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Irritant Contact Dermatitis (irritant + contact_dermatitis)
Selected AbstractsIrritant contact dermatitis from shower cream applied as a moisturizing cream: a review of three cases,CONTACT DERMATITIS, Issue 3 2009M. V. Heisterberg No abstract is available for this article. [source] Hand eczema: causes, course, and prognosis ICONTACT DERMATITIS, Issue 6 2008Niels K. Veien Background:, Hand eczema is a common dermatosis. The course is often protracted. The prognosis is not well described. Objective:, To describe in detail a consecutive cohort of hand eczema patients with regard to aetiology and morphology as well as the dynamics of the hand eczema. Patients and Methods:, This prospective study included 522 consecutive patients (175 men and 347 women with hand eczema) seen in 1 year in a private practice of dermatology. 425 (81%) of the patients were patch tested in relation to the current study. Most of the remainder had been previously patch tested. Results:, 38% had mild dermatitis, 49% had dermatitis of moderate severity, and 11% had severe dermatitis. 23% had had dermatitis for more than 10 years. 33% had irritant contact dermatitis, 13% of the men and 20% of the women had allergic contact dermatitis, and 15% of the men and 16% of the women had atopic dermatitis. For 34% of the men and 29% of the women, the dermatitis was certainly or possibly occupational. There was no relationship to smoking. Conclusions:, The majority of this cohort of hand eczema patients had long-standing disease. Irritant contact dermatitis was the most common aetiological diagnosis. [source] Irritant contact dermatitis with a vasculitic-like pattern from PVP-ICONTACT DERMATITIS, Issue 5 2006Paolo Rosina No abstract is available for this article. [source] Irritant contact dermatitis from benzalkonium chloride in shampooCONTACT DERMATITIS, Issue 1 2005Naoki Oiso No abstract is available for this article. [source] FS07.1 A survey of occupational hand eczema in DenmarkCONTACT DERMATITIS, Issue 3 2004Rikke Skoet Background:, The need for prevention to reduce the number of occupational hand eczema is high. Occupational hand eczema is the most frequently recognised work-related disease in Denmark. Previous findings have shown that almost half of all cases develop a chronic condition with persistent dermatitis, and the annual cost to society is immense. Aims:, The aim of this study was to survey the trends and development of occupational hand eczema in Denmark and thereby help to ensure future successful prevention of chronic disabling occupational hand eczema. Methods:, 758 patients with recognised occupational hand eczema were included prospectively in the period October 2001- November 2002. Data on diagnoses, disease duration, severity, absence from work and occupation was obtained from The Danish National Board of Industrial Injuries and an additional questionnaire was administered by mail. Results:, 621 patients answered the questionnaire (response rate 82%). Irritant contact dermatitis was the most frequent diagnosis and the female/male ratio was 2:1. High prevalence was found in particularly wet occupations. 19 per cent had sick leave more than 5 weeks per year and the mean disease duration was 4.8 years (median 2.1 years). 68.2% had chronic changes. Conclusion:, The results showed a marked gender difference in the pattern of diagnosis and occupation. The impact of occupational hand eczema is still high with prolonged absence from work and a high percentage of chronic disease. The results of the study give important suggestions for future preventive strategies for health authorities. [source] Nonanoic acid , an experimental irritantCONTACT DERMATITIS, Issue 3 2003Jan E. Wahlberg Irritant contact dermatitis is defined as a non-immunological skin reaction following exposure to various chemical, mechanical and physical factors. It is known that the skin response to irritants depends on the irritant applied and differs between chemically different irritants. Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) is an anionic detergent and the most frequently used substance in experimental irritant contact dermatitis. In 1980, it was suggested that nonanoic acid (NNA) could be used as a positive control when patch testing. Since then, NNA has been used as an experimental irritant in several studies and has been used as a chemically different substance compared to SLS. The present article presents a review of the application of NNA in studies on skin irritancy and experimental irritant contact dermatitis. [source] Transcriptional regulation of tumor necrosis factor-, in keratinocytes mediated by interleukin-1, and tumor necrosis factor-,EXPERIMENTAL DERMATOLOGY, Issue 6 2002S. Lisby Abstract: Irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) is an inflammatory skin reaction in which cytokines are thought to play a crucial role. In particular, tumor necrosis factor-, (TNF-,) has been implicated in the mechanism of this reaction. We report that interleukin-1, (IL-1,) that has been reported up-regulated in many inflammatory skin conditions is capable of increasing TNF-, mRNA and protein expression in murine keratinocytes. Furthermore, we show that TNF-, is capable of up-regulating itself in keratinocytes most likely in an autocrine manner. The signalling mechanisms involved in both IL-1,- and TNF-,-mediated regulation of TNF-, are critically dependent upon protein kinase C (PKC), as demonstrated by blocking studies using protein kinase inhibitors. Furthermore, the increase in TNF-, mRNA expression seen after stimulation with rTNF-, and rIL-1, involved increased transcription of TNF-, mRNA. This was demonstrated in a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) assay using a CAT-construct containing the full-length TNF-, promoter. These observations support the notion of keratinocytes functioning as an amplifier of pro-inflammatory cytokine generation in the epidermis during ICD and other inflammatory skin conditions. [source] Sequential application of cold and sodium lauryl sulphate decreases irritation and barrier disruption in vivo in humansBRITISH JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY, Issue 4 2005J.W. Fluhr Summary Background, Irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) is one of the most frequent types of occupational dermatitis. Different factors are involved in the development of contact dermatitis. In the food-processing industry, the combined exposure to different irritants may be involved in the development of ICD. Few data have been published regarding the irritant potential of sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) in combination with cold. Objectives, The present study was intended to analyse whether cold exposure and low skin temperature influence the development of ICD. Methods, Twenty (part I) and 12 (part II) healthy volunteers were exposed twice daily for 4 days to SLS alone, different low temperatures alone (4 °C six times for 90 s with an interval of 20 s or 15 °C for 10 min) or a combination of cold and SLS (19·6 µL SLS 1% cm,2, part I; or 52·6 µL SLS 0·5% cm,2, part II) using the tandem repetitive irritation test. Irritant cutaneous reactions were measured by noninvasive biophysical methods with transepidermal water loss as a parameter for permeability barrier function and skin colour reflectance together with visual scoring as parameters for inflammatory reactions. Results, Cold alone caused no significant skin reaction compared with untreated control. Exposure to SLS alone and SLS together with cold (independent of the applied temperature of 4 or 15 °C) twice daily induced a clear irritant reaction and barrier disturbance. Reactions did not differ whether SLS was applied before or after cold. Furthermore, ,tandem application' of cold and SLS diminished the barrier disruption and irritant reaction compared with SLS alone. Conclusions, We conclude that the application of cold may have a protective effect on the development of ICD, at least in our short-term model. [source] Shoe contact dermatitis from dimethyl fumarate: clinical manifestations, patch test results, chemical analysis, and source of exposureCONTACT DERMATITIS, Issue 5 2009Ana Giménez-Arnau Background: The methyl ester form of fumaric acid named dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is an effective mould-growth inhibitor. Its irritating and sensitizing properties were demonstrated in animal models. Recently, DMF has been identified as responsible for furniture contact dermatitis in Europe. Objective: To describe the clinical manifestations, patch test results, shoe chemical analysis, and source of exposure to DMF-induced shoe contact dermatitis. Patients, Materials, and Methods: Patients with suspected shoe contact dermatitis were studied in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Patch test results obtained with their own shoe and the European baseline series, acrylates and fumaric acid esters (FAE), were recorded according to international guidelines. The content of DMF in shoes was analysed with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Results: Acute, immediate irritant contact dermatitis and non-immunological contact urticaria were observed in eight adults and two children, respectively. All the adult patients studied developed a delayed sensitization demonstrated by a positive patch testing to DMF , 0.1% in pet. Cross-reactivity with other FAEs and acrylates was observed. At least 12 different shoe brands were investigated. The chemical analysis from the available shoes showed the presence of DMF. Conclusion: DMF in shoes was responsible for severe contact dermatitis. Global preventive measures for avoiding contact with DMF are necessary. [source] Dendritic cells: biology of the skinCONTACT DERMATITIS, Issue 1 2009Mascha J. Toebak Allergic contact dermatitis results from a T-cell-mediated, delayed-type hypersensitivity immune response induced by allergens. Skin dendritic cells (DCs) play a central role in the initiation of allergic skin responses. Following encounter with an allergen, DCs become activated and undergo maturation and differentiate into immunostimulatory DCs and are able to present antigens effectively to T cells. The frequency of allergic skin disorders has increased in the past decades. Therefore, the identification of potential sensitizing chemicals is important for skin safety. Traditionally, predictive testing for allergenicity has been conducted in animal models. For regulatory reasons, animal use for sensitization testing of compounds for cosmetic purposes is shortly to be prohibited in Europe. Therefore, new non-animal-based test methods need to be developed. Several DC-based assays have been described to discriminate allergens from irritants. Unfortunately, current in vitro methods are not sufficiently resilient to identify allergens and therefore need refinement. Here, we review the immunobiology of skin DCs (Langerhans' cells and dermal dendritic cells) and their role in allergic and irritant contact dermatitis and then explore the possible use of DC-based models for discriminating between allergens and irritants. [source] Hand eczema: causes, course, and prognosis ICONTACT DERMATITIS, Issue 6 2008Niels K. Veien Background:, Hand eczema is a common dermatosis. The course is often protracted. The prognosis is not well described. Objective:, To describe in detail a consecutive cohort of hand eczema patients with regard to aetiology and morphology as well as the dynamics of the hand eczema. Patients and Methods:, This prospective study included 522 consecutive patients (175 men and 347 women with hand eczema) seen in 1 year in a private practice of dermatology. 425 (81%) of the patients were patch tested in relation to the current study. Most of the remainder had been previously patch tested. Results:, 38% had mild dermatitis, 49% had dermatitis of moderate severity, and 11% had severe dermatitis. 23% had had dermatitis for more than 10 years. 33% had irritant contact dermatitis, 13% of the men and 20% of the women had allergic contact dermatitis, and 15% of the men and 16% of the women had atopic dermatitis. For 34% of the men and 29% of the women, the dermatitis was certainly or possibly occupational. There was no relationship to smoking. Conclusions:, The majority of this cohort of hand eczema patients had long-standing disease. Irritant contact dermatitis was the most common aetiological diagnosis. [source] Polymorphisms in the interleukin-1 gene influence the stratum corneum interleukin-1, concentration in uninvolved skin of patients with chronic irritant contact dermatitisCONTACT DERMATITIS, Issue 5 2008Cindy M. DeJongh Background:, Interleukin (IL)-1, and its receptor antagonist IL-1ra play a role in skin inflammation. Several polymorphisms in the IL1 gene cluster, coding for IL-1,, IL-1ra, and IL-1,, influence their protein expression. Within this cluster, strong linkage disequilibrium has been shown. Objective:, We studied the association between the polymorphisms IL1A -889 (C,T) and IL1B -31 (T,C) and the concentration of IL-1, and IL-1ra in the stratum corneum (SC). Method:, In 124 patients with chronic irritant contact dermatitis, we genotyped the IL1A -889 and IL1B -31 polymorphisms and determined the amount of IL-1, and IL-1ra on tape strips obtained from uninvolved skin of the volar forearm. Results:, The SC IL-1, concentration was 23% and 47% lower in subjects with IL1A -889 C/T genotype and T/T genotype, respectively, compared with wild-type genotype. In subjects with IL1B -31 C/C genotype, the IL-1, concentration was 51% lower compared with C/T and T/T genotypes. The ratio IL-1ra/IL-1, increased twofold in IL1A -889 C/T genotype and threefold in T/T genotype compared with wild type. Conclusions:, We have shown a clear effect of IL1 genotype on protein expression in the SC. This altered expression may be responsible for the interindividual differences in the inflammatory response of the skin. [source] European Standard Series patch test results from a contact dermatitis clinic in Israel during the 7-year period from 1998 to 2004CONTACT DERMATITIS, Issue 2 2006Aneta Lazarov The results of a 7-year retrospective study (1998,2004) from patch testing with the European Standard Series (ESS) establishing the frequency of sensitization in a contact dermatitis clinic in Israel are presented. 