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Jejunum

Distribution by Scientific Domains

Medical Sciences	57%
Life Sciences	35%
Chemistry	6%

Distribution within Medical Sciences

Gastroenterology & Hepatology	28%
Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical Medicine	14%
Veterinary Medicine - Equine	5%
Oncology & Radiotherapy	3%
15 Other Subdomains	50%

Kinds of Jejunum

Selected Abstracts

Influence of deoxynivalenol on the D -glucose transport across the isolated epithelium of different intestinal segments of laying hens

JOURNAL OF ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY AND NUTRITION, Issue 5-6 2007
W. A. Awad
Summary Deoxynivalenol (DON) decreases glucose absorption in the proximal jejunum of laying hens in vitro and this effect is apparently mediated by the inhibition of the sodium d -glucose co-transporter. DON could modulate the sugar transport of other intestinal regions of chickens. For this purpose, we have measured the effects of DON on the Na+d -glucose co-transporter, by addition of DON after and before a glucose addition in the isolated epithelium from chicken duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum and colon by using the Ussing chamber technique in the voltage clamp technique. The data showed in all segments of the gut that the addition of d -glucose on the mucosal side produced an increase in the current (Isc) compared with the basal values, the Isc after glucose addition to the small intestine was greater than the Isc of the large intestine compared with the basal values, specially of the jejunum (p < 0.002), indicating that the jejunum is the segment that is the best prepared for Na+ - d -glucose co-transport. Further addition of 10 ,g DON/ml to the mucosal solution decreased the Isc in all segments and the Isc returned to the basal value, especially in the duodenum and mid jejunum (p < 0.05). In contrast, the addition of 5 mmol d -glucose/l on the mucosal side after incubation of the tissues with DON in all segments had no effect on the Isc (p > 0.05), suggesting that DON previously inhibited the Na+d -glucose co-transport. The blocking effects of DON in duodenum and jejunum were greater than the other regions of the gut. It can be concluded that the small intestine of laying hens has the most relevant role in the carrier mediated glucose transport and the large intestine, having non-significant capacity to transport sugars, appears to offer a minor contribution to glucose transport because the surface area is small. The effect of d -glucose on the Isc was reversed by DON in all segments, especially in the duodenum and jejunum, suggesting that DON entirely inhibited Na+ - d -glucose co-transport. This finding indicates that the inhibition of Na+ co-transport system in all segments could be an important mode of action for DON toxicity of hens. Zusammenfassung Deoxynivalenol (DON) erniedrigt in vitro die Glukoseabsorption im proximalen Jejunum von Legehennen. Dieser Effekt ist vermutlich durch eine Hemmung des Natrium- d -Glukose-Cotransportsystems bedingt. DON könnte außerdem den Glukosetransport in anderen Segmenten des Darms beeinflußen. Zu diesem Zweck haben wir Wirkungen von DON auf das Natrium- d -Glukose-Cotransportsystem gemessen, indem wir DON nach und vor einer Glukosezugabe auf isolierte Darmepithelien des Duodenums, Jejunums, Ileums, Caecums und des Kolons mittels der Ussing-Kammer-Technik in der Volt-Klemmtechnik einwirken ließen. Die erzielten Daten wiesen in allen Segmenten des Darms verglichen mit den Basalwerten einen Anstieg im Strom (Isc) auf, wobei die Isc des Dünndarms bei Glukosegabe signifikant größer als die des Dickdarms waren, was darauf hinweist, dass das Jejunum am besten für den Glukosetransport geeignet war. Eine DON-Zugabe von 10 ,g/ml zur mukosalen Lösung schwächte den Isc in allen Segmenten, wobei die Isc speziell im Duodenum und mittleren Jejunum zum Ausgangswert zurück kehrten. Im Gegensatz dazu brachte die mukosale Glukosezugabe nach der DON-Inkubation keinen signifikanten Anstieg der Isc (p > 0,05), was auf eine durch DON hervorgerufene Blockade des Natrium- d -Glukose-Cotransportsystems schließen ließ. Es kann daraus geschlossen werden, dass der Dünndarm von Legehennen den bedeutendsten Einfluß im Glukosetransportmechanismus nimmt und der Dickdarm aufgrund einer kleineren Oberfläche einen geringeren Beitrag zum Glukosetransport leistet. Dem Isc steigernden Effekt der Glukose konnte signifikant durch DON in den Darmsegmenten besonders im Duodenum und im Jejunum entgegen gewirkt werden, was auf eine umfassende Hemmung des Natrium- d -Glukose-Cotransportsystems hinweist. Die Resultate weisen darauf hin, dass eine Hemmung des Natrium- d -Glukose-Cotransportsystems in allen Darmsegmenten eine wichtige Rolle in der DON-Toxizität für die Henne darstellen könnte. [source]

Influence of the dietary potassium content on transepithelial potassium transport in rat jejunum

JOURNAL OF ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY AND NUTRITION, Issue 3 2000
R. Cermak
Summary In a recent study, we found that the distal rat jejunum is able to secrete K+ under in vitro conditions. The question therefore arises as to whether the small intestine might participate in K+ homeostasis. Consequently, this study examined the influence of the dietary K+ content on transepithelial K+ transport in rat jejunum. Rats were fed two diets differing in K+ content (control diet 4.0 g K+/kg, low K+ diet (LK) 0.27 g K+/kg). After a minimal feeding period of 7 days, distal jejunal sheets were mounted in Ussing chambers and unidirectional 86Rb+ fluxes (as a marker for K+ transport) were measured under short-circuit conditions. Jejunum obtained from rats fed the control diet showed a net K+ secretion of 200 nmol Rb+/h/cm2. Unidirectional Rb+ fluxes were smaller in distal jejunum from rats fed the LK diet. In these tissues, glucose-induced short-circuit current and tissue conductance were also smaller than in controls. However, net Rb+ fluxes were not significantly different in small intestine from K+ -restricted rats compared with jejunum from control animals. Based on the observation that the dietary K+ content does not affect transepithelial net K+ transport, we conclude that transcellular K+ secretion by the small intestine is not involved in K+ homeostasis. [source]

