greatest size, took the least time to reach maturity, and experienced the lowest mortality. The time taken for the aphids to develop to maturity was negatively correlated with adult size, whereas survival to maturity was positively correlated with adult size. The host preference of the aphids was also assessed. The plant species selected as hosts by alatae were those on which their offspring performed best. [source] The ,reversal of fortune' thesis and the compression of history: Perspectives from African and comparative economic history,JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, Issue 8 2008Gareth Austin Abstract Acemoglu, Johnson and Robinson have dramatically challenged the tendency of economists to confine their empirical search for the causes of economic growth to the recent past. They argue that the kind of institutions established by European colonialists, either protecting private property or extracting rents, resulted in the poorer parts of the pre-colonial world becoming some of the richest economies of today; while transforming some of the more prosperous parts of the non-European world of 1500 into the poorest economies today. This view has been further elaborated for Africa by Nunn, with reference to slave trading. Drawing on African and comparative economic historiography, the present paper endorses the importance of examining growth theories against long-term history: revealing relationships that recur because the situations are similar, as well as because of path dependence as such. But it also argues that the causal relationships involved are more differentiated than is recognised in AJR's formulations. By compressing different historical periods and paths, the ,reversal' thesis over-simplifies the causation. Relatively low labour productivity was a premise of the external slave trades; though the latter greatly reinforced the relative poverty of many Sub-Saharan economies. Again, it is important to distinguish settler and non-settler economies within colonial Africa itself. In the latter case it was in the interests of colonial regimes to support, rather than simply extract from, African economic enterprise. Finally, economic rent and economic growth have often been joint products, including in pre-colonial and colonial Africa; the kinds of institutions that favoured economic growth in certain historical contexts were not necessarily optimal for that purpose in others. AJR have done much to bring development economics and economic history together. The next step is a more flexible conceptual framework, and a more complex explanation. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Japanese Management Views on Overseas Exchange Listings: Survey ResultsJOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT & ACCOUNTING, Issue 3 2001Nobuyoshi Yamori Although many theoretical papers support the hypothesis that overseas listings have a positive effect on stockholders' wealth, a few empirical studies cast doubts on this hypothesis. These studies suggest that the steady growth of overseas listings is motivated not only by the stockholders' wealth maximization, but also by other reasons, such as managers' utility maximization. However, information about management views on overseas listings is as yet inadequate to support or contradict this hypothesis. Following Baker and Pettit (1982) and Baker and Johnson (1990), both of which examined management's motives for domestic exchange listing, we used a questionnaire to obtain information on Japanese managers' views of their company's decision to list overseas. Our survey, mailed to the chief financial officers of 2,230 Japanese domestically-listed companies, shows that Japanese managers regard disclosure and financial reporting requirements as the primary obstacle to listing overseas. This is why many Japanese companies do not list their stocks on overseas stock exchanges despite the fact that they acknowledge the beneficial effects of overseas listings. [source] Diaspora Conversions: Black Carib Religion and the Recovery of Africa by Paul Christopher JohnsonJOURNAL OF LATIN AMERICAN & CARIBBEAN ANTHROPOLOGY, Issue 2 2009Mark Anderson No abstract is available for this article. [source] Molecular aspects of healing in stabilized and non-stabilized fracturesJOURNAL OF ORTHOPAEDIC RESEARCH, Issue 1 2001A. X. Le Bone formation is a continuous process that is initiated during fetal development and persists in adults in the form of bone regeneration and remodeling. These latter two aspects of bone formation are clearly influenced by the mechanical environment. In this study we tested the hypothesis that alterations in the mechanical environment regulate the program of mesenchymal cell differentiation, and thus the formation of a cartilage or bony callus, at the site of injury. As a first step in testing this hypothesis we produced stabilized and non-stabilized tibial fractures in a mouse model, then used molecular and cellular methods to examine the stage of healing. Using the "molecular map" of the fracture callus, we divided our analyzes into three phases of fracture healing: the inflammatory or initial phase of healing, the soft callus or intermediate stage, and the hard callus stage. Our results show that indian hedgehog(ihh), which regulates aspects of chondrocyte maturation during fetal and early postnatal skeletogenesis, was expressed earlier in an non-stabilized fracture callus as compared to a stabilized callus, ihh persisted in the non-stabilized fracture whereas its expression was down-regulated in the stabilized bone. IHH exerts its effects on chondrocyte maturation through a feedback loop that may involve bone morphogenetic protein 6 [bmp6; (S. Pathi, J.B. Rutenberg, R.L. Johnson, A. Vortkamp, Developmental Biology 209 (1999) 239,253)] and the transcription factor gli3, bmp6 and gli3 were re-induced in domain adjacent to the ihh -positive cells during the soft and hard callus stages of healing. Thus, stabilizing the fracture, which circumvents or decreases the cartilaginous phase of bone repair, correlates with a decrease in ihh signaling in the fracture callus. Collectively, our results illustrate that the ihh signaling pathway participates in fracture repair, and that the mechanical environment affects the temporal induction of ihh, bmp6 and gli3. These data support the hypothesis that mechanical influences affect mesenchymal cell differentiation to bone. © 2001 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. [source] Loperamide and P-glycoprotein inhibition: assessment of the clinical relevanceJOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACOLOGY: AN INTERNATI ONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE, Issue 4 2010Joris Vandenbossche Abstract Objectives Loperamide is a peripherally acting , opioid receptor agonist and an avid substrate for P-glycoprotein. This may give rise to drug,drug interactions and increased risk for central adverse effects. The objective of this study was to re-evaluate the predictability of non-clinical data using loperamide as a probe P-glycoprotein substrate. We searched the literature for papers containing data on drug,drug interactions of loperamide-containing products in humans. We also reviewed the internal worldwide safety database of Johnson & Johnson for spontaneous case reports suggestive of a central opioid effect after coadministration of loperamide with a P-glycoprotein inhibitor or substrate. Key findings Only one of the ten studies in our review supported the finding that inhibition of P-glycoprotein is associated with clinically relevant signs or symptoms of central nervous system (CNS) depression/opioid toxicity of loperamide. None of the 25 spontaneous case reports of interest were suggestive of signs or symptoms of CNS depression/opioid toxicity due to coadministration of loperamide and a P-glycoprotein inhibitor or substrate. Summary Based on a review of the literature and a cumulative review of the sponta-neous case reports, there is insufficient evidence that an interaction between loperamide and a P-glycoprotein inhibitor or substrate is associated with clinical symptoms of CNS depression/opioid toxicity when loperamide is taken at the recommended dose. [source] Hypersalinity enhances the production of extracellular polymeric substance (eps) in the texas brown tide alga, aureoumbra lagunensis (PELAGOPHYCEAE)JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY, Issue 1 2000Hongbin Liu Laboratory experiments with batch cultures showed that the Texas brown tide alga, Aureoumbra lagunensis Stockwell, DeYoe, Hargraves et Johnson, produced a large amount of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) that formed an extracellular polysaccharide mucus layer. Both dissolved and particulate carbohydrate and EPS concentrations increased as A. lagunensis cultures progressed from exponential growth phase, through stationary phase, to declining phase. Particulate carbohydrate and EPS concentrations per cell were more than three times higher during the declining phase than that in exponential growth phase, reflecting a large increase in the EPS mucus layer. The amounts of carbohydrate and EPS produced by A. lagunensis were significantly higher under hypersaline conditions. The thicker EPS mucus layer surrounding A. lagunensis cells under hypersaline conditions might be a protective adaptation that permits it to bloom under hypersaline conditions that most other phytoplankton cannot survive. This could be one of the reasons why the Texas brown tide persisted in the Laguna Madre, an often hypersaline coastal lagoon, for 7 years. [source] Does early adolescent sex cause depressive symptoms?JOURNAL OF POLICY ANALYSIS AND MANAGEMENT, Issue 4 2006Joseph J. Sabia A recent study by the Heritage Foundation (Rector, Johnson, & Noyes, 2003) found evidence of a positive relationship between early sexual intercourse and depressive symptoms. This finding has been used to bolster support for funding abstinenceonly sex education. However, promoting abstinence will only yield mental health benefits if there is a causal link between sexual intercourse and depression. Using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), I carefully examine the relationship between early teen sex and several measures of depression. Controlling for a wide set of individuallevel and familylevel observable characteristics, crosssection estimates consistently show a significant positive relationship between early sexual activity for females and three measures of adverse mental health: selfreported depression, a belief that one's life is not worth living, and serious thoughts of suicide. However, differenceindifference estimates reflect no evidence of a significant relationship between early teen sex and depressive symptoms. These findings suggest that the positive association observed by Rector et al. (2003) can be explained by unmeasured heterogeneity. Thus, promoting abstinence among adolescents is unlikely to alleviate depressive symptoms.© 2006 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management. [source] Laboratory strength of glass ionomer and zinc phosphate cementsJOURNAL OF PROSTHODONTICS, Issue 3 2001Andree Piwowarczyk Dr med dent Purpose The present in vitro study examined 3 mechanical properties, namely compressive, flexural, and diametral tensile strength, of various commercially available cements and core materials as a function of time after mixing. Materials and Methods The examined materials were 2 cermet cements (Ketac Silver [ESPE, Seefeld, Germany] and Chelon Silver [ESPE]), 1 metal-reinforced glass ionomer cement (Miracle Mix [GC Dental Industrial Corp, Tokyo, Japan]), 2 conventional glass ionomer cements (Ketac Bond [ESPE] and Ketac Cem [ESPE]), 1 standard cure zinc phosphate cement (Harvard Cement [Richter and Hoffmann, Berlin, Germany]), and 1 zinc phosphate cement with the addition of 30% silver amalgam alloy powder (Harvard Cement 70% with Dispersalloy 30% [Richter and Hoffmann/Johnson and Johnson, East Windsor, NJ]). Properties were measured using a universal testing machine at 15 minutes, 1 hour, and 24 hours after first mixing. Results Compressive strengths varied widely between the 3 times of measurement from 5.8 ± 6.6 MPa for Ketac Cem to 144.3 ± 10.2 MPa for Ketac Silver. Twenty-four hours after mixing, the Bonferroni test showed significant (p, .01) differences between Ketac Silver and all other materials tested. Diametral tensile strengths ranged widely from 4.4 ± 0.9 MPa for Ketac Cem to 11.5 ± 2.2 MPa for Chelon Silver. At 15 minutes, 1 hour, and 24 hours after first mixing, the analysis of variance did not show any significant differences between Ketac Silver, Chelon Silver, and Miracle Mix. The 3-point flexural strength of Ketac Silver showed, at 15 minutes with 13.5 ± 3.9 MPa and at 24 hours with 27.2 ± 7.4 MPa, the highest values. Conclusions Setting time influences the mechanical properties of the materials tested in this study. Ketac Silver, a glass ionomer cement reinforced with sintered glass-silver particles, showed the highest mechanical properties of the examined materials. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||