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Installation
Kinds of Installation Terms modified by Installation Selected AbstractsA LARGE ELECTRONIC WEIGHING LYSIMETER SYSTEM: DESIGN AND INSTALLATION,JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION, Issue 4 2002Gholam-Abbas Barani ABSTRACT: To measure crop evapotranspiration, a large double tank, electronic weighting lysimeter system was designed and installed at the Shahid Bahonar University farm, Kerman, Iran. The system was installed in a 50 m2 underground building. It includes two tanks of 3.00 m in diameter and 1.75 m deep. The weighing mechanism for each tank is a set of three compression strain gage load cells, which are fixed on 1.20 m height column above the floor. According to the specification of the load cells, the maximum possible weighing error may be about 0.01 percent of total mass, which is equivalent to 0.28 mm of water, but the measured error was equal to 1 kg mass, which is equivalent to 0.14 mm of water. The load cell data from each tank and the on-site environmental data (temperature, humidity, and wind velocity and direction) are automatically recorded and saved in a personal computer hard disk for further use and analysis. [source] Proposal and development of radial air-gap coreless generator suitable for small wind turbine used in urban areaELECTRICAL ENGINEERING IN JAPAN, Issue 1 2009Toshiyuki Takahashi Abstract Independent distributed power generation using small wind turbines is becoming more widespread as wind power generation increases. Installation of small wind turbines in densely populated urban areas is not only useful from the viewpoint of extracting wind power sources in weak-wind areas but also for making renewable energy easier to access when power supplies are closer to consumers. It is from this point of view that the authors proposed "urban wind power generation" using a collective system with a number of small vertical wind turbines, and have developed a suitable generator for low-speed vertical wind turbines such as a Savonius windmill. Based on a standard coreless generator, the proposed generator is designed to make the direction of the magnetic flux radial in order to install the magnets and coils on the outer end of the generator. The change of magnet composition and flux direction maximizes the speed of the flux change and output voltage within a limited space. With the above configuration, the power of the proposed generator is independent of the diameter. In this report, the authors describe and evaluate the fundamental performance of a prototype of the proposed generator. Based on the experiments, a maximum output power of 283 W was obtained. The obtained starting torque is small enough to begin rotation under weak wind conditions of no more than 1 m/s. Therefore, it is clear that the proposed "radial" coreless generator is suitable for self-starting and producing high power at low wind speed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 167(1): 26, 34, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20695 [source] Inspiration into Installation: An Exploration of Contemporary Experience through ArtINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ART & DESIGN EDUCATION, Issue 2 2006Sheridan Horn This article discusses the ways in which a fine art department has successfully enabled pupils, staff and the local community to gain access to exciting and wide-ranging art experiences. Through the creation of temporary installations and exhibitions the art department at Trinity School regularly becomes a gallery resource centre for part of the year. Children across all key stages create art inspired by artists in residence (including an artist teacher) in response to challenging contemporary issues. In 2005 three collaborative installations were produced in response to a potentially disruptive phase within the educational establishment. ,Sleep-Eternal Rest' involved pupils' contributions to the installation, gallery visits and the study of different artists' work. For the exhibition ,Flesh, Fur and Feathers', a resident artist worked with students in response to a hanging deer, game and a table laden with fruit. In a building about to be demolished a group of recently graduated artists collaborated on an exhibition entitled ,Somewheretogo'. This collaborative partnership led to art becoming a central resource for different curriculum areas as well as PSHE. The success of the venture led to pupils' own work becoming an accessible artistic resource, to which they themselves could respond. As well as avoiding the potential limitations of examdriven targets and assessment, it became a source of enrichment in personal, educational and creative terms. [source] Structure,Activity Relationship Studies in Single-Site Esterase Peptide DendrimersISRAEL JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY, Issue 1 2009Sacha Javor We recently reported on peptide dendrimers with a single catalytic site at the dendrimer core catalyzing the hydrolysis of acetoxy- and butyryloxy-pyrene trisulfonate 1a/b in aqueous buffer with Michaelis,Menten kinetics. Substrate binding is mediated by a pair of protonated arginine or histidine residues in the first generation branch, and esterolysis is performed by the imidazole side-chain of a histidine residue in the core acting as a general base or nucleophile. Herein we report on a structure,activity relationship study searching for an optimal combination between amino acid sequence and catalytic machinery. Installation of histidine residues onto the aromatic dendrimer framework "R" leads to 10-fold higher rate acceleration up to kcat/kuncat = 1.5 * 103 at pH 5.5 with dendrimers RG3H (AcYT)8 (BWG)4 (BHS)2BHS and RMG3H (AcYT)8(BWG)4(BHSG)2BHS (one-letter codes for L -amino acids; Ac = acetyl, B = L -2,3-diaminopropionic acid branching point, C-terminus is amide -CONH2). These dendrimers reach the compactness of a native folded protein. [source] Preliminary evidence of efficacy for EMDR resource development and installation in the stabilization phase of treatment of complex posttraumatic stress disorderJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 12 2002Deborah L. Korn This article reviews the complexity of adaptation and symptomatology in adult survivors of childhood neglect and abuse who meet criteria for the proposed diagnosis of Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (Complex PTSD), also known as Disorders of Extreme Stress, Not Otherwise Specified (DESNOS). A specific EMDR protocol, Resource Development and Installation (RDI), is proposed as an effective intervention in the initial stabilization phase of treatment with Complex PTSD/DESNOS. Descriptive psychometric and behavioral outcome measures from two single case studies are presented which appear to support the use of RDI. Suggestions are offered for future treatment outcome research with this challenging population. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 58: 1465,1487, 2002. [source] Seasonal variations on energy yield of a-Si, hybrid, and crystalline Si PV modulesPROGRESS IN PHOTOVOLTAICS: RESEARCH & APPLICATIONS, Issue 5 2010Miglena Nikolaeva-Dimitrova Abstract This paper presents a study of long-term outdoor performance of a-Si and hybrid modules mounted in the same location over several years. The modules were also characterized indoors using standard measurement methods employing pulsed solar simulators at the European Solar Test Installation (ESTI). The present study is intended to contribute to future standards on energy rating by presenting a common procedure for correcting the outdoor performance measurements to standard test conditions and comparing the resulting module performance at real and laboratory conditions. A seasonal variation in output, higher in the summer and lower in the winter, suggests that the module performance improves due to annealing when the module temperature is higher. The total output energy per month for these two technologies and a reference c-Si technology is also presented. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Design and Installation of a Next Generation Pilot Scale Fermentation SystemBIOTECHNOLOGY PROGRESS, Issue 3 2003B. Junker Four new fermenters were designed and constructed for use in secondary metabolite cultivations, bioconversions, and enzyme production. A new PC/PLC-based control system also was implemented using GE Fanuc PLCs, Genius I/O blocks, and Fix Dynamics SCADA software. These systems were incorporated into an industrial research fermentation pilot plant, designed and constructed in the early 1980s. Details of the design of these new fermenters and the new control system are described and compared with the existing installation for expected effectiveness. In addition, the reasoning behind selection of some of these features has been included. Key to the design was the goal of preserving similarity between the new and previously existing and successfully utilized fermenter hardware and software installations where feasible but implementing improvements where warranted and beneficial. Examples of enhancements include strategic use of Inconel as a material of construction to reduce corrosion, piping layout design for simplified hazardous energy isolation, on-line calculation and control of nutrient feed rates, and the use of field I/O modules located near the vessel to permit low-cost addition of new instrumentation. [source] CAD-Based Photogrammetry for Reverse Engineering of Industrial InstallationsCOMPUTER-AIDED CIVIL AND INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING, Issue 4 2003Johan W. H. Tangelder For instance, in the case of a servicing plant, such a library contains descriptions of simple components such as straight pipes, elbows, and T-junctions. A new installation is constructed by selecting and connecting the appropriate components from the library. This article demonstrates that one can use the same approach for reverse engineering by photogrammetry. In our technique, the operator interprets images and selects the appropriate CAD component from a library. By aligning the edges of the component's wire frame to the visible edges in the images, we implicitly determine the position, orientation, and shape of the real component. For a fast object reconstruction the alignment process has been split in two parts. Initially, the operator approximately aligns a component to the images. In a second step a fitting algorithm is invoked for an automatic and precise alignment. Further improvement in the efficiency of the reconstruction is obtained by imposing geometric constraints on the CAD components of adjacent object parts. [source] Injuries and fatalities to U.S. farmers and farm workers 55 years and olderAMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE, Issue 3 2009John R. Myers MS Abstract Background Previous studies have shown that older farmers and farm workers have been identified at high risk for farm fatalities, most notably involving tractor overturns. Older farmers also incur more severe non-fatal injuries. Methods Data from two national surveillance systems are presented to describe fatal and non-fatal injuries occurring to older farmers 55+ years of age. Tractor-related fatality investigations for older farmers are examined for characteristics of the tractors not available in the injury surveillance systems. Results Older farmers and farm workers averaged 26,573 lost-time injuries annually in 2001 and 2004, with an injury