Morphometric and Quantitative Evaluation of the NADH-Diaphorase Positive Myenteric Neurons of the Jejunum of Streptozotocin-Diabetic Rats Supplemented with Acetyl-L-Carnitine

ANATOMIA, HISTOLOGIA, EMBRYOLOGIA, Issue 3 2005
M. H. de Miranda Neto
Summary In this study we investigated the effect of the acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC) supplementation on the myenteric neurons of the jejunum of rats made diabetic at the age of 105 days by streptozotocin (35 mg/kg body weight). Four groups were used: non-diabetic (C), non-diabetic supplemented with ALC (CC), diabetic (D), diabetic supplemented with ALC (DC). After 15 weeks of diabetes induction the blood was collected by cardiac puncture to evaluate glycaemia and glycated haemoglobin. Next the animals were killed and the jejunum was collected and subjected to whole-mount preparation to evidence the myenteric neurons through the histochemical technique of the NADH-diaphorase. The neuronal counts were made in 80 microscopic fields, in tissue samples of five animals of each group. The profiles of the cell bodies of 1000 neurons per group were analysed. Diabetes induced a significant increase in the area of the cell body and decrease in the number of NADH-diaphorase positive myoenteric neurons. ALC suplementation to the diabetic group promoted smaller hypertrophic effects and less neuronal loss than in the myoenteric neurons of the diabetic rats, and in addition diminished the body weight decrease and reduced the fasting glycaemia. [source]

Influence of deoxynivalenol on the D -glucose transport across the isolated epithelium of different intestinal segments of laying hens

Indirect evidence for increased mechanosensitivity of jejunal secretomotor neurones in patients with idiopathic bile acid malabsorption

ACTA PHYSIOLOGICA, Issue 2 2009
A. Bajor
Abstract Aim:, The interdigestive motor rhythm, the migrating motor complex (MMC), is accompanied by active secretion of chloride during periods of distally propagating maximal motor activity (MMC phase III). We studied the behaviour of this system in bile acid malabsorption (BAM), a relative common cause of chronic diarrhoea. We measured motor activity and transmucosal potential difference (PD, reflecting active chloride secretion), in the proximal jejunum in healthy controls (n = 18) and in a group of patients with BAM (n = 11). The phase III-generated voltage was related to the degree of BAM quantified by the 75SeHCAT test. Methods:, We used a multi-channel intestinal infusion system to simultaneously measure jejunal pressure and PD. Saline passing calomel half-cells was infused into the jejunum and subcutaneously. Pressure and PD were recorded in the fasting state and after a test meal. Results:, In the absence of motor activity, jejunal PD was not significantly different from zero in either group. During MMC phase III, PD reached significantly higher mean and peak levels in BAM patients. The product of MMC phase III length multiplied by voltage, over 3 h, was also significantly higher in BAM patients (controls: median 307 mV × cm, range 70,398; BAM: median 511, range 274,2271, P < 0.01). This value was also significantly correlated with the degree of BAM as reflected by the 75SeHCAT test (P < 0.05). Conclusion:, Phase III induced jejunal secretion may be upregulated in BAM patients, resulting in overload of colonic reabsorption capacity. [source]

Effect of ,-trinositol on secretion induced by Escherichia coli ST-toxin in rat jejunum

ACTA PHYSIOLOGICA, Issue 4 2003
A.-M. Lahti
Abstract Aim:,d -myo-inositol-1,2,6-trisphosphate (, -trinositol, PP56), is a synthetic isomer of the intracellular second messenger, d -myo-inositol-1,4,5-trisphospahate. The pharmacological actions of , -trinositol include potent anti-inflammatory properties and inhibition of the secretion induced by cholera toxin and obstructive ileus. In the present study, we investigated whether , -trinositol was able to influence the secretion induced by heat-stable ST-toxin from Escherichia coli in the rat jejunum. Methods:, A midline abdominal incision was performed in anaesthetized male Sprague,Dawley rats and a 6,7 cm long jejunal segment was isolated with intact vascular supply and placed in a chamber suspended from a force displacement transducer connected to a Grass® polygraph. Intestinal net fluid transport was continuously monitored gravimetrically. Crystalline ST-toxin (120 mouse units) was introduced into the intestinal lumen and left there for the rest of the experiment. When a stable secretion was observed, , -trinositol (60 mg kg,1 h,1) or saline were infused during 2 h, followed by a 2-h control period. Results:, , -Trinositol induced a significant (P < 0.001) inhibition of ST-toxin secretion within 30 min, lasting until 2 h after infusion had stopped. The agent also moderately increased (P < 0.05) net fluid absorption in normal jejunum. Mean arterial pressure (P < 0.001) and heart rate (P < 0.001) were reduced by , -trinositol. Conclusion:, The inhibition by , -trinositol of ST-toxin induced intestinal secretion is primarily secondary to inhibition of secretory mechanisms and only to lesser extent due to increased absorption. The detailed mechanisms of action have not been clarified but may involve suppression of inflammation possibly by means of cellular signal transduction. [source]

PARTIAL REGRESSION OF DUODENAL LESIONS OF INTESTINAL FOLLICULAR LYMPHOMA AFTER ANTIBIOTIC TREATMENT

DIGESTIVE ENDOSCOPY, Issue 4 2010
Tomonori Yaguchi
A 51-year-old man was referred to our hospital because of duodenal lesions of lymphoma. Endoscopy showed multiple tiny smooth whitish granules in the second portion of the duodenum including the papilla of Vater. Biopsy specimens showed medium-sized centrocyte-like cells forming lymphoid follicles, and immunohistology showed positive staining for bcl-2 and CD10. A small bowel series showed multiple granular lesions extending from the second portion of the duodenum to the proximal jejunum and the proximal ileum. On the basis of these findings, the tumor was diagnosed as stage I follicular lymphoma (FL). Although the patient was negative for Helicobacter pylori, he underwent antibiotic treatment. The lesions improved 3 months after antibiotic treatment, but biopsy specimens showed residual lymphoma cells. The patient therefore received combination chemotherapy with rituximab. Endoscopy 4 months later showed regression of FL, and there was no evidence of recurrence during 3 years of follow up. The partial regression of duodenal lesions of intestinal FL may be due to the effect of antibiotic treatment. [source]

