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Intellectual
Kinds of Intellectual Terms modified by Intellectual Selected AbstractsWHERE HAVE ALL THE INTELLECTUALS GONE?ECONOMIC AFFAIRS, Issue 2 2006CONFRONTING 21ST CENTURY PHILISTINISM by Frank Furedi No abstract is available for this article. [source] Walter LaFeber: Scholar, Teacher, IntellectualDIPLOMATIC HISTORY, Issue 5 2004ANDREW J. ROTTER First page of article [source] The Impact of Personal Characteristics of People with Intellectual and Developmental Disability on Self-determination and Autonomous FunctioningJOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES, Issue 4 2003Michael L. Wehmeyer Background, Many people assume that the presence of an intellectual disability precludes a person from becoming self-determined. Recent research, however, has suggested that the environments in which people live, learn, work or play may play a more important role in promoting self-determination then do personal characteristics of the person, including level of intelligence. Methods, This study examined the self-determination and autonomous functioning of 301 adults with intellectual disability or a developmental disability without concomitant intellectual impairments (e.g. persons with cerebral palsy, epilepsy and spina bifida) as a function of personal characteristics of individuals. Results, Intellectual capacity was not a significant contributor to either self-determination or autonomous functioning for this group. Opportunities to make choices, however, contributed significantly and positively to greater self-determination and autonomy. Intelligence scores did, however, predict whether the person worked or lived in more or less restrictive settings, though for the latter, both self-determination and autonomous functioning also contributed significantly. Conclusions, These findings are discussed with regard to the role of personal characteristics, particularly intelligence level, in promoting self-determination and more positive adult outcomes. [source] Impact of Surgical and Orthotic Intervention on the Quality of Life of People with Profound Intellectual and Multiple Disabilities and Their CarersJOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES, Issue 4 2000Aileen Neilson The increasing analysis of quality of life issues for people with disabilities has not been paralleled in relation to people with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities (PIMDs). This is nowhere more the case than with regard to the impact of health status on their quality of life. In addition, people with PIMDs, and the interventions which they require, have not been included within wider considerations of the economics of healthcare and its relation to rational decision-making regarding medical provision. The present exploratory study considered the impact of a wide range of surgical and orthotic interventions on the quality of life of 27 children and adults with PIMDs. These were explored on a pre,post-test basis with respect to: (1) the economic costs associated with surgical and orthotic interventions; (2) clinical assessment of function and behaviour; (3) the participants' and carers' quality of life; and (4) carer satisfaction with the interventions. The results are presented with respect to these individual areas and the extent to which the findings are congruent. The need for the development of these measures to meet the specific requirements of this population and the development of a more formal model integrating these steps are considered. [source] Intellectual and adaptive behaviour functioning in pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegenerationJOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH, Issue 6 2007K. Freeman Abstract Background Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN), an extremely rare autosomal recessive disorder resulting in iron accumulation in the brain, has a diverse phenotypic expression. Based on limited case studies of one or two patients, intellectual impairment is considered part of PKAN. Investigations of cognitive functioning have utilized specific neuropsychological tests, without attention to general intellectual skills or adaptive behaviour. Methods Sixteen individuals with PKAN completed measures of global intellectual functioning, and participants or care providers completed measures of adaptive behaviour skills and day-to-day functional limitations. Clinicians provided global ratings of condition severity. Results Testing with standardized measures documented varied phenotypic expression, with general cognitive skills and adaptive behaviour ranging from high average to well below average. Age of disease onset correlated with measures of intellectual functioning, adaptive functioning and disease severity. Conclusions Findings support previously described clinical impressions of varied cognitive impairment and the association between age of onset and impairment. Further, they add important information regarding the natural history of the disease and suggest assessment strategies for use in treatment trials. [source] Intellectual functioning in schizophrenia: a marker of neurodevelopmental damage?JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH, Issue 6 2004J. H. MacCabe [source] A Need for a Taxonomy for Profound Intellectual and Multiple DisabilitiesJOURNAL OF POLICY AND PRACTICE IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES, Issue 2 2007H. Nakken Abstract, There is extensive discussion on the quality of education and support for individuals with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities (PIMD) in