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Internal Organization (internal + organization)
Selected AbstractsHigh-Voltage Electron Microscopy and Computerized Tomography: New Approaches to Study Microsporidian Spore Internal OrganizationTHE JOURNAL OF EUKARYOTIC MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 2006PETER M. TAKVORIAN [source] Morphology and histology of the larynx of the common toad Rhinella arenarum (Hensel, 1867) (Anura, Bufonidae)ACTA ZOOLOGICA, Issue 4 2009Gladys N. Hermida Abstract The structure of the larynx of the toad Rhinella arenarum was exhaustively studied. The laryngeal skeleton consists of three bilaterally symmetrical cartilages: the cricoid and two arytenoids. Internally, each half-larynx has an anterior and a posterior chamber. The first chamber is delimited by the epithelium covering the arytenoid cartilage and the anterior membrane. The latter consists of fibro-elastic tissue and contains blood capillaries that, judging by their location and distribution, might serve to maintain vocal cord turgidity. At the level of the cricoid cartilage, two structures are reported here for the first time: the posterodorsal and the anteroventral processes. Both processes are associated with the insertion of the posterior membrane. A cartilaginous rod is located at the free margin of the posterior membrane. This rod appears to support the membrane when the air flows. The distal portion of the larynx communicates with the proximal region of the lung. The epithelium of the laryngeal mucosa contains ciliated cells, goblet cells, secretory cells with short microvilli and neuroendocrine cells immunopositive to PGP 9.5. The results obtained in this study provide new information about the internal organization of the larynx in anurans, which could serve as additional morphological characters for phylogenetic relationships. [source] University-to-industry knowledge transfer: literature review and unanswered questionsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT REVIEWS, Issue 4 2001Ajay K. Agrawal This paper reviews the economic literature concerning university-to-industry knowledge transfer. Papers on this topic are divided into four categories. Research in the ,firm characteristics' category focuses directly on company issues, such as internal organization, resource allocation, and partnerships. In contrast, research in the ,university characteristics' stream pays little attention to the firms that commercialize inventions, but rather focuses on issues relating to the university, such as licensing strategies, incentives for professors to patent, and policies such as taking equity in return for intellectual property. The ,geography in terms of localized spillovers' stream of research considers the spatial relationship between firms and universities relative to performance in terms of knowledge transfer success. Finally, the ,channels of knowledge transfer, literature examines the relative importance of various transfer pathways between universities and firms, such as publications, patents, and consulting. Each of these research streams is discussed and key papers are described highlighting important methodologies and results. Finally, an outline of topics requiring further research in each of the four categories is offered. [source] Staff Activity in Supported Housing ServicesJOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES, Issue 4 2002David Felce Background Variation in staff performance between small community housing services indicates the need for research on the factors which predict high-quality care. Methods The associations between service sector, staffing levels, staff characteristics, internal organization or working practices, non-institutional milieu, and staff activity and the nature and extent of staff attention to residents were explored in a study of 10 statutory, 10 voluntary and nine private sector community housing schemes. Results There were few significant differences between sectors after differences in resident abilities were taken into account. Higher staff to resident ratios predicted greater resident receipt of attention and assistance but also a lower proportion of time during which each member of staff was directly concerned with residents. A greater range in resident ability predicted lower resident receipt of attention and assistance. A higher proportion of qualified staff was not shown to be a positive attribute but greater prior experience was associated with staff spending more time directly concerned with residents, less time doing ,other' activity and residents receiving more assistance. Measures of the internal organization and non-institutional milieu of the settings were not strongly related to staff activity. Conclusions The findings are consistent with previous research that there are diminishing marginal returns associated with increasing staff. Size of residence was unimportant. Links between service organization and staff performance require further research but retaining experienced staff appears to be important. As resident receipt of attention and assistance was unrelated to their adaptive behaviour level, there is a need to find ways to ensure that staff support matches the needs of residents better. [source] DEFINITION OF INTERNAL MORPHOLOGY AND STRUCTURAL CHANGES DUE TO DEHYDRATION OF RADISH (RAPHANUS SATIVUS L. CV. SUPRELLA) USING MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING SPECTROSCOPYJOURNAL OF FOOD QUALITY, Issue 5-6 2005ANNA SALERNO ABSTRACT Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) spectroscopy is a promising nondestructive analytical technique in food science. It offers the unique opportunity of studying vegetables, fruits and other foods in general, in their wholeness without any preparative manipulation of the sample. The aim of this study was to investigate the internal structure of radish and to monitor the variations induced by postharvest storage at low relative humidity. The MRI allowed for a clear definition of the internal