PEUTZ-JEGHERS SYNDROME ASSOCIATED WITH RENAL AND GASTRIC CANCER THAT DEMONSTRATED AN STK11 MISSENSE MUTATION

DIGESTIVE ENDOSCOPY, Issue 4 2006
Hiromi Kataoka
A 75-year-old male was admitted to the gastroenterology unit of Nagoya City University Hospital due to epigastralgia after surgical treatment for right renal cancer. Endoscopy revealed advanced type 1 gastric cancer in the corpus of the stomach and multiple polypoid lesions in the stomach and duodenum. X-ray examination of the small intestine using barium showed multiple polyps in the upper jejunum. Faint pigmentation on the palm was also detected. Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS) was diagnosed, despite a lack of family history. Total gastrectomy, resection of part of the upper jejunum and intraoperative endoscopic polypectomy of duodenal polyps was performed. This is the second reported case of PJS associated with renal cancer. We also detected a missense mutation in the tumor suppressor gene STK11 that, when mutated, is causative for PJS. [source]

Diagnostic criteria and surgical procedure for megaesophagus , a personal experience

DISEASES OF THE ESOPHAGUS, Issue 4 2009
A. Lewandowski
SUMMARY Megaesophagus is the end-stage of achalasia cardiae. It is the result of peristaltic disorders and slow decompensation of the muscular layer of the esophagus. The aim of this article is to detail the diagnostic criteria and surgical management of megaesophagus. Criteria were acute bending of esophagus axis; lack of esophagus peristalsis, and no response to stimulation in the manometric test; and Los Angeles C/D esophagitis in the endoscopic examination. Between 1991 and 2004 seven patients (5 females, 2 males; age, 51,67 years; average age, 59 ± 8 years) were treated. A bypass made from the pedunculated part of the jejunum connecting the part of esophagus above the narrowing with the praepyloric part of the stomach was made. Access was by an abdominal approach. A jejunum bypass was made in six patients with megaesophagus. A transhiatal esophageal resection was carried out, and in the second stage a supplementary esophagus was made from the right half of the colon on the ileocolic vessels in one patient who had experienced two earlier unsuccessful operations. Symptoms of dysphagia, recurrent inflammation of the respiratory tract, and pain subsided in all patients. Complications were not reported in the postoperative period. All patients survived. Subsequent radiographic and endoscopic examination showed very good outcome. The jejunum bypass gave very good results in the surgical treatment of megaesophagus. [source]

Recurrent colics in a 9-year-old Arabian stallion due to several congenital anomalies

EQUINE VETERINARY EDUCATION, Issue 11 2008
M. P. Robert
Summary A 9-year-old Arabian stallion was presented for evaluation of recurrent colic problems of 2 years' duration. These colic episodes were associated with a right sided abdominal distension. An exploratory laparotomy revealed a colonic diverticulum that was resected en bloc. Two days later, following signs of acute colic, a second laparotomy showed incarceration of the distal jejunum into a mesodiverticular band combined with haemorrhage of a mesenteric arterial branch. In addition, an abnormally short jejunum (10 m) was also observed. An end-to-end jejunojejunostomy was performed. Following surgery the horse developed septic peritonitis, ptyalism and became dysphagic. Ten days after the second surgery, an infected oesophageal diverticulum causing regional inflammation was diagnosed endoscopically and euthanasia was performed. Post mortem examination showed a 40 cm long diverticulum lateral to the oesophagus. Histology suggested a congenital nature of the colonic and oesophageal diverticuli. [source]

Preliminary study of mucosal IgA in the equine small intestine: specific IgA in cases of acute grass sickness and controls

EQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL, Issue 5 2007
F. G. NUNN
Summary Reasons for performing study: There is much evidence to suggest that group III Clostridium botulinum (types C and D) are involved in the aetiology of equine grass sickness (EGS). Antibodies have been detected previously in the blood and high levels associated with resistance to disease. Specific mucosal antibodies in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract are likely to be important in protection, and this study was performed to ascertain if such antibodies could be detected and if their levels were related to disease state. Objectives: To develop a method for quantifying IgA antibodies to C. botulinum types C and D in the GI tract of horses and to relate antibody levels to disease status. Methods: Samples of tissue (n = 25: 6 duodenum, 7 jejunum and 12 ileum) were taken from acute grass sickness (AGS) cases and from control horses (n = 12; 4 samples from each site) at post mortem. They were extracted with the detergent saponin in the presence of protease inhibitors and assayed for total IgA, for specific IgA against botulinum neurotoxins types C and D (BoNT/C or BoNT/D), and against surface antigens of a BoNT/C negative strain of C. botulinum type C (SA) and of Clostridium tetani (TetSA), as a control. Specific IgA was expressed as percentage total IgA. Results: Compared to controls, significantly higher levels of specific IgA against BoNT/C were detected in the jejunum (P = 0.04) and ileum (P = 0.02) of AGS cases. Similarly, higher specific levels against BoNT/D were demonstrated in duodenum (P = 0.01) and jejunum (P = 0.02). Significantly higher levels of IgA against SA were demonstrated only in duodenal samples (P = 0.01). Conclusions: Levels of IgA antibody to BoNTs in control horses were at near undetectable levels, suggesting no recent exposure to toxins. In AGS cases, significantly higher levels of specific IgA were detected predominantly in jejunum and ileum. Potential relevance: If specific IgA is protective then any successful vaccine for EGS should induce a mucosal response. [source]

Circumferential mural bands in the small intestine causing simple obstructive colic: a case series

EQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL, Issue 4 2006
J. F. PEREZ OLMOS
Summary Reasons for performing study: Circumferential mural band (CMB) in the small intestine is an emerging condition in Ireland. The clinical presentation is a simple obstruction of the small intestine of unknown aetiology. Hypothesis: Horses affected with CMB in the small intestine have a good prognosis following surgical decompression into the caecum. Methods: A retrospective study was carried out and 28 cases identified from 559 colic surgeries performed over a 5.5 year period. An exploratory celiotomy was performed in every case. A simple obstruction at the mid or distal jejunum was identified caused by a CMB, which was multiple in some cases. All of the horses except 2 had undergone a regular anthelmintic programme. Results: Manual decompression of the small intestine into the caecum resulted in resolution of the simple jejunal obstruction. A constricted segment of small intestine was resected in one case, as the degree of constriction was severe. A full thickness biopsy was taken from another case. Histopathology was performed on both samples. All horses recovered from surgery and were discharged from the hospital 7,32 days post operatively. Short-term complications were observed. Survival rate was 100% at long-term follow-up. Histopathology showed inflammatory infiltration in the submucosa, muscularis and serosa with eosinophils predominating. Parasites were not detected. Conclusion and potential relevance: Small intestine circumferential mural bands have a good prognosis after surgical decompression of the small intestine into the caecum. [source]

Acute intestinal obstruction due to intramural haemorrhage in small intestine in a patient with severe haemophilia A and inhibitor

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF HAEMATOLOGY, Issue 2 2005
Khaled M. A. Ramadan
Abstract:, Patients with severe haemophilia A usually present with joint, gastrointestinal and urinary tract haemorrhage. Bleeding elsewhere is often precipitated by pre-existing pathology or trauma. We report a patient with severe haemophilia A, who presented with symptoms of acute intestinal obstruction. He has a factor VIII inhibitor and receives recombinant factor VIIa on demand at home. The CT scan of abdomen showed dilated small intestine with fluid filled loops and a long segment in the jejunum with marked transmural thickening. There was no other pathology in the small intestine. These appearances were consistent with intramural haemorrhage in the small intestine as the cause of acute obstruction. He was managed conservatively with recombinant factor VIIa and this resulted in resolution of his symptoms. This case highlights an unusual presentation of bleeding in a haemophilia patient. Intestinal obstruction due to haemorrhage in the small intestinal wall is extremely rare and only previously reported in a few haemophilia patients. It also highlights the effectiveness of conservative management with recombinant factor VIIa as opposed to immediate exploratory surgery. [source]

Protein Kinase C Regulation of Rat Jejunal Transport Systems: Mechanisms Involved in Lactate Movement

EXPERIMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY, Issue 6 2002
Marisa Tosco
We examined whether protein kinase C (PKC) modulates the transport systems involved in lactate movements across the plasma membranes of rat jejunum. In vitro phosphorylated membrane vesicles were used to perform uptake studies, the results of which suggested that PKC activation exerts an inhibitory effect on basolateral H+ -lactate symport, as well as on apical Na+ -glucose cotransport. The specificity of the response to PKC was confirmed by using staurosporine, chelerythrine or 4-,-PMA. Experiments performed using the whole tissue incubated in vitro confirmed the reduction of lactate transport elicited by PKC and gave evidence for an associated inhibition of fluid transport. Na+,K+ -ATPase activity seems to be unaffected by the kinase and inhibited by Ca2+. Taken together, our results suggest that the overall action of PKC results from the simultananeous modulation of multiple pathways, targeted to a reduction of both lactate and bicarbonate transports without altering cell pH homeostasis. [source]

Regulated expression by PPAR, and unique localization of 17,-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 11 protein in mouse intestine and liver

FEBS JOURNAL, Issue 18 2007
Yasuhide Yokoi
17,-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 11 (17,-HSD11) is a member of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase family involved in the activation and inactivation of sex steroid hormones. We recently identified 17,-HSD11 as a gene that is efficiently regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-, PPAR, in the intestine and the liver [Motojima K (2004) Eur J Biochem271, 4141,4146]. In this study, we characterized 17,-HSD11 at the protein level to obtain information about its physiologic role in the intestine and liver. For this purpose, specific antibodies against 17,-HSD11 were obtained. Western blotting analysis showed that administration of a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-, agonist induced 17,-HSD11 protein in the jejunum but not in the colon, and to a much higher extent than in the liver of mice. A subcellular localization study using Chinese hamster ovary cells and green fluorescent protein-tagged 17,-HSD11 showed that it was mostly localized in the endoplasmic reticulum under normal conditions, whereas it was concentrated on lipid droplets when they were induced. A pulse-chase experiment suggested that 17,-HSD11 was redistributed to the lipid droplets via the endoplasmic reticulum. Immunohistochemical analysis using tissue sections showed that 17,-HSD11 was induced mostly in intestinal epithelia and hepatocytes, with heterogeneous localization both in the cytoplasm and in vesicular structures. A subcellular fractionation study of liver homogenates confirmed that 17,-HSD11 was localized mostly in the endoplasmic reticulum when mice were fed a normal diet, but was distributed in both the endoplasmic reticulum and the lipid droplets of which formation was induced by feeding a diet containing a proliferator-activated receptor-, agonist. Taken together, these data indicate that 17,-HSD11 localizes both in the endoplasmic reticulum and in lipid droplets, depending on physiologic conditions, and that lipid droplet 17,-HSD11 is not merely an endoplasmic reticulum contaminant or a nonphysiologically associated protein in the cultured cells, but a bona fide protein component of the membranes of both intracellular compartments. [source]

Gastrointestinal, selective airways and urinary bladder relaxant effects of Hyoscyamus niger are mediated through dual blockade of muscarinic receptors and Ca2+ channels