relation to inclusion and full citizenship. The discussions are complicated because of differences or lack of clarity in the description of the variations and types of PIMD. A description of the core group is offered, but it is also argued that there cannot be an absolute separation of this specific target group from other adjoining groups. The authors propose a multi-axial model-based taxonomy that distinguishes visual and/or auditory impairments, other physical impairments, and mental health problems, in addition to the two key defining characteristics (limited intellect and compromised physical functions). The authors also propose that assessment of people with PIMD be structured toward ascertainment of diagnostic objectives (e.g., confirming or disconfirming the person's level of intellectual disability) and the determination of a starting point and direction for support of the individual. They conclude that, to prevent misunderstanding in comparison of results of educational programs and interventions, it is recommended that workers describe individuals (or subgroups) with PIMD in publications in detail,using operational definitions. In addition, they propose that an international effort be undertaken to develop and use generally agreed assessment procedures. [source] Does the Public Intellectual Have Intellectual Integrity?METAPHILOSOPHY, Issue 5 2002Linda Martín Alcoff This article is concerned with the devaluation of the work of public intellectuals within the academic community. The principal reason given for this devaluation is that the work of the public intellectual does not have intellectual integrity as independent thought and original scholarship. I develop three models of public intellectual work: the permanent,critic model, the popularizer model, and the public,theorist model. I then consider each model in relation to the concern with intellectual integrity and conclude that both independent thought and original scholarship are possible within work that is engaged with nonacademic publics. [source] Shifting Ethnic Boundaries and Inequality in Israel: Or How the Polish Peddler Became a German Intellectual by Aziza KhazzoomAMERICAN ETHNOLOGIST, Issue 1 2009GALIT SAADA-OPHIR No abstract is available for this article. [source] Once You Go Black: Choice, Desire, and the Black American IntellectualTHE JOURNAL OF POPULAR CULTURE, Issue 1 2009Laura Mattoon D'Amore No abstract is available for this article. [source] The Social Function of Carlos Fuentes: A Critical Intellectual or in the ,Shadow of the State'?BULLETIN OF LATIN AMERICAN RESEARCH, Issue 1 2003Adam David Morton This article seeks to raise meaningful questions about the role, or wider social function, of the intellectual within state,civil society relations in Latin America characterised by conditions of socio,economic modernisation. It does so by pursuing such questions through a detailed examination of the social function of Carlos Fuentes as an intellectual in Mexico. Through a focus on the social function of Carlos Fuentes, it is possible to distinguish the role intellectual activity can play in the construction and contestation of hegemony in Mexico. Most crucially, the article prompts consideration of the social basis of hegemony and the agency of intellectuals organically tied to particular social forces functioning through state,civil society relations in the struggle over hegemony. Put differently, it is possible to grant due regard to the mixture of critical opposition and accommodation that has often confronted the intellectual within Latin America. [source] Do parental ratings on cognition reflect neuropsychological outcome in congenital heart disease?ACTA PAEDIATRICA, Issue 1 2008Marijke Miatton Abstract Aim: To describe the parental view of the cognitive skills of their child with a surgically corrected congenital heart disease (CHD) and compare it to objectified cognitive measures in children with CHD 6,12 years postoperatively. Methods: Parents completed a questionnaire on several cognitive functions of their child. Children with CHD and healthy controls (n = 86, aged 8 years 8 months ± 1 year 6 months) underwent an abbreviated IQ-testing and a neurodevelopmental assessment. Results: Parents of the children with CHD more frequently indicated lower sustained attention (p < 0.05), lower divided attention (p < 0.001), more problems with memory and learning skills (p < 0.05), and deficient gross motor functioning (p < 0.01) compared to the parents of healthy controls. Intellectual and neuropsychological assessment revealed a lower estimated full-scale IQ (p < 0.01), worse sensorimotor functioning (p < 0.001), and lower performances on language (p < 0.001), attention/executive functioning (p < 0.05), and memory (p < 0.05) in the CHD-group. Several items of the questionnaire were significant predictors for worse neurodevelopmental outcome. Conclusion: Overall, the objective and subjective measures on cognitive functioning are in agreement and indicate the presence of neurocognitive deficits in children with CHD. This study endorses the accuracy and usefulness of a parental questionnaire to report on the cognitive functioning of the child and urges the investigation of neurocognitive functioning in children with CHD at follow-up. [source] Intellectuals, Tertiary Education and Questions of DifferenceEDUCATIONAL PHILOSOPHY AND THEORY, Issue 5 2007Peter Roberts Abstract In contemplating the roles and responsibilities of intellectuals in the 21st century, the notion of ,difference' is significant in at least two senses. First, work on the politics of difference allows us to consider the