23 allergens were patch tested on 2156 patients, 1462 females (67.8%) and 694 males (32.2%). Atopy and asthma were present in 21.9% of the patients. One or more allergic reactions were observed in 937 patients (43.5%). The highest yield of patch test positives from the 1076 positive reactions were obtained from nickel sulfate (13.9%), fragrance mix (7.1%), potassium dichromate (3.8%), Balsam of Peru (3.6%), CL + Me-isothiazolinone (3.4%) and cobalt chloride (3.4%). Allergens which produced the least amount of positive results were primin and clioquinol. Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) was established in 32.8%, whereas occupationally related allergic (8.0) and irritant contact dermatitis (5.6%) affected a total of 13.6% of the cases studied. The most common clinical forms of dermatitis were chronic dermatitis (47.7%) followed by acute dermatitis (22.8%), and lichenification and hyperkeratosis (7.9%). The hands (30.7%), face and neck (23.9%) and extremities (11.3%) were the most frequently affected areas. Four allergens in our study differed from the top 10 allergens in Europe namely: Cl + Me-isothiazolinone, formaldehyde, 4-tert-butylphenol formaldehyde resin and sesquiterpene lactone mix reflecting an existing difference in environmental exposure. Our study is the first to provide data on the frequency of sensitization and important allergens in the aetiology of ACD in Israel. In spite of the existing differences with Europe, we conclude that ESS is an appropriate screening system for the diagnosis of ACD in Israel. [source] Irritants in combination with a synergistic or additive effect on the skin response: an overview of tandem irritation studiesCONTACT DERMATITIS, Issue 6 2006Francisca Kartono Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) has often been chosen as a model for irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) to study the effect of irritants in combination (1,14). Recently ,tandem', or sequential, exposures with SLS have been performed to study the mechanism of skin barrier impairment in ICD (1,6, 15). The assessment of reactions have been documented with visual scoring, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), skin colour reflectance measurements, skin blood flow; among which TEWL has been noted as the most sensitive value (16). The matched control groups were treated with either a single exposure to a single irritant or in tandem with the same irritant repeatedly. Synergistic and additive effects have been reported for various tandem pairs of irritants, however, the mechanism for both remains unclear. The results of tandem irritation studies were evaluated to define and investigate the responses produced and deduce a possible mechanism of action. Clinical ramifications, albeit complex, are discussed. [source] Emollients in a propanol-based hand rub can significantly decrease irritant contact dermatitisCONTACT DERMATITIS, Issue 6 2005Günter Kampf The objective of this study is to determine the effect of emollients in a propanol-based hand rub on skin dryness and erythema. In this prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind trial, 35 subjects participated; of them approximately half were atopic (modified Erlanger atopy score ,8). 2 propanol-based formulations were tested in a repeated open application test, 1 contained a mixture of emollients (0.81%, w/w). 