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Intestinal Infections (intestinal + infections)
Selected AbstractsUntersuchungen zur prophylaktischen Wirkung der Verfütterung eines Probiotikums und von erregerspezifischen Kolostrum- und Dotterantikörpern bei neugeborenen KälbernJOURNAL OF ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY AND NUTRITION, Issue 3-4 2000M. H. Von Erhard Studies on the prophylactic effect of feeding probiotics, pathogen-specific colostrum antibodies or egg yolk antibodies in newborn calves The prophylactic efficacy of feeding probiotics, specific egg yolk antibodies and specific colostrum antibodies on neonatal diarrhoea was investigated in a field trial with calves, grouped (n = 39/40 per group) according to the following treatments: Group I: feeding no additive; Group II: feeding probiotics (5 g powder/day with Bacillus cereus var. toyoi); Group III: feeding egg powder (10 g/day with specific egg yolk antibodies against rotavirus, coronavirus and Escherichia coli F5); Group IV: feeding colostrum antibodies (10 ml/day containing 1 g bovine immunoglobulins with specific antibodies against rotavirus, coronavirus and E. coli antigens); Group V: feeding egg powder together with probiotics (according to group II and III). The additives were given twice daily with the meal from day 2 to day 14 post-natum. The presence of infectious agents was proved in fecal samples of all calves. Intestinal infections with rotavirus (30.8% of the calves) predominated compared to those with coronavirus (7.1%), E. coli F5 (1.5%) and cryptosporidia (24.2%). In contrast to earlier studies, the manifestation of diarrhoea did not differ significantly between the five groups. Only the growth rate of the calves between day 2 and day 14 of life as a measure of their welfare showed treatmentFspecific differences. The control group (I) showed the lowest body weight gain of about 5.8 kg (SD 5.0), whereas in the treated groups it averaged 6.3 kg (SD 4.1, p = 0,60; group II), 6.8 kg (SD 4.3, p = 0.36; group III), 6.9 kg (SD 4.7, p = 0.61; group IV) and 7.7 kg (SD 4.9, p = 0.08; group V). Considering only the rotavirus-positive calves the body weight gain of the control group (I) was 3.5 kg (SD 4.8) and of the treated groups was 3.8 kg (SD 3.3, p = 0.65; II), 5.0 kg (SD 3.5, p = 0.54; III), 6.6 kg (SD 4.5, p = 0.05; IV) and 6.1 kg (SD 5.0, p = 0.13; V). Obviously, the feeding of antibodies from colostrum or from egg powder does increase the mean body weight gain. The feeding of probiotics alone has nearly no effect. However, in the combination with specific egg antibodies probiotics seem to have a synergistic effect. In serum from the 198 newborn calves the IgG concentration averaged 4.9 mg/ml serum (SD 3.3). From 93 dams of these calves a sample of the first colostrum could be obtained showing a mean IgG concentration of 22.0 mg/ml (SD 11.0). IgG levels in the colostrum and in the serum have been positively correlated (r = 0.37, p < 0.05). Calves with a high intensity of diarrhoea had a significantly (p = 0.01) lower mean IgG serum level (3.7 mg/ml; n = 36; SD 2.5) than calves without diarrhoea (5.6 mg/ml; n = 75; SD 4.0). In Rahmen eines Feldversuches wurde die prophylaktische Wirksamkeit verschiedener Futteradditiva (Probiotikum, spezifische Dotterantikörper, spezifische Kolostrumantikörper) bei der neonatalen Kälberdiarrhoe untersucht. Dazu wurden die Kälber entsprechend der Behandlung in folgende fünf Gruppen (je n = 39/40) eingeteilt: I: Keine Futterzusatzstoffe, II: Verfütterung eines Probiotikums (5 g Pulver/Tag mit Bacillus cereus var. toyoi), III: Verfütterung von Eipulver (10 g/Tag mit spezifischen Dotterantikörpern gegen Rotaviren, Coronaviren und E. coli F5), IV: Verfütterung von Kolostrumantikörpern (10 ml/Tag mit 1 g bovinen Immunglobulin mit spezifischen Antikörpern gegen Rotaviren, Coronaviren und Escherichia coli Antigene), V: Verfütterung von Eipulver zusammen mit einem Probiotikum (analog den Gruppen II und III). Die Prophylaktika wurden zwei Mal täglich vom 2. bis zum 14. Lebenstag mit der Tränke verabreicht. Bei allen Kälbern wurde ein Erregernachweis im Kot geführt. Rotaviren (30,8%) konnten im Vergleich zu Coronaviren (7,1%), E. coli F5 (1,5%) und Kryptosporidien (24,2%) häufiger nachgewiesen werden. Im Gegensatz zu früheren Studien konnten hinsichtlich des Durchfallgeschehens keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen den Gruppen festgestellt werden. Nur die Körperge wichtszunahme der Kälber zwischen 2. und 