rate of 4.5 injuries/100 workers/year compared to an overall farming injury rate of 4.8 injuries/100 workers/year. Fatality data show that older farmers accounted for over half of all farming deaths between 1992 and 2004 (3,671 of 7,064 deaths), and had a fatality rate of 45.8 deaths/100,000 workers/year compared to the overall farming fatality rate of 25.4 deaths/100,000 workers/year. Most common mechanisms of fatal injury to older farmers were "tractors" (46%), "trucks" (7%), and "animals" (5%). Conclusions Although older farmers and farm workers are at lower risk of overall injury compared to their younger counterparts, injuries to farmers 55 years and older tend to be much more severe. To effectively minimize the risk faced by older farmers, prevention programs must encourage safe work behaviors and practices and the implementation/installation of appropriate safety devices and equipment. Am. J. Ind. Med. 52:185,194, 2009. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Comparison of Additional Costs for Several Replacement Strategies of Randomly Ageing Reinforced Concrete PipesCOMPUTER-AIDED CIVIL AND INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING, Issue 7 2009Franck Schoefs Some of them carry seawater and can deteriorate with time because of internal corrosion. Because of the low O2 content of aggressive water, slow corrosion is expected for such applications. If the RCPs are not periodically replaced, they will eventually fail. Replacement strategies for these pipes depend on (1) the risks associated with the failure of the water distribution network, and (2) the costs associated with replacing the pipes, including the removal of existing pipes, installation of new pipes, and associated production losses. Because of the lack of statistical data regarding RCP failure, the development of a risk-based replacement strategy is not an easy task. This article demonstrates how predictive models for the evolution of the failure of RCPs and the associated consequences of failure can be used to develop risk-based replacement strategies for RCPs. An application for the replacement strategies of a network modeled as a system consisting of 228 RCPs is presented as a case study. We focus on the assessment of the number of replaced components that governs the costs. The main objective of this article is to provide a theoretical approach for comparing replacement strategies, based on (1) the results of a reliability study, (2) the representation of the distributions of failed components (binomial distribution), and (3) the decision tree representation for replacement of RCPs. A focus on the scatter of the induced costs themselves is suggested to emphasize the financial risk. [source] CAD-Based Photogrammetry for Reverse Engineering of Industrial InstallationsCOMPUTER-AIDED CIVIL AND INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING, Issue 4 2003Johan W. H. Tangelder For instance, in the case of a servicing plant, such a library contains descriptions of simple components such as straight pipes, elbows, and T-junctions. A new installation is constructed by selecting and connecting the appropriate components from the library. This article demonstrates that one can use the same approach for reverse engineering by photogrammetry. In our technique, the operator interprets images and selects the appropriate CAD component from a library. By aligning the edges of the component's wire frame to the visible edges in the images, we implicitly determine the position, orientation, and shape of the real component. For a fast object reconstruction the alignment process has been split in two parts. Initially, the operator approximately aligns a component to the images. In a second step a fitting algorithm is invoked for an automatic and precise alignment. Further improvement in the efficiency of the reconstruction is obtained by imposing geometric constraints on the CAD components of adjacent object parts. [source] Experimental Assessment of Coral Reef Rehabilitation Following Blast FishingCONSERVATION BIOLOGY, Issue 1 2005HELEN E. FOX arrecifes de Indonesia; recuperación de arrecife de coral; restauración de arrecifes Abstract:,Illegal fishing with explosives has damaged coral reefs throughout Southeast Asia. In addition to killing fish and other organisms, the blasts shatter coral skeletons, leaving fields of broken rubble that shift in the current, abrading or burying new coral recruits, and thereby slowing or preventing reef recovery. Successful restoration and rehabilitation efforts can contribute to coral reef conservation. We used field experiments to assess the effectiveness of different low-cost methods for coral reef rehabilitation in Komodo National Park (KNP), Indonesia. Our experiments were conducted at three different spatial scales. At a scale of 1 × 1 m plots, we tested three different rehabilitation methods: rock piles, cement slabs, and netting pinned to the rubble. Significantly more corals per square meter grew on rocks, followed by cement, netting, and untreated rubble, although many plots were scattered by strong water current or buried by rubble after 2.5 years. To test the benefits of the most successful treatment, rocks, at more realistic scales, we established 10 × 10 m plots of rock piles at each of our nine sites in 2000. Three years after installation, coverage by hard corals on the rocks continued to increase, although rehabilitation in high current areas remained the most difficult. In 2002 rehabilitation efforts in KNP were increased over 6000 m2 to test four rock pile designs at each of four rubble field sites. Assuming that there is an adequate larval supply, using rocks for simple, low-budget, large-scale rehabilitation appears to be a viable option for