FUNDAMENTAL & CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, Issue 1 2008
Anwarul Hassan Gilani
Abstract This study describes the spasmolytic, antidiarrhoeal, antisecretory, bronchodilatory and urinary bladder relaxant properties of Hyoscyamus niger to rationalize some of its medicinal uses. The crude extract of H. niger seeds (Hn.Cr) caused a complete concentration-dependent relaxation of spontaneous contractions of rabbit jejunum, similar to that caused by verapamil, whereas atropine produced partial inhibition. Hn.Cr inhibited contractions induced by carbachol (1 ,m) and K+ (80 mm) in a pattern similar to that of dicyclomine, but different from verapamil and atropine. Hn.Cr shifted the Ca2+ concentration,response curves to the right, similar to that caused by verapamil and dicyclomine, suggesting a Ca2+ channel-blocking mechanism in addition to an anticholinergic effect. In the guinea-pig ileum, Hn.Cr produced a rightward parallel shift of the acetylcholine curves, followed by a non-parallel shift with suppression of the maximum response at a higher concentration, similar to that caused by dicyclomine, but different from that of verapamil and atropine. Hn.Cr exhibited antidiarrhoeal and antisecretory effects against castor oil-induced diarrhoea and intestinal fluid accumulation in mice. In guinea-pig trachea and rabbit urinary bladder tissues, Hn.Cr caused relaxation of carbachol (1 ,m) and K+ (80 mm) induced contractions at around 10 and 25 times lower concentrations than in gut, respectively, and shifted carbachol curves to the right. Only the organic fractions of the extract had a Ca2+ antagonist effect, whereas both organic and aqueous fractions had anticholinergic effect. A constituent, ,-sitosterol exhibited Ca2+ channel-blocking action. These results suggest that the antispasmodic effect of H. niger is mediated through a combination of anticholinergic and Ca2+ antagonist mechanisms. The relaxant effects of Hn.Cr occur at much lower concentrations in the trachea and bladder. This study offers explanations for the medicinal use of H. niger in treating gastrointestinal and respiratory disorders and bladder hyperactivity. [source]

Aggressive surgical resection for the management of hepatic metastases from gastrointestinal stromal tumours: a single centre experience

HPB, Issue 1 2007
D. Gomez
Abstract Background: The outcome of surgical intervention for hepatic metastases from gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GIST) is still uncertain. This study evaluated the outcome of patients following aggressive surgical resection and Imatinib mesylate therapy (IM). Patients and methods: This was a retrospective analysis of patients managed with hepatic metastases from GIST over a 13-year period (January 1993 to December 2005). Results: Twelve patients were identified with a median age at diagnosis of 62 (32,78) years. The primary sites of GIST were stomach (n= 5), jejunum (n= 4), sigmoid (n= 1), peritoneum (n= 1) and pancreas (n= 1). Eleven patients underwent surgical resection with curative intent and one patient had cytoreductive surgery. Following surgery with curative intent (n= 11), the overall 2- and 5-year survival rates were both 91%, whereas the 2- and 5-year disease-free rates following primary hepatic resection were 30% and 10%, respectively. The median disease-free period was 17 (3,72) months. Eight patients had recurrent disease and were managed with further surgery (n= 3), radiofrequency ablation (RFA) (n= 2) and IM (n= 8). Overall, there are four patients who are currently disease-free: two patients following initial hepatic resection and two patients following further treatment for recurrent disease. There was no significant association in clinicopathological characteristics between patients with recurrent disease within 2 years and patients who were disease-free for 2 years or more. Overall morbidity was 50% (n= 6), with one postoperative death. The follow-up period was 43 (3,72) months. Conclusion: Surgical resection for hepatic GIST metastases may improve survival in selected patients. Recurrent disease can be managed with surgery, RFA and IM. [source]

,Cross-section gastroenterostomy' in patients with irresectable periampullary carcinoma

HPB, Issue 2 2001
O Horstmann
Background The most frequent complication following gastroenterostomy (GE) for gastric outlet obstruction is delayed gastric emptying (DGE), which occurs in roughly 20% of patients. There is evidence that DGE may be linked to the longitudinal incision of the jejunum and that a transverse incision (cross-section GE) may decrease the incidence of DGE following GE. Patients and methods In contrast to the orthodox GE, the jejunum is severed transversely up to a margin of 1.5 cm at the mesenteric border and the anastomosis is created with a single running suture. A Braun anastomosis is added 20,30 cm distally to the GE. Patients were followed prospectively with special regard to the occurrence of DGE. Results Between 1 August 1994 and 1 August 1998, 25 patients underwent cross-section GE, mostly because of an irresectable periampullary carcinoma. Eight patients exhibited clinical signs of gastric outlet obstruction preoperatively, while in 17 the GE was performed on a prophylactic basis. A biliary bypass was added in 15 patients. There was no disruption of the GE, but one patient died in hospital (4%). The nasogastric tube was withdrawn on the first postoperative day (range 0,6 days), a liquid diet was started on the fifth day (range 2,7 days) and a full regular diet was tolerated at a median of 9 days (6,14 days). The incidence of DGE was 4%: only the single patient who died fulfilled the formal criteria for DGE. Discussion In contrast to orthodox GE, DGE seems to be of minor clinical importance following cross-section GE. As the technique is easy to perform, is free of specific complications and leads to a low incidence of DGE, it should be considered as an alternative to conventional GE. [source]

Metabolism of carbohydrate in alimentary tract of reindeer in winter

INTEGRATIVE ZOOLOGY (ELECTRONIC), Issue 2 2006
Tatyana I. KOCHAN
Abstract The study was conducted on six reindeers in December. It was established that concentration of reducing sugars in the chyme of jejunum increases substantially (6 times in comparison with abomasum), whereas concentration cellulose, on the contrary, decreases (4.5 times). The maximal increase of monosaccharides in the small intestine testifies to formation of metabolic fund of sugars in this part of the alimentary tract due to high degree of polysaccharides hydrolysis of exogenous, as well as endogenous, microbial formation. Obtained data assume that the need of the reindeer for glucose is provided for not only by gluconeogenesis as it was considered before, but also by absorption of monosaccharides from the alimentary tract. [source]

Effects of adding liquid dl -methionine hydroxy analogue-free acid to drinking water on growth performance and small intestinal morphology of nursery pigs

