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International Differences (international + difference)
Selected AbstractsInternational Differences in the Cost of Equity Capital: Do Legal Institutions and Securities Regulation Matter?JOURNAL OF ACCOUNTING RESEARCH, Issue 3 2006LUZI HAIL ABSTRACT This paper examines international differences in firms' cost of equity capital across 40 countries. We analyze whether the effectiveness of a country's legal institutions and securities regulation is systematically related to cross-country differences in the cost of equity capital. We employ several models to estimate firms' implied or ex ante cost of capital. Our results support the conclusion that firms from countries with more extensive disclosure requirements, stronger securities regulation, and stricter enforcement mechanisms have a significantly lower cost of capital. We perform extensive sensitivity analyses to assess the potentially confounding influence of countries' long-run growth differences on our results. We also show that, consistent with theory, the cost of capital effects of strong legal institutions become substantially smaller and, in many cases, statistically insignificant as capital markets become globally more integrated. [source] International Differences in Nursing Research, 2005,2006JOURNAL OF NURSING SCHOLARSHIP, Issue 1 2009Denise F. Polit PhD Abstract Purpose: To compare the characteristics of nursing research being done in different countries, using data from studies published in nonspecialty, English-language nursing journals. Design: Data for this cross-sectional analysis were retrieved from a consecutive sample of 1,072 studies published in eight leading English-language research journals in 2005 and 2006. Methods: For each study, data were extracted on the characteristics of the study participants and authors, study focus-specialty area, funding, and methodologic attributes. Studies from 15 countries or regional groupings were compared. Findings: International differences in authors, participants, and study characteristics were typically large and statistically significant. Studies that were focused on nurses were especially prevalent in Europe, Australia, and Canada, whereas patient-centered studies were most common in Asian countries and the US. Qualitative studies were predominant in Norway, Sweden, and the UK. Asian nurse researchers, by contrast, undertook mostly quantitative studies, and were especially likely to conduct intervention research. Significant country differences existed in the omission of demographic (age and sex) information about participants, with omissions most prevalent in the UK and Ireland and least prevalent in Asian countries. Research funding was reported for 62% of all studies, ranging from 13% in Turkey to over 75% in Canada and the US. Conclusions: Although this study had several limitations, especially with regard to potential biases in the sample of studies from non-English-speaking countries, this analysis of over 1,000 nursing studies indicates many important inter-country differences in the focus, methods, and authorship patterns of nursing research published in leading journals. Clinical Relevance: Because research "informs" practice, international differences that exist in the focus and methods of nursing research have implications for nursing practice in the respective countries. [source] International Differences in the Cost of Equity Capital: Do Legal Institutions and Securities Regulation Matter?JOURNAL OF ACCOUNTING RESEARCH, Issue 3 2006LUZI HAIL ABSTRACT This paper examines international differences in firms' cost of equity capital across 40 countries. We analyze whether the effectiveness of a country's legal institutions and securities regulation is systematically related to cross-country differences in the cost of equity capital. We employ several models to estimate firms' implied or ex ante cost of capital. Our results support the conclusion that firms from countries with more extensive disclosure requirements, stronger securities regulation, and stricter enforcement mechanisms have a significantly lower cost of capital. We perform extensive sensitivity analyses to assess the potentially confounding influence of countries' long-run growth differences on our results. We also show that, consistent with theory, the cost of capital effects of strong legal institutions become substantially smaller and, in many cases, statistically insignificant as capital markets become globally more integrated. [source] Travel and communication and international differences in GDP per capitaJOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, Issue 3 2007Edward Anderson Abstract Economic theory predicts that wage and income levels will be higher in those developing countries to which business travel and telecommunication from developed countries is cheaper and easier. Cross-country regression analysis, using data from the World Tourism Organisation and the method of two-stage least squares, supports this prediction. Levels of per capita GDP are higher in those developing countries which receive higher inflows of business travel from other countries, even when controlling for other influences on per capita GDP with which those inflows are correlated. There is also evidence that governments in developing countries can attract higher inflows of business travel from developed countries by investing in travel and communications infrastructure. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] International Differences in Nursing Research, 2005,2006JOURNAL OF NURSING SCHOLARSHIP, Issue 1 2009Denise F. Polit PhD Abstract Purpose: To compare the characteristics of nursing research being done in different countries, using data from studies published in nonspecialty, English-language nursing journals. Design: Data for this cross-sectional analysis were retrieved from a consecutive sample of 1,072 studies published in eight leading English-language research journals in 2005 and 2006. Methods: For each study, data were extracted on the characteristics of the study participants and authors, study focus-specialty area, funding, and methodologic attributes. Studies from 15 countries or regional groupings were compared. Findings: International differences in authors, participants, and study characteristics were typically large and statistically significant. Studies that were focused on nurses were especially prevalent in Europe, Australia, and Canada, whereas patient-centered studies were most common in Asian countries and the US. Qualitative studies were predominant in Norway, Sweden, and the UK. Asian nurse researchers, by contrast, undertook mostly quantitative studies, and were especially likely to conduct intervention research. Significant country differences existed in the omission of demographic (age and sex) information about participants, with omissions most prevalent in the UK and Ireland and least prevalent in Asian countries. Research funding was reported for 62% of all studies, ranging from 13% in Turkey to over 75% in Canada and the US. Conclusions: Although this study had several limitations, especially with regard to potential biases in the sample of studies from non-English-speaking countries, this analysis of over 1,000 nursing studies indicates many important inter-country differences in the focus, methods, and authorship patterns of nursing research published in leading journals. Clinical Relevance: Because research "informs" practice, international differences that exist in the focus and methods of nursing research have implications for nursing practice in the respective countries. [source] An Appraisal of Economic Research on Changes in Wage InequalityLABOUR, Issue 2008Stephen Machin I describe the origins of the recent work, the sizable body of research trying to understand national and international differences, and discuss the directions in which more recent work has moved. The paper concludes with the observation that, for a number of reasons, research that tries to better understand changing patterns of wage inequality (especially in a cross-country context) is likely to remain high on the research agenda of empirical labour economists. [source] Staatsverschuldungsunterschiede im internationalen Vergleich und Schlussfolgerungen für DeutschlandPERSPEKTIVEN DER WIRTSCHAFTSPOLITIK, Issue 4 2007Heiner Felix Mikosch We are interested in identifying the empirically relevant theories in order to draw conclusions for Germany based on international differences in the preferences of the political agents and/or in the political or budgetary institutions. We discuss the recent developments in Germany , notably the reform of the distribution of competencies between the federal and the state level , and conclude that the current situation provides some opportunities to address the issue of public debt. [source] Vaginal Dryness: A Comparison of Prevalence and Interventions in 11 CountriesTHE JOURNAL OF SEXUAL MEDICINE, Issue 9 2009Sandra R. Leiblum PhD ABSTRACT Introduction., There is limited research comparing cross-cultural differences in women's experiences of vaginal dryness. Aim., To examine international differences in the prevalence of vaginal dryness, the degree to which it is experienced as problematic or bothersome, the use of lubricants to alleviate it, and women's discussion of this problem with physicians. Main Outcome Measures., Questionnaire measuring the level of vaginal dryness and degree to which it is perceived as bothersome. Methods., The Global Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Practices was administered to 6,725 women from 11 countries: UK, Germany, Japan, Australia, Canada, Spain, Italy, Mexico, Argentina, Brazil and Thailand. Results., Prevalence of self-reported vaginal dryness varied from a minimum of 5.8% in Italy to a maximum of 19.7% in Brazil. The proportion of women with self-reported vaginal dryness who found it very bothersome varied as well (e.g., 5.6% UK, 26.4% Germany). Pain during intercourse ranged from a reported low of 3.6% in Australia to 18.6% in Brazil. Older women (50,65 years) as compared with younger women (18,34 years) reported significantly more vaginal dryness in the UK, Australia, Canada, Italy, Spain, Argentina, and Thailand (P values <0.02). The majority of women under 50 attributed vaginal dryness to inadequate sexual arousal while women over 50 believed it was because of aging or menopause. Cross-culturally, women differed substantially in the likelihood of discussing their sexual life/concerns with a physician. Conclusion., Women from different countries differ substantially in their experiences, concerns, and reports of vaginal dryness/sexual pain, as well as their familiarity with personal lubricants as a treatment. Researchers should assess the prevalence and degree of the bother of vaginal dryness in order to make international comparisons of the burden of this condition. Leiblum SR, Hayes RD, Wanser RA, and Nelson JS. Vaginal dryness: A comparison of prevalence and interventions in 11 countries. J Sex Med 2009;6:2425,2433. [source] DUAL ECONOMY MODELS: A PRIMER FOR GROWTH ECONOMISTSTHE MANCHESTER SCHOOL, Issue 4 2005JONATHAN TEMPLE This paper argues that dual economy models deserve a central place in the analysis of growth in developing countries. The paper shows how these models can be used to analyse the output losses associated with factor misallocation, aggregate growth in the presence of factor market distortions, international differences in sectoral productivity and the potential role of increasing returns to scale. Above all, small-scale general equilibrium models can be used to investigate the interactions between growth and labour markets, to shed new light on the origins of pro-poor and labour-intensive growth, and to explore the role of the informal sector. [source] | |||||||||||||