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Isoamyl Alcohol (isoamyl + alcohol)
Selected AbstractsA transcriptome analysis of isoamyl alcohol-induced filamentation in yeast reveals a novel role for Gre2p as isovaleraldehyde reductaseFEMS YEAST RESEARCH, Issue 1 2007Michael Hauser Abstract A transcriptome analysis was performed of Saccharomyces cerevisiae undergoing isoamyl alcohol-induced filament formation. In the crucial first 5 h of this process, only four mRNA species displayed strong and statistically significant increases in their levels of more than 10-fold. Two of these (YEL071w/DLD3 and YOL151w/GRE2) appear to play important roles in filamentation. The biochemical activities ascribed to these two genes (d -lactate dehydrogenase and methylglyoxal reductase, respectively) displayed similarly timed increases to those of their respective mRNAs. Mutants carrying dld3 mutations displayed reduced filamentation in 0.5% isoamyl alcohol and needed a higher concentration of isoamyl alcohol to effect more complete filament formation. Hence, DLD3 seems to be required for a full response to isoamyl alcohol, but is not absolutely essential for it. Mutants carrying gre2 mutations were derepressed for filament formation and formed large, invasive filaments even in the absence of isoamyl alcohol. These results indicate a previously unsuspected and novel role for the GRE2 gene product as a suppressor of filamentation by virtue of encoding isovaleraldehyde reductase activity. [source] Influence of cosurfactant in microemulsion systems for color removal from textile wastewaterJOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY, Issue 1 2005Leocadia Terezinha Cordeiro Beltrame Abstract Microemulsion systems have proved very efficient in color removal from textile wastewater using n -butyl alcohol as cosurfactant. The cosurfactant has a very important role in microemulsified systems, as it is responsible for their stability, mainly in systems formed by ionic surfactants. Although very efficient, n -butyl alcohol is partially soluble in water, which would permit its passage to the effluent. In this work, isoamyl and octyl alcohols, due to their lower solubility in water, were used as cosurfactants to evaluate their influence in color removal. The colorimetry system used was the CIE L*a*b* (CIELAB) color space and CIE L*a*b* color difference (,E*ab). The wastewater used in this study was the reactive exhausted dye liquor from a dye house (first discharge) containing Procion Yellow H-E4R (CI Reactive Yellow 84), Procion Blue H-ERD (CI Reactive Blue 160) and Procion Red H-E3B (CI Reactive Red 120). The obtained results were modeled using an experimental planning (the Scheffé net) and evaluated through isoresponse diagrams by correlation graphs between experimental values and those obtained by the models with an error lower than 4%. All the optimized systems were very efficient and more than 94% of the dyes contained in the effluent were removed. The microemulsion load capacity was determined using a synthetic solution containing, the same dyes present in the reactive exhausted dyebath, but 200 times concentrated, and the dyes extraction was more than 99.6%. By comparing n -butyl, isoamyl and octyl alcohols, it was observed that the system using isoamyl alcohol presented slightly better color removal and much higher load capacity than the n -butyl and octyl alcohols. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry [source] FRUIT BRANDY PRODUCTION BY BATCH COLUMN DISTILLATION WITH REFLUXJOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESS ENGINEERING, Issue 1 2005MICHAEL J. CLAUS ABSTRACT The relationship between the operating parameters of batch fruit spirits column stills with reflux and the congener (trace compounds that provide flavors and aromas) concentrations in resulting fruit spirits has not been widely studied. Congener concentrations were determined in three different collection fractions, or "cuts," during batch distillation. Acetaldehyde and ethyl acetate were found in higher concentrations in the head cut, first overhead fraction, of the distillation and have lower boiling points relative to ethanol. 1-Propanol and isoamyl alcohol (isopentanol) were present in higher concentrations in the tail cut, third or final fraction, of the distillation and have boiling points that are higher than ethanol. Methanol has a unique concentration profile as it has higher concentrations in both the head and tail cuts, but a lower concentration in the heart cut, the middle fraction which is the desired product of the distillation. Methanol was of particular interest because the distillate must adhere to governmental regulations that limit its concentration in the product. Operating-condition parameters that were studied include the number of trays used in the distillation as well as the use of a "catalytic converter," a high surface, copper-packing material thought to catalyze formation of cyanide-containing compounds allowing them to be separated from the distillate. The effect of the number of trays used in a distillation on the concentration of ethanol and the congeners, methanol, acetaldehyde, ethyl acetate, 1-propanol and isoamyl alcohol in the final distilled spirits product is presented. An additional result of acetaldehyde production at the copper surface of the catalytic converter was also discovered in the analysis of the data. [source] Surrogate Alcohol: What Do We Know and Where Do We Go?ALCOHOLISM, Issue 10 2007Dirk W. Lachenmeier Background:, Consumption of surrogate alcohols (i.e., nonbeverage alcohols and illegally produced alcohols) was shown to impact on different causes of death, not only poisoning or liver disease, and appears to be a major public health problem in Russia and elsewhere. Methods:, A computer-assisted literature review on chemical composition and health consequences of "surrogate alcohol" was conducted and more than 70 references were identified. A wider definition of the term "surrogate alcohol" was derived, including both nonbeverage alcohols and illegally produced alcohols that contain nonbeverage alcohols. Results:, Surrogate alcohol may contain substances that cause severe health consequences including death. Known toxic constituents include lead, which may lead to chronic toxicity, and methanol, which leads to acute poisoning. On the other hand, the role of higher alcohols (e.g., propanol, isobutanol, and isoamyl alcohol) in the etiology of surrogate-associated diseases is currently unclear. Whether other constituents of surrogates have contributed to the high all-cause mortality over and above the effect of ethanol in recent studies also remains unclear. Conclusions:, Given the high public health importance associated with the consumption of surrogate alcohols, further knowledge on its chemical composition is required as well as research on its links to various disease endpoints should be undertaken with priority. Some interventions to reduce the harm resulting from surrogate alcohol could be undertaken already at this point. For example, the use of methanol or methanol-containing wood alcohol should be abolished in denatured alcohol. Other possible surrogates (e.g., automobile products) should be treated with bittering agents to avoid consumption. [source] | ||||||||||