2 aliquots of 0.7 ml of each formulation were applied twice per day over 2 weeks to the cubital fossa of each subject after random assignment of the preparations. Treatment areas were assessed before each application and 3 days postfinal application by visual inspection for erythema and dryness according to a standard scale. The sum score over all assessment time-points served as primary parameter. The mean sum score for erythema and dryness was significantly lower for the hand rub with emollients (0.8 ± 2.4) in comparison with that for the hand rub without emollients (1.5 ± 3.5; P = 0.022; Wilcoxon signed rank test). A comparison of the atopic and non-atopic subjects revealed no significant difference for any of the products (P > 0.05; Mann,Whitney U -test). It is concluded that the addition of emollients to a propanol-based hand rub can significantly decrease irritant contact dermatitis under frequent-use conditions. [source] DNA damage and TNF, cytokine production in hairdressers with contact dermatitisCONTACT DERMATITIS, Issue 3 2005Delia Cavallo The present work was undertaken to study in hairdressers exposed to several irritants and allergens (prevalently hair-dyeing) and affected by hand contact dermatitis the possible correlation between exposure and direct-oxidative DNA damage, production of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF,) and allergic inflammatory disease. We evaluated in 19 hairdressers with hand contact dermatitis, 14 allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) and 5 irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) and in a selected control group TNF, serum levels by ELISA and direct-oxidative DNA damage by Fpg (formamido-pyrimidine-glycosylase)-modified Comet test on blood. Hairdressers were divided on the basis of number of hair-dyeing carried out weekly into 2 groups: low-exposure (<60 hair-dyeing/week) and high-exposure hairdressers (,60 hair-dyeing/week) that reflect also the exposure to other allergens and irritants and 2 different tasks (hairdressers and apprentice hairdressers, respectively). Serum levels of TNF, in hairdressers with ACD were significantly higher than controls with a correlation to exposure level. Significant DNA damage in ICD hairdressers with higher exposure as compared to controls was found. These findings suggest that occupational exposure can induce in hairdressers, particularly ICD, DNA damage, increase the TNFa levels particularly in ACD and induce allergic sensitization, suggesting a relationship between direct-oxidative DNA damage, TNF, production and allergic inflammatory disease. [source] Epoxy-based production of wind turbine rotor blades: occupational dermatosesCONTACT DERMATITIS, Issue 6 2004A. Pontén Occupational dermatoses were investigated in a factory producing rotor blades for wind turbines by an epoxy-based process. In a blinded study design, 603 workers were first interviewed and thereafter clinically examined. Based on a history of work-related skin disease, clinical findings of dermatitis, or both, 325 (53.9%) of the workers were patch tested with a specially profiled occupational patch-test series and the European standard patch-test series. Calculated on all investigated workers, 17.1% of the workers were diagnosed with occupational dermatoses caused by work. Occupational allergic contact dermatitis was found in 10.9% of the workers. The estimated frequency of irritant contact dermatitis caused by work was 6.1%. Dermatitis on the hands was associated with contact allergy to epoxy resin (P = 0.017). The number of days on leave before the clinical examination was negatively associated with the presence of dermatitis (P = 0.001). Among workers employed 7,12 months, the frequency of occupational contact allergy was higher than that among workers employed for ,6 months (P = 0.004). Females both washed their hands more often (P < 0.001) and used more moisturizers/protection creams at work (P < 0.001) than males. No sex differences were found concerning dermatitis on the hands. [source] Nonanoic acid , an experimental irritantCONTACT DERMATITIS, Issue 3 2003Jan E. Wahlberg Irritant contact dermatitis is defined as a non-immunological skin reaction following exposure to various chemical, mechanical and physical factors. It is known that the skin response to irritants depends on the irritant applied and differs between chemically different irritants. Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) is an anionic detergent and the most frequently used substance in experimental irritant contact dermatitis. In 1980, it was suggested that nonanoic acid (NNA) could be used as a positive control when patch testing. Since then, NNA has been used as an experimental irritant in several studies and has been used as a chemically different substance compared to SLS. The present article presents a review of the application of NNA in studies on skin irritancy and experimental irritant contact dermatitis. [source] Prediction of irritancy in the human skin irritancy model and occupational settingCONTACT DERMATITIS, Issue 2 2003R. A. Tupker It is of great importance to find ways to lower