JOURNAL OF ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY AND NUTRITION, Issue 3 2010
C. Kaewtapee
Summary This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of adding liquid dl -methionine hydroxy analogue free acid (LMA) to drinking water on growth performance, small intestinal morphology and volatile fatty acids in the caecum of nursery pigs. Twenty-four crossbred pigs (Large White × Landrace, BW ,18 kg) were divided into three groups with four replications of two piglets each. The piglets received drinking water without (control), with 0.05 or 0.10% LMA. The results indicated that adding LMA at 0.10% to drinking water significantly increased their weight gain, average daily feed intake (p < 0.05) and tended to improve the feed conversion ratio. Adding LMA to drinking water significantly increased their water intake and significantly reduced the pH of drinking water (p < 0.01), thus total plate count (p < 0.01) and Escherichia coli in drinking water was reduced (p < 0.05), while the total number of bacteria in the caecum was not significantly affected. Liquid dl -methionine hydroxy analogue free acid supplementation in drinking water tended to decrease pH in the stomach, duodenum, jejunum, colon and rectum. Furthermore, adding LMA at 0.10% significantly increased villous height in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum (p < 0.05), and the villous height:crypt depth ratio in the jejunum and ileum (p < 0.01) was higher, whereas acetic acid concentration in the caecum was significantly lower than in the control group. It could be concluded that adding LMA to drinking water improved growth performance of the nursery pigs because of high water quality and high nutrient utilization caused by an improvement of small intestinal morphology (not from nutritional effect of methionine source). [source]

Supplementation of diets for lactating sows with zinc amino acid complex and gastric nutriment-intubation of suckling pigs with zinc methionine on mineral status, intestinal morphology and bacterial translocation in lipopolysaccharide-challenged weaned pigs

JOURNAL OF ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY AND NUTRITION, Issue 2 2010
B. U. Metzler-Zebeli
Summary Sixty-four pigs from 16 sows were used to evaluate addition of zinc amino acid complex (ZnAA) to lactating sows and gastric nutriment-intubation of zinc methionine (ZnMet) to suckling pigs on mineral status, intestinal morphology and bacterial translocation after weaning. Sows were fed a barley-based diet supplying 120 ppm zinc (Zn; control) or the control diet supplemented with 240 ppm Zn from ZnAA. At birth, day-10 and day-21 (weaning) of age, pigs from each litter were nutriment-intubated with 5 ml of an electrolyte solution without or with 40 mg Zn from ZnMet. At weaning, 24 h prior to the collection of small and large intestinal lymph nodes and sections of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum, the pigs received an intramuscular injection of saline without or with 150 ,g/kg body weight of Escherichia coli O26:B6 lipopolysaccharide (LPS). With the exception of a tendency (p = 0.09) for lower serum concentration of copper in pigs at weaning from ZnAA-supplemented sows, there were no differences (p > 0.1) than for pigs from control-fed sows for mineral status or intestinal morphology. Nutriment-intubation of ZnMet increased serum (p = 0.001) and liver (p = 0.003) Zn concentrations, number of goblet cells per 250 ,m length of jejunal villous epithelium (p = 0.001) and tended (p = 0.06) to enhance jejunum mucosa thickness. Interactive effects (p < 0.05) for higher jejunal villi height and villi:crypt ratio and increased ileal goblet cell counts were apparent for pigs from ZnAA-supplemented sows that also received nutriment-intubation of ZnMet. Challenge with LPS increased (p = 0.05) ileal villous width. Nutriment-intubation of ZnMet decreased (p = 0.05) anaerobic bacteria colony forming unit counts in the large intestinal mesenteric lymph nodes. In conclusion, nutriment-intubation of ZnMet increased serum and liver tissue concentrations of Zn and resulted in limited improvement to intestinal morphology of weaned pigs. [source]

Electrophysiological characterization of electrolyte and nutrient transport across the small intestine in horses

JOURNAL OF ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY AND NUTRITION, Issue 3 2009
A. Cehak
Summary The aim of this study was to characterize the transport mechanisms of electrolytes and nutrients across the jejunum of nine healthy horses electrophysiologically. The stripped mucosa was mounted in Ussing chambers and tissue conductances (Gt) and short circuit currents (Isc) were continuously monitored. After blocking the sodium and potassium channels with amiloride, tetraethylammonium chloride (TEA) and barium, chloride secretion was stimulated by carbachol and forskolin. Subsequently, chloride channels were inhibited by 4,4,-diisothiocyanato-stilbene-2,2,-disulfonic acid, 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid, CFTRinh -172, N -(2-naphtalenyl)-(3.5-dibromo-2.4-dihydroxyphenyl)methylene glycine hydrazide (GlyH-101) and glibenclamide and their dose,response effect was investigated. The response to glucose, l -alanine and glycyl- l -glutamine was determined at two different mucosal pH values (pH 7.4 and 5.4 respectively). Mean basal Isc was ,0.47 ± 0.31 ,Eq/cm2h and mean Gt was 22.17 ± 1.78 mS/cm2. Amiloride and TEA did not alter the baseline Isc. Barium, carbachol and forskolin significantly increased Isc. Irrespective of the dose, none of the chloride inhibitors changed Isc. All nutrients induced a significant increase in Isc with the increase being significantly higher at pH 7.4 than at pH 5.4. In conclusion, there is evidence that chloride secretion in horses may be different from respective transport mechanisms in other species. The glucose absorption is suggestive of a sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter 1. However, a decrease in luminal pH did not stimulate current response to peptides as shown for other mammals. [source]

Vitamin D receptor amounts across different segments of the gastrointestinal tract in Brown Swiss and Holstein Frisean cows of different age