question ,For whom does the intellectual speak?' in a fresh light. Second, we can ask: ,To what extent, and in what ways, might our activities as intellectuals make a difference?' Thinkers such as Foucault, Kristeva, Lyotard, and Bauman (among many others) are helpful in addressing these questions. This paper sketches some of the key ideas of these thinkers and assesses their relevance for an understanding of intellectual life in contemporary tertiary education institutions. [source] From ,Organic' Legislators to ,Organicistic' Interpreters: Intellectuals in Yugoslavia and Post-Yugoslav StatesGOVERNMENT AND OPPOSITION, Issue 1 2002a Male First page of article [source] Intellectuals and African development: Pretension and resistance in African politics by Bjorn Beckman & Gbemisola Adeoti (eds). (Codesria: Africa In the New Millennium, London: Zed Books, 2006)JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, Issue 5 2009Nic Cheeseman No abstract is available for this article. [source] On Trusting Intellectuals on TrustPHILOSOPHICAL INVESTIGATIONS, Issue 1 2002D.Z. Phillips First page of article [source] Nationalism and Intellectuals in Nations without States: the Catalan CasePOLITICAL STUDIES, Issue 5 2000Montserrat Guibernau This paper aims to provide a theoretical framework for the study of the relationship between intellectuals and nationalism in Western nations without states. The first part sets up a theoretical framework which includes a definition of the concepts of nation, state and nationalism and also introduces the concept of nations without states. It then establishes a distinction between ,state nationalism' and nationalism in ,nations without states'. The second part analyses the relationship between intellectuals and nationalism in the work of Elie Kedourie, Tom Nairn, John Breuilly and Anthony D. Smith. The third part considers the specific context within which intellectuals operate in nations without states. It concentrates on the study of the role of Catalan intellectuals in protecting their vernacular language and culture during Franco's regime (1939,75) together with the processes which, in the 1960s and 1970s, turned Catalan nationalism from an elite into a mass movement. Particular attention is given to the cultural resistance activities carried out by Catalan intellectuals during this period, the reasons why some intellectuals may feel attracted to nationalism, and the rational and emotional arguments employed by intellectuals as mobilizing agents. [source] Uncommon Dissent: Intellectuals Who Find Darwinism Unconvincing , Edited by William A. DembskiRELIGIOUS STUDIES REVIEW, Issue 4 2006Barry L. Whitney No abstract is available for this article. [source] Surrender to the Market: Thoughts on Anthropology, The Body Shop, and Intellectuals,THE AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF ANTHROPOLOGY, Issue 1 2003Rohan Bastin The direction of anthropology over the last century is tied to the shifts from colonialism to postcolonialism and from modernism to postmodernism. These shifts have seen the thoroughgoing incorporation of the world population into the economic, political and juridical domain established through the last throes of colonialism and the transmutations of capitalism and the State. Anthropology, a discipline whose history shows close and regular links with colonial government, also transforms in association with the world it describes and partly creates. Two dominant trends in contemporary anthropology,applied consultancy and historicist self-reflexivity,are compared for the ways they represent the transmutation, which is characterised, following Fredric Jameson as ,the surrender to the market'. In this way it is asserted that just as the discipline had hitherto revealed its links to colonialism, it now reveals its links to globalisation through a form of commodified self-obsession. To illustrate this quality the paper considers the global chain of cosmetics stores, The Body Shop, as an example of ,late capitalism' and the moral juridical framework of globalisation. Finally, it treats these developments in anthropology as more generally affecting intellectuals and knowledge production through the promotion of intellectual ,silence'. [source] Blind Oracles: Intellectuals and War from Kennan to Kissinger , By Bruce KuklickTHE HISTORIAN, Issue 2 2008Frank Ninkovich No abstract is available for this article. [source] Geography's New Public Intellectuals?ANTIPODE, Issue 2 2006Noel Castree First page of article [source] The Mobilisation of the Intellectuals 1914,1915 and the Continuity of German Historical ConsciousnessAUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF POLITICS AND HISTORY, Issue 3 2002John A. Moses There is renewed historical interest in the role played by intellectuals in all belligerent countries in the period leading up to and during the First World War. Whereas prior to the war scholars from all countries engaged in civilised scientific discourse, immediately after the outbreak of war they appeared to re,discover their own fatherlands and became passionately patriotic, placing their expertise at the service of their respective countries for the prosecution of the war. On closer scrutiny, however, the case of the German intellectual elite appears significantly different from their counterparts in other belligerent countries. They perceived themselves, more than, say, the British academic community, and certainly earlier than these, as virtual prophets called to justify their nation's war policies. This paper investigates the perceptions of German intellectuals, their explanation for the war and their