the incidence of chronic irritant contact dermatitis. In this process, it is crucial to have insight in the factors that can predict irritancy. This review offers a survey of recent findings in the field of skin irritancy testing, discussed in the context of renowned, older work. Extrinsic and intrinsic factors that may determine the outcome of irritancy testing in the human skin model are considered. In recent decades, there has been increasing interest in factors influencing the development of occupational dermatitis by means of prospective cohort studies. This promising new area of investigation is discussed separately. [source] Natural vegetable fats in the prevention of irritant contact dermatitisCONTACT DERMATITIS, Issue 1 2002S. Schliemann-Willers Chronic irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) is one of the most pressing problems in occupational medicine and is common in the food processing industry. To date, protective creams that fulfil the special requirements in the foodstuffs industry have not been available. Therefore, we studied the efficacy of pre-exposure application of natural vegetable fats in the prevention of experimentally induced ICD. A panel of 20 healthy volunteers was tested with a repetitive irritation test using sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) as a standard irritant in a randomized study. Application sites were assessed clinically and by the use of bioengineering techniques (evaporimetry, chromametry, and corneometry). Rape seed and palm fats showed significant protective potential. Gas-chromatographic analysis revealed differences in the fatty acid composition of the vegetable. Higher content of linoleic acid and lower content of oleic acid was associated with beneficial effects. Our results are a new approach in the prevention of ICD and towards the development of new protective preparations for workplaces in the foodstuffs industry. [source] Airborne irritant contact dermatitis from phosphates in a fertilizer factoryCONTACT DERMATITIS, Issue 1 2002Aneta Lazarov No abstract is available for this article. [source] Differences between the sexes with regard towork-related skin disease ,CONTACT DERMATITIS, Issue 2 2000Birgitta Meding Work-related skin disease is common and usually presents as hand eczema. From the Occupational Injury Information System in Sweden, as well as from registers of industrial injuries in other countries, it is evident that females report skin disease more often than males. Epidemiological studies of hand eczema also show that women are more often affected than men, in particular young women. The most common type of hand eczema is irritant contact dermatitis, which is often caused by wet work. Many female-dominated occupations involve extensive wet work, e.g., hairdressing, catering, cleaning and health-care work. These occupations are also high-risk occupations for hand eczema. Experimental studies of skin irritation have not confirmed differences between the sexes; thus, the higher prevalence of irritant contact dermatitis among females is most likely due to exposure, occupational and non-occupational. Nickel allergy is the most common contact allergy, which is most frequent in young females, and in 30,40% results over time in hand eczema. Hand eczema has an impact on quality of life and females seem to report a higher degree of discomfort than males. To achieve the optimal effect of preventive efforts regarding occupational skin disease, the focus for prevention should aim at reducing wet exposure. [source] Contact allergy to foodDERMATOLOGIC THERAPY, Issue 4 2004Ronald R. Brancaccio ABSTRACT:, Contact allergies to foods, spices, and food additives can occur to individuals in the workplace or at home. Seven different reaction types have been described. These include irritant contact dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis, contact urticaria, protein contact dermatitis, phototoxic contact dermatitis, photo-allergic contact dermatitis, and systemic contact dermatitis. The causes of each of these are reviewed and an approach to the diagnosis and management of contact allergy to foods, spices, and food additives is formulated. [source] Different pathways leading to cutaneous leukocytoclastic vasculitis in miceEXPERIMENTAL DERMATOLOGY, Issue 6 2001C. Sunderkötter Abstract: To investigate the pathomechanisms of leukocytoclastic vasculitis (LcV) we compared mouse models of LcV with non-vasculitic irritant contact dermatitis (ICD). Criteria for LcV as met by the immune complex-mediated Arthus reaction (Art-r) were also fulfilled