14. Lebenstag zeigte behandlungsspezifische Unterschiede. Die Kontrollgruppe (I) verbuchte mit 5,8 kg (SD 5,0) die niedrigste Körpergewichtszunahme. Verglichen damit lag die Zunahme der behandelten Gruppen bei 6,3 (SD 4,1; p = 0,60; Gruppe II), 6,8 kg (SD 4,3; p = 0,36; Gruppe III), 6,9 kg (SD 4,7, p = 0,61; Gruppe IV) und bei 7,7 kg (SD 4,9, p = 0,08; Gruppe V). Bei Rotavirus-positiven Kälbern war eine Körpergewichtszunahme von 3,5 kg (SD 4,8; Kontrollgruppe), 3,8 kg (SD 3,3, p = 0,65; Gruppe II), 5,0 kg (SD 3,5, p = 0,54; Gruppe III), 6,6 kg (SD 4,5, p = 0,05; Gruppe IV) und von 6,1 kg (SD 5.0, p = 0,13; Gruppe V) zu verzeichnen. Offensichtlich verhindert die prophylaktische Verfütterung von Kolostrum- oder Dotterantikörpern eine infektionsbedingte Verminderung der Körpergewichtszunahme. Die Applikation des Probiotikums alleine zeigte keinen vergleichbaren Effekt. Allerdings ist eine synergistische Wirkung in Kombination mit Antikörpern nicht auszuschließen. In den Seren der 198 neugeborenen Kälber wurde eine mittlere Immunglobulin G (IgG)-Konzentration von 4,9 mg/ml (SD 3,3) gemessen. Von 93 Muttertieren dieser Kälber konnte das Erstgemelk genommen werden, das eine mittlere IgG-Konzentration von 22,0 mg/ml (SD 11,0) aufwies. Die IgG-Gehalte in den Kolostrumproben und den Kälberseren zeigten eine Korrelation von r = 0,37 (p < 0,05). Kälber mit hochgradigem Durchfall hatten mit 3,7 mg/ml Serum (n = 36, SD 2,5) einen signifikant niedrigeren mittleren IgG-Wert als Kälber ohne Durchfall (5,6 mg/ml, n = 75, SD 4,0). [source] Seasonal variation of enteric infections and inflammatory bowel diseaseINFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES, Issue 7 2008Amnon Sonnenberg MD Abstract Background: The time trends of inflammatory bowel disease are characterized by short-term variations that affect Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis alike. The aim of the present study was to test whether these variations might be related to exacerbations of inflammatory bowel disease secondary to superimposed gastrointestinal infection. Methods: The Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) comprises a data set of all patients admitted to hospitals throughout England, which includes inpatients and day cases. This data set was used to analyze the monthly variations in all hospital admissions for Crohn's disease (ICD10 code K50), ulcerative colitis (K51), bacterial intestinal infections (A04), viral intestinal infections (A08), diarrhea and infectious gastroenteritis (A09), upper respiratory infections (J06), pneumonia secondary to unspecified organism (J18), and unspecified acute lower respiratory infection (J22). Results: The temporal analysis revealed similar monthly fluctuations of hospital admissions for Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and bacterial intestinal infections. Viral intestinal infections and infectious gastroenteritis were characterized by different seasonal variations that showed no relationship with any of the fluctuations of inflammatory bowel disease or bacterial intestinal infections. Similarly, respiratory infections resulted in marked cyclical variations in hospital admissions unrelated to any changes in inflammatory bowel disease or enteric infections. Conclusions: The similarity in the time trends of Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and bacterial intestinal infections suggests that superinfection by intestinal bacteria are responsible for the fluctuations in hospital admissions for inflammatory bowel disease. (Inflamm Bowel Dis 2008) [source] Mechanisms and modulation of intestinal epithelial repairINFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES, Issue 1 2001Dr. Axel U. Dignass Abstract The mucosal epithelium of the alimentary tract represents a crucial barrier to a broad spectrum of noxious and immunogenic substances within the intestinal lumen. An impairment of the integrity of the mucosal epithelial barrier is observed in the course of various intestinal disorders including inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), celiac disease, intestinal infections, and various other diseases. Furthermore, even under physiologic conditions temporary damage of the epithelial surface mucosa may be caused by proteases, residential flora, dietary compounds, or other factors. Generally, the integrity of the intestinal mucosal surface barrier is rapidly reestablished even after extensive destruction because of an enormous regenerative capability of the mucosal