restoring the structural foundation of damaged reefs. Resumen:,La pesca ilegal con explosivos ha dañado a arrecifes de coral en el sureste de Asia. Además de matar a peces y otros organismos, las explosiones destruyen esqueletos de corales, dejando campos de escombros rotos que se mueven con la corriente, erosionando o enterrando a reclutas de coral nuevos y por lo tanto disminuyen o previenen la recuperación del coral. Esfuerzos exitosos de restauración y rehabilitación pueden contribuir a la conservación de arrecifes de coral. Usamos experimentos de campo para evaluar la efectividad de diferentes métodos de bajo costo para la rehabilitación de arrecifes de coral en el Parque Nacional Komodo (PNK), Indonesia. Desarrollamos nuestros experimentos en tres escalas espaciales diferentes. A una escala de parcelas de 1 x 1 m, probamos tres métodos de rehabilitación: pilas de rocas, losas de cemento y redes sobre el escombro. Crecieron significativamente más corales por metro cuadrado sobre rocas, seguido por el cemento, redes y escombro sin tratamiento, aunque muchas parcelas fueron dispersadas por la fuerte corriente de agua o enterradas por escombros después de 2.5 años. Para probar los beneficios del tratamiento más exitoso, rocas, a escalas más realistas, en 2000 establecimos parcelas de 10 x10 m con pilas de rocas en cada unos de nuestros nueve sitios. Tres años después, la cobertura de corales duros sobre las rocas continuó incrementando, aunque la rehabilitación en áreas con corrientes fuertes fue la más difícil. En 2002, los esfuerzos de rehabilitación en PNK se incrementaron a 6000 m2 para probar cuatro diseños de pilas de rocas en cada uno de los cuatro sitios con escombros. Asumiendo que hay una adecuada existencia de larvas, la utilización de rocas para rehabilitación simple, de bajo costo y gran escala parece ser una opción viable para la restauración de la base estructural de arrecifes dañados. [source] Erasure of the paternal transcription program during spermiogenesis: The first step in the reprogramming of sperm chromatin for zygotic developmentDEVELOPMENTAL DYNAMICS, Issue 5 2008Junke Zheng Abstract Male germ cells possess a unique epigenetic program and express a male-specific transcription profile. However, when its chromatin is passed onto the zygote, it expresses an transcription/epigenetic program characteristic of the zygote. The mechanism underlying this reprogramming process is not understood at present. In this study, we show that an extensive range of chromatin factors (CFs), including essential transcription factors and regulators, remodeling factors, histone deacetylases, heterochromatin-binding proteins, and topoisomerases, were removed from chromatin during spermiogenesis. This process will erase the paternal epigenetic program to generate a relatively naive chromatin, which is likely to be essential for installation of the zygotic developmental program after fertilization. We have also showed that transcription termination in male germ cells was temporally correlated with CF dissociation. A genome-wide CF dissociation will inevitably disassemble the transcription apparatus and regulatory mechanism and lead to transcription silence. Based on data presented in this and previous studies (Sun et al., Cell Research [2007] 17:117,134), we propose that paternal-zygotic transcription reprogramming begins with a genome-wide CF dissociation to erase the existing transcription program in later stages of spermatogenesis. This will be followed by assembling of the zygotic equivalent after fertilization. The transcription/epigenetic program of the male germ cell is transformed into a zygotic one using an erase-and-rebuild strategy similar to that used in the maternal-zygotic transition. It is also noted that transcription is terminated long after meiosis is completed and before chromatin becomes highly condensed during spermatogenesis. The temporal order of these events suggests that transcription silence does not have to be coupled to meiosis or chromatin condensation. Developmental Dynamics 237:1463-1476, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] An Emergency Department Intervention to Increase Booster Seat Use for Lower Socioeconomic FamiliesACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE, Issue 4 2006Michael A. Gittelman MD Abstract Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of booster seat education within an emergency department (ED) setting for families residing in lower socioeconomic neighborhoods. Methods: This was a prospective, randomized study of families with children aged 4 to 7 years and weighing 40 to 80 lb who presented to a pediatric ED without a booster seat and resided in lower socioeconomic communities. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of three groups: 1) received standard discharge instructions, 2) received five-minute booster seat training, and 3) received five-minute booster seat training and free booster seat with installation. Automobile restraint practices were obtained initially and by telephone at one month. Results: A total of 225 children were enrolled. Before randomization in the study, 79.6% of parents reported that their child was usually positioned in the car with a lap/shoulder belt and 13.3% with a lap belt alone. Some parents (16.4%) had never heard of a booster seat, and 44.9% believed a lap belt was sufficient restraint. A total of 147 parents (65.3%) were contacted for follow-up at one month. Only one parent (1.3%) in the control group and four parents (5.3%) in the education group purchased and used a booster seat after their ED visit, while 55 parents (98.2%) in the education and installation group reported using the booster seat; 42 (75.0%) of these parents reported using the seat 