JOURNAL OF ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY AND NUTRITION, Issue 3 2008
A. Liesegang
Summary During different stages of lactation, different requirements of calcium have to be met depending on the milk amount. Vitamin D receptors (VDR) regulate calcium homeostasis by increasing the entry of Ca into blood from bone stores and dietary sources. The purpose of this study was to investigate if age and breed of cows influence VDR amounts across different segments of the gastrointestinal tract. Thirty-six cows were used (18 brown swiss, 18 holstein friesan, both > 5.5 years or < 4.5 years). Tissue specimens of the intestines were collected from the cows. Formaldehyde-fixed and microwave-treated paraffin sections were used for VDR immunohistochemistry employing a biotinylated monoclonal rat antibody and streptavidin peroxidase technique. The results showed that nuclei and cytoplasm of enterocytes stained positively for VDRs. Strongest immunoreactions were observed in intermediate and basal glandular cells. No significant differences were observed between the different groups. Vitamin D receptors immunoreactivities were prominent in duodenal mucosa, lower in jejunum and in colon, decreased further in ileum and were lowest in caecum. Decreases in number of positively marked cells and staining intensities resulted in reduced immunoreactions. The results of this study indicate that VDR are highly expressed at the site of maximal intestinal calcium absorption. No significant influence of age and breed was observed. The animals used were not in a negative Ca balance. The cows were all in the stage of late or mid lactation. During these periods, the Ca requirements are low and the diets are high in Ca concentration; and the animals are adapted to these circumstances. Passive absorption in adult animals seems to dominate when Ca intake is adequate or high. The active absorption may play a considerably more significant role during the peripartal period, when Ca homeostatic mechanisms are challenged because of tremendous Ca demand at the initiation of lactation. [source]

Influence of deoxynivalenol on the D -glucose transport across the isolated epithelium of different intestinal segments of laying hens

Short-term effect of acarbose on specific intestinal disaccharidase activities and hyperglycaemia in CBA diabetic mice

JOURNAL OF ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY AND NUTRITION, Issue 7-8 2003
D. Jureti
Summary The purpose of this study was to examine the short-term effects of 75, 100 and 150 mg of acarbose mixed in 100 g standard laboratory chow on specific intestinal disaccharidase activities and on hyperglycaemia in diabetic CBA strain mice on standard diet. The small intestine was excised and divided into three segments, from pylorus to duodenum, and two equal lengths of the jejunum and ileum of control and diabetic mice with or without added acarbose. Specific maltase and sucrase activities were determined using maltose and sucrose as substrates respectively. Increased specific activities of maltase and sucrase were detected in the intestines of CBA mice on standard laboratory diet seven days after alloxan-induced diabetes. Feeding for 7 days with 75, 100 or 150 mg acarbose uniformly mixed in 100 g standard laboratory chow, induced a decrease in the specific maltase and sucrase activities, compared with diabetic mice on standard laboratory diet. Feeding with 75 mg acarbose mixed in 100 g standard laboratory chow caused a statistically significant decrease of maltase in the duodenum and of sucrase in duodenum and jejunum, without a antihyperglycaemic effect. Feeding with 100 or 150 mg caused statistically significant decreases in specific maltase and sucrase activities in duodenum, jejunum and ileum. An antihyperglycaemic effect was observed only in the group of diabetic mice fed with 100 mg acarbose. This indicates that the antihyperglycaemic effect of acarbose involves factors other than these, related only to its inhibitory effect on disaccharidase activities. [source]

In vitro studies on the effects of Saccharomyces boulardii and Bacillus cereus var. toyoi on nutrient transport in pig jejunum

JOURNAL OF ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY AND NUTRITION, Issue 1-2 2000
G. Breves
The probiotics Saccharomyces boulardii and Bacillus cereus var. toyoi are nonpathogenic microbes which have been shown to affect certain functions of the mucosal barrier in pig jejunum such as electrogenic ion transport capacity and paracellular permeability. The present studies were performed to investigate potential effects of the probiotics on jejunal nutrient transport such as sodium-dependent glucose transport or proton-dependent dipeptide transport. For this purpose the in vitro Ussing-chamber technique was applied in order to examine net electrogenic ion flux rates (short circuit currents, Isc) across isolated intact jejunal epithelia in the absence and presence of either 10 mmol/l glucose (mucosal side) or two-fold application of 5 mmol/l glycyl- l -sarcosine or glycyl- l -glutamine to the mucosal bathing solution. Brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) were prepared in order to characterize kinetic parameters (Vmax, Km) of Na-dependent glucose transport. Intestinal tissues were obtained from growing pigs in a weight range between 23 and 33 kg. All animals were fed twice daily and received 0.8,0.9 kg/day of a standard diet. After a 9- to 10-day adaptation period the diets for treated animals were either supplemented for 8 days with 1.7×107 colony-forming units (CFU)/g feed of S. boulardii or for 3 weeks with 106 CFU/g feed B. cereus var. toyoi. Under basal conditions Isc values were not affected by different treatment protocols (controls: 0.74 ± 0.04 µeq/cm2 per h, n=9; S. boulardii: 0.74 ± 0.12 µeq/cm2 per h, n=7; B. cereus 0.68 ± 0.09 µeq/cm2 per h, n=5). Irrespective of dietary treatment, the addition of glucose resulted in significant increases of Isc indicating substantial onset of electrogenic net Na/glucose cotransport. Maximal Isc values occurred within 30 min and reached 2.79 ± 0.41 µeq/cm2 per h in control epithelia. This was significantly lower than found in S. boulardii (4.47 ± 0.43 µeq/cm2 per h, p < 0.05) and B. cereus var. toyoi tissues (4.45 ± 0.31 µeq/cm2 per h, p < 0.05). Gt values were 22.4 ± 1.3 mS/cm2 in control animals and were significantly lower as shown in S. boulardii (p < 0.01) and B. cereus var. toyoi (p < 0.01)-treated animals (28.4 ± 1.3 and 29.9 ± 0.8 mS/cm2, respectively). Vmax values of Na-dependent glucose uptake into BBMV differed significantly between controls (0.64 ± 0.08 nmol/mg protein per 10 s; n=5), S. boulardii (0.89 ± 0.06 nmol/mg protein per 10 s; n=5, p < 0.05) and B. cereus var. toyoi preparations (1.08 ± 0.05 nmol/mg protein per 10 s; n=3, p < 0.01). Km values were not significantly affected (control: 0.31 ± 0.04 mmol/l, S. boulardii: 0.29 ± 0.05 mmol/l, B. cereus var. toyoi: 0.21 ± 0.01 mmol/l). Irrespective of dietary treatment, application of the dipeptide model substances glycyl- l -sarcosine or glycyl- l -glutamine resulted in significant increases of Isc indicating marked stimulation of electrogenic net H+/dipeptide cotransport. Highest Isc responses occurred in B. cereus var. toyoi preparations and lowest were found in control tissues. However, these differences were not significant. Gt values were not affected by different dietary treatments. The results clearly demonstrate that oral administration of either S. boulardii or B. cereus var. toyoi stimulates Na-dependent glucose absorption in pig jejunum. [source]