surface epithelium. Rapid resealing of the surface epithelium is accomplished by epithelial cell migration, also termed epithelial restitution, epithelial cell proliferation, and differentiation. Healing of the intestinal surface epithelium is regulated by a complex network of highly divergent factors, among them a broad spectrum of structurally distinct regulatory peptides that have been identified within the mucosa of the intestinal tract. These regulatory peptides, conventionally designated as growth factors and cytokines, play an essential role in regulating differential epithelial cell functions to preserve normal homeostasis and integrity of the intestinal mucosa. In addition, a number of other peptide molecules such as extracellular matrix factors and blood clotting factors, and also nonpeptide molecules including phospholipids, short-chain fatty acids, adenine nucleotides, trace elements, and pharmacological agents, have been demonstrated to modulate intestinal epithelial repair mechanisms. Some of these molecules may be released by platelets, adjacent stromal cells, inflammatory cells, or injured epithelial and nonepithelial cells and may play an important role in the modulation of intestinal injury. Repeated damage and injury of the intestinal surface are key features of various intestinal disorders including IBD and require constant repair of the epithelium. Enhancement of intestinal repair mechanisms by regulatory peptides or other modulatory factors may provide future approaches for the treatment of diseases that are characterized by injuries of the epithelial surface. [source] Isolation and Characterization of Lactobacillus Species Having Potential for Use as Probiotic Cultures for DogsJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 3 2007S. McCoy ABSTRACT:, The need to control pathogenic microorganisms in the intestinal tract of dogs is a growing concern. There is interest in using probiotics such as species of Lactobacillus to help control canine intestinal infections. For successful use as a probiotic, the bacterial species should be of canine intestinal origin since these species exhibit host specificity. Serial dilutions of freshly voided dog feces were plated on Lactobacillus selection (LBS) agar to isolate the cultures. Isolates were identified based on Gram stain, catalase test, and fermentation patterns using API 50 CH kits. All potential isolates were compared for bile resistance based on relative ability to grow in broth containing 0.3% Oxgall, the ability to inhibit Salmonella Typhimurium in associative broth cultures, and the production of reuterin. Of the lactobacilli isolated, Lactobacillus reuteri was the dominant species. However, some cultures of L. acidophilus also were isolated. We found variations among the isolates of L. reuteri and L. acidophilus with respect to bile tolerance. In general, isolates of L. reuteri appeared to be more bile resistant than were isolates of L. acidophilus. There were also variations in the ability to inhibit growth of S. Typhimurium. Some isolates of L. reuteri produced reuterin while others did not. [source] Review article: yeast as probiotics ,Saccharomyces boulardiiALIMENTARY PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS, Issue 6 2007D. CZERUCKA Summary Background Probiotics are defined as live micro-organisms which confer a health benefit on the host. Although most probiotics are bacteria, one strain of yeast, Saccharomyces boulardii, has been found to be an effective probiotic in double-blind clinical studies. Aims To compare the main properties that differentiates yeast from bacteria and to review the properties of S. boulardii explaining its potential benefits as a probiotic. Methods The PubMed and Medline databases were searched using the keywords ,probiotics', ,yeast', ,antibiotic associated diarrhea', ,Saccharomyces boulardii',,bacterial diarrhea' and ,inflammatory bowel disease' in various combinations. Results Several clinical studies have been conducted with S. boulardii in the treatment and prevention of various forms of diarrhoea. Promising research perspectives have been opened in terms of maintenance treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases. The mechanism of S. boulardii's action has been partially elucidated. Conclusion Saccharomyces boulardii is a strain of yeast which has been extensively studied for its probiotic effects. The clinical activity of S. boulardii is especially relevant to antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and