100% of the time. Conclusions: Education in a pediatric ED did not convince parents to purchase and use booster seats; however, the combination of education with installation significantly increased booster seat use in this population. [source] Requiring suspended drunk drivers to install alcohol interlocks to reinstate their licenses: effective?ADDICTION, Issue 8 2010Robert B. Voas ABSTRACT Aims To evaluate a new method being used by some states for motivating interlock installation by requiring it as a prerequisite to reinstatement of the driver's license. Design The driving records of Florida DWI offenders convicted between July 2002 and June 2008 were analyzed to determine the proportion of offenders subject to the interlock requirement who installed interlocks. Setting Most driving-while-impaired (DWI) offenders succeed in avoiding state laws requiring the installation of a vehicle alcohol interlock. Participants A total of 82 318 Florida DWI offenders. Findings Due to long periods of complete suspension when no driving was permitted and the failure to complete all the requirements imposed by the court, only 21 377 of the 82 318 offenders studied qualified for reinstatement, but 93% of those who qualified did install interlocks to be reinstated. Conclusions Because of the lengthy license suspensions and other barriers that the offenders face in qualifying for reinstatement, it is not clear that requiring a period on the interlock as a prerequisite to reinstating will greatly increase the current installment rate. [source] Sampling subterranean termite species diversity and activity in tropical savannas: an assessment of different bait choicesECOLOGICAL ENTOMOLOGY, Issue 4 2003Tracy Z. Dawes-Gromadzki Abstract., 1.,Cellulose baits are commonly used for semi-quantitative sampling of subterranean wood-feeding termites, with a single food choice sampling programme implemented most often. In most situations, however, the composition and feeding preferences of the subterranean termite assemblage remain unknown. 2.,The diversity, frequency, foraging activity, and intensity of attack of termites were assessed regularly at 144 baits representing 12 different bait choices over 8.5 months, in two northern Australian tropical savanna sites that differed in vegetation structure (closed vs open). Baits differed in type (paper rolls, cardboard, wooden stakes), position (surface, buried), and moisture status at installation (wet, dry). 3.,Sixteen species were recorded, including 11 wood-feeders. Average species diversity, foraging activity, and bait consumption were greater at buried baits than at surface baits. Wooden baits were most attractive early in the experiment, and paper baits more attractive later. Mean species diversity was greatest at wooden stakes in the closed site. Species frequency of occurrence varied across bait choices. 4.,A composite bait sampling protocol of stakes and paper rolls installed above and below ground gave an accurate assessment of the activity, diversity, and structure of the termite guild sampled across all baits over 8.5 months. 5.,The choice of bait, its presentation, and time of examination are critical to the success of a termite baiting programme. If the aim is to characterise the structure and foraging activity of the subterranean termite assemblages that are attracted to baits, composite baiting protocols should be implemented. [source] Development of an oxide semiconductor thick film gas sensor for the detection of total volatile organic compoundsELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATIONS IN JAPAN, Issue 10 2010Masahiro Kadosaki Abstract Since the amendment of the Building Standards Law in 2003, the installation of ventilators is compulsory in newly built houses, because many persons suffer from indoor air pollution caused by volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The goal of this research is to develop a gas sensor that can monitor the total VOC (TVOC) gases indoors and then to control the ventilator efficiently using the sensor. In order to develop a sensor that detects TVOC, the responses of four oxide semiconductor materials to 37 different VOC gases were studied. These materials showed small responses to halogenated and aliphatic hydrocarbon gases. As a result of improving the response to these gases, among four metal oxides examined, SnO2 and WO3 showed high sensitivities by the addition of Pd and Pt. The sensing properties of SnO2 for halogenated hydrocarbon gases were greatly improved by the addition of 0.5 wt% Pd. The sensing properties of SnO2 for aliphatic hydrocarbon gases were improved by the addition of 0.7 wt% Pt. In addition, a sensor element with the addition of both platinum and palladium, that is, Pt (0.5 wt%)-Pd (0.5 wt%)-SnO2, showed a large response to many of the VOC gases examined. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 93(10): 34,41, 2010; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10190 [source] A cooperative distance learning method based on narrow-band Internet and its evaluationELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATIONS IN JAPAN, Issue 4 2010Dilmurat Tilwaldi Abstract This paper describes the experimental evaluation of a cooperative distance learning method, which can be utilized on narrow-band Internet. In this method, students in a group learning environment perform a series of study tasks several times, then create an online report, communicating through a chat facility about a given topic. They try to gain a benefit from their study through a more cooperative attitude. The teacher gives a short lecture at the first stage, and then gives supplementary explanations after ascertaining the degree of understanding by the students at the middle stage of the study. Teaching materials are distributed to the students' PCs beforehand and the lecture can be carried out in a narrow-band environment by transmitting commands. The teacher analyzes the students' communication logs and gives advice for the next study session. This paper describes the result of an evaluation of the proposed method involving a simulated installation of the environment within the campus, which simulated a trial of cooperative distance learning in the periphery of an overseas desert environment. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 93(4): 36,49, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10139 [source] Eliminating a sulfuric acid mist plume from a wet caustic scrubber on a petroleum coke calcinerENVIRONMENTAL PROGRESS & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY, Issue 3 2001Charles A. Brown Reducing sulfuric acid mist emissions and eliminating the visible plume that remained after steam dissipation were the objectives of a project recently completed for a petroleum coke calciner. The coke calciner produces flue gas containing SO2 that is treated with a wet caustic scrubber. The scrubber is extremely efficient at removing most of the SO2, but some oxidizes to SO3, catalyzed by vanadium in the coke dust that collects in the waste heat boiler. Submicron droplets of H2SO4 form when the flue gas is quenched by the scrubber liquor, and makes its way through the scrubber. This paper describes the installation of, and performance test results for, a wet electrostatic precipitator (WESP), as well as SO2 scrubber modifications that were re q u i red to make room for the WESP. The successful project significantly reduced sulfuric acid mist emissions, eliminating the visible plume while maintaining a very low SO2 outlet concentration, even after removing one of three gas-liquid contactors. [source] Impacts of aircraft deicer and anti-icer runoff on receiving waters from Dallas/Fort worth International Airport, Texas, USAENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY & CHEMISTRY, Issue 11 2006Steven R. Corsi Abstract From October 2002 to April 2004, data were collected from Dallas/Fort Worth (DFW) International Airport (TX, USA) outfalls and receiving waters (Trigg Lake and Big Bear Creek) to document the magnitude and potential effects of aircraft deicer and anti-icer fluid (ADAF) runoff on water quality. Glycol concentrations at outfalls ranged from less than 18 to 23,800 mg/L, whereas concentrations in Big Bear Creek were less because of dilution, dispersion, and degradation, ranging from less than 18 to 230 mg/L. Annual loading results indicate that 10 and 35% of what was applied to aircraft was discharged to Big Bear Creek in 2003 and 2004, respectively. Glycol that entered Trigg Lake was diluted and degraded before reaching the lake outlet. Dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations at airport outfalls sometimes were low (<2.0 mg/L) but typical of what was measured in an urban reference stream. In comparison, the DO concentration at Trigg Lake monitoring sites was consistently greater than 5.5 mg/L during the monitoring period, probably because of the installation of aerators in the lake by DFW personnel. The DO concentration in Big Bear Creek was very similar at sites upstream and downstream of airport influence (>5.0 mg/L). Results of toxicity tests indicate that effects on Ceriodaphnia dubia, Pimephales promelas, and Selanastrum capricornutum are influenced by type IV ADAF (anti-icer), not just type I ADAF (deicer) as is more commonly assumed. [source] Endocrine responses of Fundulus heteroclitus to effluent from a bleached-kraft pulp mill before and after installation of reverse osmosis treatment of a waste streamENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY & CHEMISTRY, Issue 11 2000Monique G. Dubé Abstract Implementation of process changes on the nonbleaching side of bleached kraft pulp mill (BKPM) operations has increased in recent years to maximize resource use and to minimize residual environmental effects of discharged effluents. The objective of this study was to determine if reverse osmosis (RO) treatment of evaporator and digester clean condensates reduced or removed the effects of a BKPM effluent on reproductive endocrine function of the estuarine killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus (mummichog). Comparison of data collected before (1997) and after (1998), the years of the process change, showed that the potential of the combined mill effluent to depress plasma testosterone levels after 30 and 57 d of exposure to an environmentally relevant effluent concentration (1%) was reduced after RO treatment of condensates. However, in vitro production of some sex steroids was depressed with a 1% effluent exposure after the process change. In addition, in 1998, depression of plasma testosterone levels in effluent-exposed fish was present at higher effluent concentrations (5%). These results are significant because they suggest that condensates may be a source of endocrine-disrupting compounds in BKPM effluents and RO may reduce their discharge. [source] Anomia for people's names, a restricted form of transient epileptic amnesiaEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY, Issue 6 2003F. Ghika-Schmid A 37-year-old man consulted after two episodes of transient anomia for people's names over a period of 6 months. The first episode lasted about 10 min and was restricted to an inability to remember his 2-year-old son's first name. The second, was limited to an inability to recall his daughter's first name for 5 min with clear abnormal experiential quality. Witnessed descriptions of the attacks confirmed the absence of any other cognitive impairment or motor