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Japanese Culture (japanese + culture)
Selected AbstractsA History of Manga in the Context of Japanese Culture and SocietyTHE JOURNAL OF POPULAR CULTURE, Issue 3 2005Kinko Ito First page of article [source] Chinese Learning (kangaku) in Meiji Japan (1868,1912)HISTORY, Issue 277 2000Margaret Mehl Japan's development since the middle of the nineteenth century is usually summarized under the headings ,modernization' and ,westernization'. Such a perspective neglects the importance of indigenous traditions in the shaping of modern Japan, including Chinese learning (kangaku), which had been thoroughly assimilated and had formed the basis of the dominant ideology in the Tokugawa period (1600-1868). The leaders of the Meiji restoration of 1868 all had a kangaku education and their ideas were strongly influenced by it. Kangaku continued to play a dominant role in Japanese culture until well into the Meiji period and did not fall into decline until the mid-1890s. The main reason for this was not contempt for contemporary China in the wake of the Sino-Japanese war (1894-5), as has been argued, but the new national education system which stressed western knowledge. It was not a sign of waning interest in China, but of new forms this interest took. China became the object of new academic disciplines, including t,y,shi (East Asian history), which applied western methods and a new interpretative framework to the study of China. [source] Clinical pathway for tension-free vaginal mesh procedure: Evaluation in 300 patients with pelvic organ prolapseINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF UROLOGY, Issue 3 2009Kumiko Kato Objectives: To evaluate a clinical pathway of discharge on postoperative day 3 for the tension-free vaginal mesh (TVM) procedure in patients with pelvic organ prolapse (POP). Methods: Between May 2006 and December 2007, 305 consecutive women with POP quantification stage 3 or 4 were planned to undergo the TVM procedure in a single general hospital. Excluding five patients with concomitant hysterectomy, a pathway (removal of the indwelling urethral catheter on the next morning, discharge on postoperative day 3) was applied to the remaining 300 patients. The perioperative complications and postoperative hospitalization were prospectively evaluated in this case series. Results: Perioperative complications were: bladder injury (11 cases, 3.7%), vaginal wall hematoma (two cases, 0.7%), rectal injury (one case, 0.3%) and temporary hydronephrosis (one case, 0.3%). None needed blood transfusion. The indwelling urethral catheters were removed on the next morning as in the pathway in 287 cases (95.6%), and none required clean intermittent catheterization at home. Postoperative hospitalization was within 3 days in 280 cases (93.3%). The six cases (2.0%) with longer hospitalization were due to complications (two cases of bladder injury, one of rectal injury, one of blood loss over 200 mL, one of temporary urinary retention, and one of hydronephrosis). Two patients were re-hospitalized within one month due to vaginal bleeding or gluteal pain. Conclusions: Patients generally accepted the pathway of discharge on postoperative day 3 in spite of the Japanese culture preferring a longer hospital stay. [source] Incentives for International Migration of Scientists and Engineers to JapanINTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, Issue 4 2009Yukiko Murakami Many developed countries, welcome foreign talent, and Japan is no exception. The Japanese government has developed programmes for expanding the acceptance of foreign labour in specialized and technical fields, in order to compete with foreign nations in the global economy and accommodate the highly specialized domestic industrial structure. This paper focuses on scientists and engineers (S&E) as a component of the highly skilled labour force, and examines their incentives for migrating to Japan, which is one of the most technologically advanced countries in the world. According to a survey conducted in 2004, the majority of S&E working in Japan migrated from Asian nations, and many obtained their doctoral degrees in Japan and continued to stay in the country to work. Key incentives for migration are Japan's high level of science and technology, opportunities to acquire cutting-edge knowledge, and prospects for improving performance in an environment with large budgets, superior equipment and facilities, and good quality human resources. In particular, the technological environment is influential for S&E from countries with a significant technological gap when compared with Japan. However, this does not mean that S&E are indifferent to monetary rewards. The salary gap, which is considered to be a major factor in international mobility in to traditional economic theory, has also proven to be a significant incentive, particularly for S&E from countries where the gap in gross domestic product (GDP) per capita compared with Japan is large. In addition, cultural and social aspects of Japan attract mainly young S&E. The attractiveness of Japanese culture, opportunities to learn the Japanese language, and chances to build a network of personal contacts are important incentives for migration. This study presents some policy implications for countries competing over capable S&E. [source] The current state of the center for the creation and dissemination of new Japanese nursing science: The 21st century Center of Excellence at Chiba University School of NursingJAPAN JOURNAL OF NURSING SCIENCE, Issue 1 2006Kazuko ISHIGAKI Abstract Aim:, The Center of Excellence for the Creation and Dissemination of a New Japanese Nursing Science at Chiba University School of Nursing is now in its third year of operation. This center aims to develop nursing science that is appropriate for Japanese culture and to internationally disseminate the importance of culturally based care. Our project seeks to systematically transform the art of nursing practise into a nursing science. Method:, To date, multiple frameworks have been created through the qualitative meta-synthesis of research on effective nursing care. To create a nursing science, these frameworks derived from meta-synthesis must be verified