various war,aims programs. It is suggested that the intellectuals/academics contributed in no small way to the formation of German political will. [source] Foiling the Intellectuals: Gender, Identity Framing, and the Rhetoric of the Kill in Conservative Hate MailCOMMUNICATION, CULTURE & CRITIQUE, Issue 4 2009Dana L. CloudArticle first published online: 6 NOV 200 First page of article [source] A classification of risk factors in serious juvenile offenders and the relation between patterns of risk factors and recidivismCRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR AND MENTAL HEALTH, Issue 1 2010Eva Mulder Background,There has been a lot of research on risk factors for recidivism among juvenile offenders, in general, and on individual risk factors, but less focus on subgroups of serious juvenile offenders and prediction of recidivism within these. Objective,To find an optimal classification of risk items and to test the predictive value of the resultant factors with respect to severity of recidivism among serious juvenile offenders. Method,Seventy static and dynamic risk factors in 1154 juvenile offenders were registered with the Juvenile Forensic Profile. Recidivism data were collected on 728 of these offenders with a time at risk of at least 2 years. After factor analysis, independent sample t-tests were used to indicate differences between recidivists and non-recidivists. Logistic multiple linear regression analyses were used to test the potential predictive value of the factors for violent or serious recidivism. Results,A nine-factor solution best accounted for the data. The factors were: antisocial behaviour during treatment, sexual problems, family problems, axis-1 psychopathology, offence characteristics, conscience and empathy, intellectual and social capacities, social network, and substance abuse. Regression analysis showed that the factors antisocial behaviour during treatment, family problems and axis-1 psychopathology were associated with seriousness of recidivism. Conclusions and implications for practice,The significance of family problems and antisocial behaviour during treatments suggest that specific attention to these factors may be important in reducing recidivism. The fact that antisocial behaviour during treatment consists mainly of dynamic risk factors is hopeful as these can be influenced by treatment. Consideration of young offenders by subgroup rather than as a homogenous population is likely to yield the best information about risk of serious re-offending and the management of that risk. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] A review of mathematical learning disabilities in children with fragile X syndromeDEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES RESEARCH REVIEW, Issue 1 2009Melissa M. Murphy Abstract The prevalence rate of mathematical learning disabilities (MLD) among children with fragile X syndrome who do not meet criteria for intellectual and developmental disabilities (,50% of female children) exceeds the rate reported in the general population. The purpose of this article is two-fold: (1) to review the findings on MLD in persons with fragile X syndrome; and (2) to discuss fragile X syndrome as a possible model for understanding pathways to MLD. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Dev Disabil Res Rev 2009;15:21,27. [source] The clinical presentation of mitochondrial diseases in children with progressive intellectual and neurological deterioration: a national, prospective, population-based studyDEVELOPMENTAL MEDICINE & CHILD NEUROLOGY, Issue 5 2010CHRISTOPHER M VERITY Aim, Our aim was to study the clinical presentation, mode of diagnosis, and epidemiology of mitochondrial disorders in children from the UK who have progressive intellectual and neurological deterioration (PIND). Method, Since April 1997, we have identified patients aged 16 years or younger with suspected PIND through the monthly notification card sent to all UK consultant paediatricians by the British Paediatric Surveillance Unit. Clinical details obtained from reporting paediatricians are classified by an Expert Group. Results, By July 2008, 2493 cases of PIND had been reported, among which there were 112 children (69 males, 43 females) with mitochondrial diseases presenting between birth and 14 years 7 months (median 12mo), divided into 13 subgroups. In some instances, clinical features were characteristic of mitochondrial disease, but many children presented non-specifically with combinations of developmental delay, hypotonia, failure to thrive, and seizures; 16 children had multisystem disease at presentation. Mortality was high: 40 children had died. Blood and/or cerebrospinal fluid lactate measurements were abnormal in 87 children, and 47 of 78 brain magnetic resonance images showed increased basal ganglia signal. Definite diagnoses were usually made by muscle enzyme or genetic studies. Interpretation, This is a unique population-based study of the mitochondrial disorders that cause childhood neurodegenerative disease. It provides detailed information about the clinical presentation and investigation of these complex cases. [source] A visual skills inventory for children with neurological impairmentsDEVELOPMENTAL MEDICINE & CHILD NEUROLOGY, Issue 10 2007D L McCulloch OD PhD FAAO Children with neurological impairments often have visual deficits that are difficult to quantify. We have compared visual skills evaluated by carers with results of a comprehensive visual assessment. Participants were 76 children with mild to profound intellectual and/or motor impairment (33 males, 43 females; age range 7mo,16y; mean