recurrent Clostridium difficile intestinal infections. Experimental studies clearly demonstrate that S. boulardii has specific probiotic properties, and recent data has opened the door for new therapeutic uses of this yeast as an ,immunobiotic'. [source] Lactobacilli antagonize biological effects of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli in vitroLETTERS IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 6 2008A.A. Hugo Abstract Aims:, To assess the effect of two lactobacilli on the biological activity of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) in vitro. Methods and Results:, Strains CIDCA 133 (Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis) and CIDCA 83114 (Lactobacillus plantarum) were studied. Hep-2 cells were used as an in vitro model to assess the biological effect of a clinical isolate of EHEC. Preincubation of cell monolayers with lactobacilli before EHEC prevented detachment of eukaryotic cells and minimizes both F-actin rearrangements and morphological alterations. Interestingly, the protective effect could not be ascribed to pathogen exclusion. In addition, viability of the lactobacilli was not necessary for protection and other species of the genus Lactobacillus failed to protect eukaryotic cells. Conclusions:, Our results suggest that lactobacilli are antagonizing virulence mechanisms of EHEC either by modification of the microenvironment or by interfering with the signalling cascades triggered by the pathogen. Significance and Impact of the Study:, Our findings give a rationale basis for the use of specific probiotic strains for the prophylaxis and prevention of intestinal infections due to EHEC. [source] Review article: bifidobacteria as probiotic agents , physiological effects and clinical benefitsALIMENTARY PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS, Issue 6 2005C. PICARD Summary Bifidobacteria, naturally present in the dominant colonic microbiota, represent up to 25% of the cultivable faecal bacteria in adults and 80% in infants. As probiotic agents, bifidobacteria have been studied for their efficacy in the prevention and treatment of a broad spectrum of animal and/or human gastrointestinal disorders, such as colonic transit disorders, intestinal infections, and colonic adenomas and cancer. The aim of this review is to focus on the gastrointestinal effects of bifidobacteria as probiotic agents in animal models and man. The traditional use of bifidobacteria in fermented dairy products and the GRAS (,Generally Recognised As Safe') status of certain strains attest to their safety. Some strains, especially Bifidobacterium animalis strain DN-173 010 which has long been used in fermented dairy products, show high gastrointestinal survival capacity and exhibit probiotic properties in the colon. Bifidobacteria are able to prevent or alleviate infectious diarrhoea through their effects on the immune system and resistance to colonization by pathogens. There is some experimental evidence that certain bifidobacteria may actually protect the host from carcinogenic activity of intestinal flora. Bifidobacteria may exert protective intestinal actions through various mechanisms, and represent promising advances in the fields of prophylaxis and therapy. [source] Malnutrition as an enteric infectious disease with long-term effects on child developmentNUTRITION REVIEWS, Issue 9 2008Richard L Guerrant Malnutrition is a major contributor to mortality and is increasingly recognized as a cause of potentially lifelong functional disability. Yet, a rate-limiting step in achieving normal nutrition may be impaired absorptive function due to multiple repeated enteric infections. This is especially problematic in children whose diets are marginal. In malnourished individuals, the infections are even more devastating. This review documents the evidence that intestinal infections lead to malnutrition and that malnutrition worsens intestinal infections. The clinical data presented here derive largely from long-term cohort studies that are supported by controlled animal studies. Also reviewed are the mechanisms by which enteric infections lead to undernutrition and by which malnutrition worsens enteric infections, with implications for potential novel interventions. Further intervention studies are needed to document the relevance of these mechanisms and, most importantly, to interrupt the vicious diarrhea-malnutrition cycle so children may develop their full potential. [source] | |||||||||||||