and internalized in nursing practise. Results:, After three years of research, the following findings are emerging: professional care relationships in nursing practise in Japan are characterized by the bidirectional process between the nurse and the client, in which both gradually undergo a transformation in order to establish a collaborative, therapeutic relationship; Japanese nurses emphasize the importance of understanding adolescent clients' subjective understanding of their own life with self-care, as well as social support; and the priority for community health nurses in Japan is to create support systems in the community, regardless of whether the intended client is an individual, a family, a specific group, or the community as a whole. Conclusions:, Our future efforts will focus on verifying our findings through interdisciplinary and international comparative research and by integrating various frameworks in order to create a new Japanese nursing science. [source] Center for the creation and dissemination of a new Japanese nursing science incorporating culturally appropriate care: Establishment and development of nursing science and arts based on clinical knowledgeJAPAN JOURNAL OF NURSING SCIENCE, Issue 1 2004Kazuko ISHIGAKI This program aims to describe nursing care appropriate to the Japanese culture and to internationally disseminate the importance of culturally based care. Research will be conducted in a graduate school of nursing in collaboration with other graduate schools at Chiba University, such as those for social science and medical science. [source] Attitudes of Japanese students toward people with intellectual disabilityJOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH, Issue 5 2002W. Horner-Johnson Abstract Background The purpose of the present study was to gain insight into the structure and organization of the attitudes of Japanese students toward people with intellectual disability (ID). The study also examined how these attitudes are related to individual characteristics, such as experience with people with ID, major field of study and career interests. Methods The participants completed a series of measures developed in the USA: three measures of attitudes toward people with ID, a demographic questionnaire and a social desirability scale. Students completed the measures anonymously. Results The factor structures of all three attitude scales replicated the structures found in the USA. Attitudes toward the community inclusion of people with ID were negatively correlated with an endorsement of eugenics. Students in social work and psychology had more positive attitudes than other students. Participants who expressed an interest in a career working with people with ID had more positive attitudes than students with no interest in such a career. Conclusions Attitude measures developed in the USA can be used in Japan, and can provide useful information as well as an opportunity for cross-cultural comparisons. For a more complete understanding of the attitudes of Japanese people toward people with ID, these attitudes should also be studied using measures based in Japanese culture which have specifically developed to measure attitudes in Japan. [source] Makeshift: Some Reflections on Japanese Design SensibilityARCHITECTURAL DESIGN, Issue 4 2005Sarah Chaplin Abstract By constructing a series of prologues on preconditions of making across cultural and industrial traditions, Sarah Chaplin describes the embedded condition of uncertainty that lies within the very human act of making. ,Makeshift' recognises the impermanent and the imperfect, the ritualistic and the indeterminate. From a question of meaning, this text argues that in Japanese culture at least, ,things are never fully designed, but are always in a state of being designed'. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Mortality salience effects on modesty and relative self-effacementASIAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 3 2006Ryutaro Wakimoto Terror management theory argues that mortality salience (MS) enhances adherence to cultural norms. Recent cross-cultural research has suggested that Japanese culture emphasizes modesty and the enhancement of important others compared to the self. Thus, it was predicted that Japanese would show increased modesty and relative self-effacement in response to MS. In addition, the moderating effects of degree of enculturation were examined in two studies investigating Japanese undergraduates. Those strongly enculturated to the Japanese worldview showed a tendency to evaluate success more negatively (Study 1) and self-efface more relative to their close friends (Study 2). A view which regards both Easterners' self-effacement and Westerners' self-enhancement after MS to be a reflection of efforts to fit into cultural norm is presented. [source] From Missionary to Ministerial Adviser: Constance Duncan and Australia-Japan Relations 1922-1947AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF POLITICS AND HISTORY, Issue 1 2008Hilary Summy The contribution of A. Constance Duncan (1896-1970) to Australia-Japan relations has been overlooked in mainstream historiography. This article examines her role in the development of these relations from 1922 to 1947. She was one of the few women to be accepted into the elite inner-circle of intellectuals influencing Australian foreign policy during this period. In 1922 she embarked on a career in Japan as a missionary, or "foreign secretary", for the Young Women's Christian Association. She returned to Australia in 1933 and took up a position with the Bureau of Social and International Affairs. Her familiarity with Japanese culture and society, together with an abiding interest in promoting world peace, led naturally to her participation in the world of international relations at a time of heightened interest in the Asia-Pacific region and Japan in particular. She was part of an intellectual movement that considered an educated Australian public to be of paramount importance in future Australia-Japan relations and international relations generally. This article traces her activities and examines her influence in the educational field and on Australian foreign policy-making. [source] | |||||||||||||