structure of radishes with distinct visibility of xylematic and phloematic vessels distributed in a radial way. A decrease in water content, which results in the breakdown of tissues and the formation of large cavities with the detachment of the external cortex, is the main consequence of a few days' storage in low relative humidity. Both of these are factors that drastically decrease the quality of the radish's fleshy root. The MRI images give a novel insight into the internal organization of the hypocotyl, and this offers opportunities for further studies with regard to the structural differences related to the cultivars as well as the cultivation system. [source] WEALTH AND POWER IN THE BRONZE AGE OF THE SOUTH-EAST OF THE IBERIAN PENINSULA: THE FUNERARY RECORD OF CERRO DE LA ENCINAOXFORD JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY, Issue 1 2006GONZALO ARANDA Summary. As a result of recent fieldwork undertaken at the archaeological site of Cerro de la Encina, our knowledge of the funerary ritual has increased considerably. The funerary record shows a significant concentration of wealth in burials corresponding to the family groups of the highest social status. Dramatic social differences can also be found in the internal organization of the settlement. The locations of burials within the settlement area, under the floors of dwellings, allow us to establish that the settlement space was closely related to the social identity of the families. The high number of burials with double and triple inhumations, in contrast to other Argaric necropolis, also stands out as an important feature of Cerro de la Encina, suggesting that familial relationships seem to be more marked here than at other Argaric sites. All these data are discussed in relation to the funerary ritual of the Argaric Culture. [source] Relaxor-based thin film memories and the depolarizing field problemPHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI (A) APPLICATIONS AND MATERIALS SCIENCE, Issue 6 2007Manuel I. Marqués Abstract A simple model for a thin film memory based on a first neighbor interacting model is studied in detail. We have found that the minimum possible value for the thickness (D) as a function of the lateral size of the memory (L), the screening of the charges at the substrate (S) and the strength of the ferroelectric interaction (J), in order to obtain spontaneous polarization is D = SL /2J. We propose a new mechanism to obtain miniaturization of thin film memories to a single layer based on the use of relaxor ferroelectrics instead of regular ferroelectrics. Under the hypothesis of an internal organization of the random fields inside the nanofilm we show analytically how it should be possible to miniaturize the memory to a width as small as D = 1 for any value of L, J and S. (© 2007 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] The anterior olfactory nucleus: Quantitative study of dendritic morphologyTHE JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE NEUROLOGY, Issue 9 2010Peter C. Brunjes Abstract The anterior olfactory nucleus (AON) occupies a crucial position within the olfactory circuit, as it is able to influence function in nearly every major synaptic processing stage of both the ipsilateral and the contralateral pathways. Nevertheless, very little is known about the region's internal organization and circuitry. The present study provides basic quantitative and qualitative data on the morphology of several cell types within the two major regions of the AON, pars externa and pars principalis. In pars externa two types of cells are analyzed, the "classical" cell (type I), containing only apically directed dendrites with large spines, and a previously unreported cell with basilar dendrites and complex, spiny apical processes (type II). In pars principalis the characteristic pyramidal cell is described both on the basis of the depth of the cell bodies in the cell layer comprising the structure and on the basis of their radial location. Several other nonpyramidal neurons are also described. The findings provide useful basic information necessary for understanding and modeling the circuitry of the AON. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:1603,1616, 2010. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Delays in discharge of vascular surgical patients: a prospective auditANZ JOURNAL OF SURGERY, Issue 6 2010Senarath Edirimanne Abstract Aim:, To quantify delays in discharge for vascular surgical patients and identify causes of such delays. Methods:, A prospective audit of delays in discharge of vascular surgical admissions over a 6-month period was performed. Expected date and time of discharge was compared with actual date and time of discharge. Day-case patients, patients who died during admission and patients not under the direct care of the vascular team were excluded. Results:, There were 99 elective and 51 acute admissions accounting for 729 hospital bed days. The median (range) age was 72 years (21,92) and 94% of patients were living independently in the community. Forty-seven percent of patients were discharged on the planned day and time, 21% on the planned day but at a later-than-predicted time and 32% were delayed by more than 1 day. Delays identified in this audit accounted for 135 bed days. Fifteen percent of delays were due to causes that can be improved by internal organization (e.g. delayed paperwork). The majority of the delays (85%) were due to external factors such as lack of rehabilitation beds or lack of placement facilities in nursing homes. Elderly patients and acute admissions were more likely to have long delays in discharge. Conclusion:, Delays in discharge of vascular surgical patients use a lot of acute surgical bed days. Strategies to prevent delays in discharge should include not only improving internal organization and early identification and referral of patients who require rehabilitation/placement but also increased funding for such essential non-acute services. [source] | |||||||||||||