by the localized Shwartzman reaction (Shw-r) and by cutaneous Loxoscelism (Lox) (injection of venom from Loxosceles reclusa containing sphingomyelinase D). After depletion of PMN (by ,-irradiation) vessel damage could not be elicited in these models, distinguishing them from models of direct endothelial insult (necrotizing ICD). Depletion of complement could only delay, but not inhibit the Art-r, and did not change ICD, Lox or the Shw-r. The Shw-r exclusively revealed a sustained local expression of vascular adhesion molecules for 24 h in the preparatory phase (LPS s.c.), not observed in the Art-r, in Lox or ICD. Subsequent challenge with LPS i.p. was associated with upregulation of Mac-1 and ICAM-1 on PMN, but not of VLA-4 or LFA-1 (FACS analysis). Cytokines which were able to replace LPS in priming for LcV in the Shw-r (TNF-, and IL-1,) also induced sustained expression of adhesion molecules, whereas IL-12 and IFN-, did neither. Neutralizing IL-12 or IFN-, also inhibited neither LcV nor sustained expression of adhesion molecules, whereas anti-TNF-, inhibited both. Anti-TNF-, had no marked inhibitory effects in the Art-r, in Lox or ICD. Combined (but not separate) neutralization of both E-selectin and VCAM-1 by antibodies suppressed LcV independent from reducing influx of PMN, proving that their sustained expression is decisive for the Shw-r and interferes with normal diapedesis. Since Loxosceles venom is known to dysregulate diapedesis and degranulation of PMN in vitro, since adherent immune complexes activate PMN at the vessel wall, and since adhesion molecules are dysregulated in the Shw-r, we suggest that LcV develops when activation of PMN coincides with vascular alterations which interfere with normal diapedesis. [source] Anti-inflammatory effects in the skin of thymosin-,4 splice-variantsIMMUNOLOGY, Issue 1 2003Michael Girardi Summary The intraepithelial lymphocyte (IEL) network of T-cell receptor ,,+ (V,5+) dendritic epidermal T cells (DETC) in murine skin down-regulates cutaneous inflammation, although the mechanism is unknown. Thymosin-,4 (T,4), identified by serial analysis of gene expression as a predominant transcript in gut IEL, encodes both a ubiquitous actin-binding protein (UT,4) with demonstrated capacity to inhibit neutrophilic infiltration, and a splice-variant limited to lymphoid tissue (LT,4) with unknown bioactivity. Freshly isolated V,5+ DETCs expressed both forms, while only LT,4 was preferentially up-regulated after cellular activation in vitro. To compare the anti-inflammatory properties of LT,4 and UT,4 in the skin in vivo, the biological activities of synthesized polypeptides were assessed using three different strategies: neutrophil infiltration by footpad ,-carrageenan injection; irritant contact dermatitis to 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate; and allergic contact dermatitis to 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene. These studies clearly showed that the anti-inflammatory activities of LT,4 were broader and most often stronger than those of UT,4. Thus, the activation-responsive expression of the lymph-specific form of T,4 may be one mechanism by which DETC, and possibly other IELs, down-regulate local inflammation. [source] Periorbital dermatitis: Causes, differential diagnoses and therapyJOURNAL DER DEUTSCHEN DERMATOLOGISCHEN GESELLSCHAFT, Issue 3 2010Alexandra Feser Summary Periorbital dermatitis is common and frequently difficult to treat. Patients with periorbital dermatitis often suffer severely because their disease is in such a visible location. Because of the variety of clinical appearance, the differential diagnostic considerations are often difficult. We examined the causes of periorbital dermatitis and compared the data of 88 patients from the Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen to those of the German IVDK (Information Network of the Departments of Dermatology). Between 1999 and 2004, predominant causes of periorbital dermatitis were allergic contact dermatitis (Erlangen 44 %, IVDK 32 %), atopic eczema (Erlangen 25 %, IVDK 14 %), airborne contact dermatitis (Erlangen 10 %, IVDK 2 %) and irritant contact dermatitis (Erlangen 9 %, IVDK 8 %). Less frequent causes for secondary eczematous periocular skin lesions were periorbital rosacea, allergic conjunctivitis or psoriasis vulgaris. Female gender, atopic skin diathesis and age of 40 years and older were identified as risk factors for periocular dermatitis. Common elicitors of periorbital allergic contact dermatitis were leave-on cosmetic products (face cream, eye shadow) and eye