automatisms. The neurological examination was normal except for hyposmia. Inter-ictal cognitive evaluation was normal apart from the anomia for people's names or retrieval of names of familiar people in his childhood on definition and on famous faces naming test. A wake electroencephalograph showed left temporal epileptiform abnormalities, following hyperpnea. On magnetic resonance imaging, quantitative analysis revealed a mildly decreased volume of the left hippocampus. The diagnosis of transient epileptic amnesia (TEA) was considered and the patient did not recur for 6 months under lamotriginum. Thus anomia for people's names may be the sole clinical manifestation of TEA. Such a clinical presentation may easily be overlooked. Treatment may prevent further recurrence and the installation of more important and permanent autobiographical memory impairment. Our observation may suggest an isolated system not only for people's knowledge, but for people's naming. It is consistent with the notion of proper name as pure referring expression. [source] 2-Substituted Benzo[b]furans from (E)-1,2-Dichlorovinyl Ethers and Organoboron Reagents: Scope and Mechanistic Investigations into the One-Pot Suzuki Coupling/Direct Arylation,EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 29 2010Laina M. Geary Abstract 2-Substituted benzo[b]furans can easily be assembled from simple phenols, boronic acids or other organoboron reagents, and trichloroethylene. The overall process requires only two synthetic steps, with the key step being a one-pot sequential Suzuki cross-coupling/direct arylation reaction. The method tolerates many useful functional groups and does not require the installation of any other activating functionality. The modular nature of the process permits the rapid synthesis of many analogues using essentially the same chemistry, of particular value in drug development. Results of kinetic isotope effect studies and investigations into the regioselectivity of the process indicate that the direct arylation step most likely does not involve an electrophilic palladation. The most likely mechanism lies somewhere on the continuum between a C,H bond metathesis and an assisted palladation or concerted metallation-deprotonation pathway. [source] Application of Selective Palladium-Mediated Functionalization of the Pyrido[3,,2,:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2- c]pyrimidine Heterocyclic System for the Total Synthesis of Variolin B and Deoxyvariolin B,EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 29 2010Alejandro Baeza Abstract The reaction of protected 3-bromo-2-(bromomethyl)-4-methoxypyrrolo[2,3- b]pyridine and tosylmethyl isocyanide (TosMIC) afforded a pyrido[3,,2,:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2- c]pyrimidine derivative in good yield. This compound was transformed through installation of the pyrimidine moiety in the C5 position, hydrolysis, and decarboxylation in an advanced intermediate for the total or formal synthesis of the naturalalkaloid variolin B. Reaction of 3-bromo-2-(bromomethyl)-4-chloropyrrolo[2,3- b]pyridine with N -tosylmethyl dichloroformimide as a synthetic TosMIC equivalent afforded trihalo-substituted pyrido[3,,2,:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2- c]pyrimidine. This compound was used in a new total synthesis of the alkaloid variolin B by selective and sequential C,N, C,C, and C,O palladium-mediated functionalization at the C9, C5, and C4 positions of the pyrido[3,,2,:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2- c]pyrimidine system. A formal synthesis of deoxyvariolin B is also described by using the same synthetic strategy. [source] Synthesis of the Carbon Framework of the Stephaoxocanes Employing a Sequential RCM/Pomeranz,Fritsch ApproachEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 31 2007Andrea B. J. Bracca Abstract The syntheses of two cyclodeca[ij]isoquinoline derivatives, which embody the carbon framework of stephaoxocanidine, excentricine and the recently isolated stephalonganines A, B and C, are reported. The target tricyclic compounds were prepared from isovanillin, employing a ring-closing metathesis approach towards the synthesis of a benzocyclodecane-type common intermediate; different modifications of thePomeranz,Fritsch protocol allowed the installation of the heterocyclic ring.(© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007) [source] Automated diffusion chambers to monitor diurnal and seasonal dynamics of the soil CO2 concentration profileEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOIL SCIENCE, Issue 4 2009F. Albanito Summary To better understand the factors controlling carbon dioxide (CO2) production and transport in soil, we developed a new method to continuously monitor soil CO2 concentration at multiple depths, by using diffusion chambers. The soil diffusion chambers are constructed from a high-density polyethylene cylindrical frame enclosed by a micro-polyvinylidene difluoride flat membrane (PVDF). All chambers are linked to an infrared gas analyser positioned above-ground through a multi-port valve system. We set up two experimental sites for long-term measurements of soil CO2 concentration, soil temperature and soil water content at depths of 0, 10, 20, 40 and 80 cm. The system provides the following advantages : (i) the use of the PVDF combined with the small dimensions of the diffusion chambers allows rapid diffusion of soil gas into the chambers and therefore a short equilibration time of the gas phase with the surrounding soil atmosphere, (ii) the equilibrating closed loop system allows the semi-continuous measurement of soil profile CO2 concentrations without creating a pressure differential within the chambers, thus reducing gas concentration