age 5y 1mo [SD 4y 2mo]) who completed a visual skills inventory before attending a special vision clinic. The inventory included 16 questions about visual skills and responses to familiar situations. Responses were augmented by taking a structured clinical history, compared with visual evoked potential (VEP) and/or acuity card measures of visual acuity, and examined using exploratory factor analysis. Acuity ranged from normal to no light perception, and was positively associated with responses to individual questions. After excluding four uninformative questions, an association between the remaining questions and two significant independent factors was found. Factor 1 was associated with questions about visual recognition (e.g. ,Does your child see a small silent toy?') and these items were correlated with both the VEP and acuity card thresholds. Factor 2 was associated primarily with questions about visually mediated social interactions (e.g. ,Does he/she return your silent smile?'). Evaluation of visual skills in children with neurological impairment can provide valid information about the quality of children's vision. Questions with the highest validity for predicting vision are identified. [source] Victimization: a newly recognized outcome of prematurityDEVELOPMENTAL MEDICINE & CHILD NEUROLOGY, Issue 8 2004Line Nadeau PhD Victimization by peers affects 10 to 20% of school children under the age of 12 years. Physical, verbal, and psychological victimization (being pushed, hit, called names, teased, being the target of rumours, theft, extortion) is associated with short- and long-term adjustment problems, such as peer rejection, social withdrawal, low self-esteem, anxiety, loneliness, and depression, as well as academic problems and school drop-out. Research on populations of school children (primary and secondary) has associated victimization with personal risk factors (the victim's characteristics and behaviour) and interpersonal risk factors (social relationships between peers). Studies on the social adjustment of preterm children at school age show that, even in the absence of a major motor or cognitive disability, this population has several personal risk factors associated with victimization. The objective of this study was to compare the level of victimization experienced by a group of 96 seven-year-old children born extremely preterm (EP, <29 weeks of gestation; 49 females) against that experienced by a group of 63 term children (34 females) matched for age and sex, maternal level of education, and family socioeconomic status. The children born EP had a mean gestational age of 27.3 weeks (SD 1.2) and a mean birthweight of 1001.1g (SD 223) and normal birth weight children had a mean gestational age of 39.5 weeks (SD 1.5) and a mean birthweight of 3468.7g (SD 431). Physical and verbal victimization were assessed in a school setting by peers with individual sociometric interviews (Modified Peer Nomination Inventory). After controlling for physical growth (height and weight) at the age of 7 years, the data indicate two independent effects: males were more victimized than females, and children born preterm experienced more verbal victimization by their peers than their term classmates, even when participants with a visible motor, intellectual, or sensory disability were excluded. Several hypotheses are presented to account for the higher incidence of verbal victimization of preterm children. [source] Illness, power and prayer in Asser's Life of King AlfredEARLY MEDIEVAL EUROPE, Issue 2 2001Paul Kershaw Asser's account of Alfred's mysterious illnesses is one of the most puzzling and most-discussed passages in his Life. This article attempts to place this account in its contemporary setting, analysing its devotional, intellectual and political contexts, in order to argue that, far from being an anomaly, it reflects the cultural interests of the Alfredian court and the influence upon it of contemporary Carolingian notions of rulership. In the process, Asser is shown to be an author with a keen sense of the prevailing notions of royal authority, but one equally aware of the potential dangers such notions could bring, particularly when one key royal attribute, humility, could be seen as indicative more of weakness than fitness to rule. Taken as a whole, the ideas, allusions and influences present in the work allow Asser's Life to be seen not merely as a descriptive but also as a thematic portrait of the king's intellectual interests. Above all, the Life emerges as a work with strong resonances with the cultural preoccupations of the late ninth century. [source] TEACHER AS PROPHETIC TRICKSTEREDUCATIONAL THEORY, Issue 1 2009Jim Garrison These include nurturing caregiver, guardian of morality, champion of the global economy, self-sacrificing do-gooder, cultural worker, intellectual, tyrant, and many more metaphors. Jim Garrison's essay introduces another figure, a mythological persona, to the pantheon of images depicting the school teacher , the Trickster. Tricksters are masters of multiple interpretation that cross, bend, break, and redefine borders. Garrison concentrates on prophetic tricksters that create openings in closed structures to reveal hidden possibilities. In practice, many teachers are tricksters. They know how to maneuver in, around, and through rigid bureaucratic structures and standards to connect with their students and make a difference while exercising creative autonomy in the classroom. Garrison's essay provides examples of trickster teachers drawn from literature depicting classroom practice. 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