drops with the usual allergens being fragrances, preservatives and drugs. Exact identification of relevant contact allergens and allergen elimination are essential for successful treatment. Calcineurin inhibitors are the first-line therapy for facial atopic eczema. They may be also effective in periocular eczematous lesions of other origins although they are not approved for such use. [source] EMLA® cream-induced irritant contact dermatitisJOURNAL OF CUTANEOUS PATHOLOGY, Issue 3 2002Huiting Dong Background:, The Eutectic Mixture of Local Anesthetics (EMLA® cream) is a topical anesthetic used for providing pain relief in patients undergoing superficial surgical procedures. Cutaneous side-effects have been reported rarely. Case Report:, We present a case of irritant contact dermatitis induced by EMLA® cream in a 6-year-old boy with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. Our patient showed clinically a well circumscribed patch corresponding to the site of application of the topical anesthetic. Histopathology showed confluent necrosis of keratinocytes in the upper epidermis, a mixed inflammatory infiltrate with priminent neutrophils in the upper dermis, and focal signs of interface changes including basal cell vacuolization and subepidermal cleft formation. Conclusions:, Graft-vs.-host-disease (GVHD), necrolytic migratory erythema, dermatitis enteropathica and pellagra should be considered in the histopathologic differential diagnosis of acute contact dermatitis caused by EMLA®. [source] Natural killer T cells expressing IFN-, and IL-4 in lesional skin of atopic eczemaALLERGY, Issue 11 2009D. Simon Background:, The inflammation of atopic eczema (AE) is orchestrated not only by T cells predominantly but also B cells, eosinophils and dendritic cells. Recently, a role of invariant natural killer T (NKT) cells has been reported in bronchial asthma and allergy. Natural killer T cells express a restricted repertoire of T-cell receptor ,/, and produce interferon (IFN)-, and/or interleukin (IL)-4 upon activation. Aim of the study:, To determine the presence of NKT cells in lesional AE skin in comparison with other eczematous disorders and to analyse their cytokine expression. Methods:, Immunofluorescence stainings were carried out using antibodies recognizing NKT cells, CD3+ and CD4+ cells, IFN-, and IL-4. Results:, Natural killer T cells have been detected in small numbers in the majority of AE specimens as well as in atopy patch test (APT) reactions, allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) and irritant contact dermatitis (ICD). In AE, the proportion of NKT cells among CD3+ cells was approximately 5%. NKT cells expressed both IFN-, and IL-4 in AE, APT and ACD but predominantly IFN-, in ICD. Conclusion:, Natural killer T cells are part of the inflammatory infiltrate of AE as well as APT, ACD and ICD, suggesting a pathogenic role of NKT cells in eczematous skin disorders. The pattern of IFN-, and IL-4 cytokine expression by NKT cells varied depending on the type of eczematous disease. [source] Severe contact dermatitis as a result of an antiseptic bath oilAUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY, Issue 1 2004Emma Storer SUMMARY Siblings aged 7 and 5 years developed extensive truncal and flexural inflammation and desquamation unresponsive to standard eczema therapy. After delays in diagnosis, subsequent history revealed prior use of an antiseptic bath oil in a much stronger concentration than recommended. The case illustrates the severe irritant contact dermatitis that can arise following inadequate dilution of antiseptic bath oils, presumably as a result of skin contact with benzalkonium chloride and triclosan. Features that may direct attention to such irritant dermatitis are flexural predominance with superficial desquamation and rapid improvement after avoidance of exposure to the antiseptic solution. [source] Anogenital and buttock ulceration in infancyAUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY, Issue 1 2002Anne R Halbert SUMMARY Rashes in the anogenital and buttock region are some of the commonest dermatological problems occurring in infancy. The most frequent causes seen in clinical practice are ulcerating haemangiomas, bullous impetigo and severe irritant contact dermatitis. Other causes include nutritional deficiencies, bullous diseases, trauma, Langerhans cell histiocytoses and inflammatory disorders such as pyoderma gangrenosum and Crohn's disease. This review presents a brief overview of these causes and outlines the recommended management strategies. [source] | ||||||||||