Effects of a lactoperoxidase system and lactoferrin, added to a milk replacer diet, on severity of diarrhoea, intestinal morphology and microbiology of digesta and faeces in young calves

JOURNAL OF ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY AND NUTRITION, Issue 1 2000
P. Van Leeuwen
The objective of the present study was to determine the effects of the combination of a lactoperoxidase system (LP-s) and lactoferrin (LF) added to a milk replacer diet on severity of diarrhoea, the morphology of the small intestinal mucosa, and the microbiology of digesta and faeces in young calves, in comparison with a control diet. The experiment was conducted with 30 young calves, 15 per treatment, during the period of 7,21 days of age. During this period, calves are sensitive to gastrointestinal disturbances that can cause diarrhoea. The results showed a significantly (p < 0.05) reduced severity of diarrhoea in the LP-s/LF group compared to the control group as assessed by faecal consistency scores. Numbers of CFU (colony forming units) of Escherichia coli in jejunal and colonic digesta and in faeces were lower in the LP-s/LF group compared with the control group. The differences were significant in both colonic digesta (p < 0.1) and in faeces (p < 0.05). Examination of the small intestinal mucosa, using a dissecting microscope, indicated more finger shaped villi in the distal jejunum of LP-s/LF-treated calves compared with the control group (p < 0.05). Histometrical measurements showed that these villi were significantly (p < 0.05) longer. [source]

Influence of the dietary potassium content on transepithelial potassium transport in rat jejunum

Differential sensitivity to apoptosis between the human small and large intestinal mucosae: Linkage with segment-specific regulation of Bcl-2 homologs and involvement of signaling pathways,

JOURNAL OF CELLULAR BIOCHEMISTRY, Issue 2 2001
Rémy Gauthier
Abstract The small and large intestines differ in their expression profiles of Bcl-2 homologs. Intestinal segment-specific Bcl-2 homolog expression profiles are acquired as early as by mid-gestation (18,20 weeks) in man. In the present study, we examined the question whether such distinctions underlie segment-specific control mechanisms of intestinal cell survival. Using mid-gestation human jejunum and colon organotypic cultures, we analyzed the impact of growth factors (namely insulin; 10 ,g/ml) and pharmacological compounds that inhibit signal transduction molecules/pathways (namely tyrosine kinases, Fak, PI3-K/Akt, and MEK/Erk) on cell survival and Bcl-2 homolog expression (anti-apoptotic: Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, Mcl-1; pro-apoptotic: Bax, Bak, Bad). The relative activation levels of p125Fak, p42Erk-2, and p57Akt were analyzed as well. Herein, we report that (1) the inhibition of signal transduction molecules/pathways revealed striking differences in their impact on cell survival in the jejunum and colon (e.g., the inhibition of p125Fak induced apoptosis with a significantly greater extent in the jejunum [,43%] than in the colon [,24%]); (2) sharp distinctions between the two segments were noted in the modulatory effects of the various treatments on Bcl-2 homolog steady-state levels (e.g., inhibition of tyrosine kinase activities in the jejunum down-regulated all anti-apoptotics analyzed while increasing Bax, whereas the same treatment in the colon down-regulated Bcl-XL only and increased all pro-apoptotics); and (3) in addition to their differential impact on cell survival and Bcl-2 homolog expression, the MEK/Erk and PI3-K/Akt pathways were found to be distinctively regulated in the jejunum and colon mucosae (e.g., insulin in the jejunum increased p42Erk-2 activation without affecting that of p57Akt, whereas the sa e treatment in the colon decreased p42Erk-2 activation while increasing that of p57Akt). Altogether, these data show that intestinal cell survival is characterized by segment-specific susceptibilities to apoptosis, which are in turn linked with segmental distinctions in the involvement of signaling pathways and the regulation of Bcl-2 homolog steady-state levels. Therefore, these indicate that cell survival is subject to segment-specific control mechanisms along the proximal-distal axis of the intestine. J. Cell. Biochem. 82: 339,355, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]

Effects and probable mechanisms of electroacupuncture at the Zusanli point on upper gastrointestinal motility in rabbits

JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY, Issue 10 2007
Wei-Xin Niu
Abstract Background and Aim:, The purposes of this study were to investigate the regulative effect of acupuncture on gastrointestinal motility in rabbits and to explore the probable mechanism of electroacupuncture. Methods:, The experiment was performed on 30 rabbits implanted with three pairs of electrodes, which were equally divided into three groups: the control group, the Zusanli group, and the non-acupuncture point group. The gastrointestinal myoelectrical activity of each conscious rabbit was recorded when acupuncture was applied. Motilin in plasma, cholecystokinin (CCK) in serum, the activity of acetylcholine esterase, nitric oxide synthase (NOS), and the vesicle of nerve endings in the stomach tissue and jejunum were investigated. Results:, It was found that electroacupuncture did not exert much influence on the slow wave of gastrointestinal myoelectrical activity, but significantly increased the number and amplitude of spikes. In the Zusanli group, the concentration of motilin and CCK was much higher at the post-acupuncture stage than at the pre-acupuncture stage. Electroacupuncture significantly enhanced the activity of acetylcholine esterase. Moreover, we found out that in the Zusanli group, the number of vesicles without granula was significantly fewer than in the control group. The activity of NOS was less in the Zusanli group than in the control group. Conclusions:, Acupuncture may enhance the gastrointestinal myoelectrical activity of conscious rabbits. The cholinergic nerve, nitric oxide, motilin, and CCK may contribute to acupuncture mechanisms. [source]