distortions in the soil, (iii) the small size of the closed diffusion chambers reduces the initial soil disturbance during installation, (iv) it allows sampling in wet, humid soils, including ones that are waterlogged or temporarily saturated, and (v) the chambers do not require removal for maintenance purposes and are inexpensive. [source] Influence of line routing and terminations on transient overvoltages in LV power installationsEUROPEAN TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRICAL POWER, Issue 8 2009Ibrahim A. Metwally Abstract IEC 62305-4 gives the rules for the selection and the installation of surge protective devices (SPDs), where the maximum enhancement factor is considered to be equal to 2 in the worst case of open-circuit condition. The objective of the present paper is to check this relation for equipment connected to low-voltage (LV) power system. The LV power system is considered as TN-S system with different routings in three- and six-storey buildings. The terminals of apparatus are substituted by a variety of different loads, namely, resistances, inductances, and capacitances. All Maxwell's equations are solved by the method of moments (MoM) and the voltage is calculated at the apparatus terminals. The SPD itself is simulated by a voltage source at the ground floor. The results reveal that the voltage at the apparatus terminals may overshoot the SPD protection level by a factor of 3 irrespective of the number of floors and loops. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] The assessment of the impacts of the security management in a competitive environmentEUROPEAN TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRICAL POWER, Issue 5 2009Ettore Bompard Abstract Security management is of the utmost importance in power system and many efforts have been made on this issue since a reliable supply of electricity is crucial to the modern societies. The traditional approach adopted in Europe is based on the "n,,,1" steady-state security that is efficient, although restrictive, and can continue to play an important role also in the new competitive context. In this paper, three alternative market-based models for security consideration are introduced, according to preventive and corrective control approaches. The models are presented and analyzed in terms of their economic impacts on the market throughout a set of useful indexes that allows for a ranking of the advantages got from the re-enforcement of the lines. Moreover, the positive impacts of the phase-shifter (PS) installation for the security and congestion management are quantified and indexes are derived to assess their optimal location. The different models and the exploitation of the proposed indexes are illustrated with reference to a 34-bus test system. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Load-flow conditions for hvdc transmission in synchronous networksEUROPEAN TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRICAL POWER, Issue 2 2000J. Warnking The basic purpose for HVDC (high-voltage direct current) transmission is to transmit a determined value of electrical power from one electrical node to another. If there is an AC system in parallel to an HVDC transmission, the load flow via this parallel AC system can be controlled directly. Since HVDC systems offer possibilities to perform fast load-flow control, they can also be used for improving stability. In this paper load-flow calculations of a simplified network are presented. First a comparison between HVDC transmission operating in asynchronous resp. synchronous networks is shown. Synchronous network means that the HVDC transmission works in parallel to an AC system at the same voltage level. It is shown how voltage at the point of installation and how the load angle are influenced due to the synchronous operation. A special regard is drawn to the losses of the transmission. Conditions for minimum total losses are presented. Informer calculations loads are involved. It is shown how they influence the minimum total losses. [source] A review on the interactions between gut microbiota and innate immunity of fishFEMS IMMUNOLOGY & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 2 2008Geovanny D. Gómez Abstract Although fish immunology has progressed in the last few years, the contribution of the normal endogenous microbiota to the overall health status has been so far underestimated. In this context, the establishment of a normal or protective microbiota constitutes a key component to maintain good health, through competitive exclusion mechanisms, and has implications for the development and maturation of the immune system. The normal microbiota influences the innate immune system, which is of vital importance for the disease resistance of fish and is divided into physical barriers, humoral and cellular components. Innate humoral parameters include antimicrobial peptides, lysozyme, complement components, transferrin, pentraxins, lectins, antiproteases and natural antibodies, whereas nonspecific cytotoxic cells and phagocytes (monocytes/macrophages and neutrophils) constitute innate cellular immune effectors. Cytokines are an integral component of the adaptive and innate immune response, particularly IL-1,, interferon, tumor necrosis factor-,, transforming growth factor-, and several chemokines regulate innate immunity. This review covers the innate immune mechanisms of protection against pathogens, in relation with the installation and composition of the normal endogenous microbiota in fish and its role on health. Knowledge of such interaction may offer novel and useful means designing adequate therapeutic strategies for disease prevention and treatment. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||