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Infrastructure
Kinds of Infrastructure Terms modified by Infrastructure Selected AbstractsHAYEKIAN ECONOMIC INFRASTRUCTURE AS A FOUNDATION FOR SUSTAINED PROSPERITYCONTEMPORARY ECONOMIC POLICY, Issue 1 2001JL Jordan Rather than debate whether technical advances have created a ,new economy', economists should focus on the more interesting and useful question: How do we create the sort of environment in which innovation and the productive use of new technology thrive, thereby creating economic prosperity? Such an environment is the product of government laying the appropriate infrastructure, manifested in the culture of the institutions it supports. This article discusses the features governments must incorporate into their institutions in order to build an economic infrastructure that promotes prosperity. [source] THIRD-PARTY ACCESS TO INFRASTRUCTURE: THE CASE OF THE MT NEWMAN RAIL LINE IN THE PILBARAECONOMIC PAPERS: A JOURNAL OF APPLIED ECONOMICS AND POLICY, Issue 4 2007PAUL KOSHY Australia is continuing to develop a legal and administrative framework for facilitating third party access to important infrastructure. This paper examines the workings of the organisation charged with assessing requests for access,the National Competition Council,in the context of the Council's Final Recommendation on an application by the Fortescue Metals Group for access to the Mt Newman Rail Line, owned and operated by BHP Billiton Iron Ore. The discussion draws on submissions to the Council and the recent literature on rail access in order to critique this decision. It concludes by observing that further research is needed to develop a methodology for a more formal approach to determining certain key questions. [source] IN BETWEEN CURING AND COUNTING: PERFORMATIVE EFFECTS OF EXPERIMENTS WITH HEALTHCARE INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTUREFINANCIAL ACCOUNTABILITY & MANAGEMENT, Issue 3 2007Signe Vikkelsø Performance standards and accountability pervade modern healthcare. According to Michael Power, this may signify a new rationality of governance characterized by control of controls, which affects practices not by direct intervention, but through the processes by which practices are made auditable. The paper addresses this thesis by exploring the construction of a Danish standard for electronic patient records. It is shown that making healthcare auditable activates deep tensions between programs of clinical practice, quality control, evidence based medicine, and casemix funding, resulting in an ambiguous and unstable standard. During this process, however, particular notions of patients, diseases, and diagnoses emerge as undisputed innovations, which may come to survive the subsequent career of the standard. The paper discusses the performative effects of these innovations and argues that information infrastructure has become an analytically important site for exploring the substantial effects of new rationalities of governance in healthcare. [source] THE IMPACTS OF TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE ON PROPERTY VALUES: A HIGHER-ORDER SPATIAL ECONOMETRICS APPROACHJOURNAL OF REGIONAL SCIENCE, Issue 3 2007Jeffrey P. Cohen ABSTRACT We evaluate the impacts of enhanced transportation systems on property values for U.S. manufacturing firms, allowing for higher-order spatial error correlation. We use a state-level model of production cost and input demand that recognizes the productive contribution of public transportation infrastructure stocks. Our findings include significant impacts on property shadow values and input composition from both public highway and airport investment. We also find that these effects have a spatial dimension that depends on the proximity of the transport system; at least one and as many as three spatial error lags are significant in our estimating equations. Further, recognizing production growth from transportation system improvements augments the associated incentives for private capital investment. [source] RESPONDING TO CRISES IN THE MODERN INFRASTRUCTURE.PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION, Issue 1 2010POLICY LESSONS FROM Y2K - by Kevin F. Quigley No abstract is available for this article. [source] EMPIRICAL IMPACT OF PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE ON THE JAPANESE ECONOMY,THE JAPANESE ECONOMIC REVIEW, Issue 4 2008CHRISTOPHER N. ANNALA We study the impact of public capital investment on individual sectors of the Japanese economy using time-series data for the period of 1970,1998. We employ a production function approach and also estimate a dynamic VAR/ECM model. We find significant differences in the employment effects, output effects and private investment effects across sectors. Public capital investment has a positive effect on employment in the finance, insurance and real estate (FIRE), manufacturing, construction and utilities sectors; on private investment in the FIRE, agriculture, transportation, trade and services sectors; and on output in the mining, FIRE, trade and manufacturing sectors. [source] INFRASTRUCTURE, LONG-RUN ECONOMIC GROWTH AND CAUSALITY TESTS FOR COINTEGRATED PANELSTHE MANCHESTER SCHOOL, Issue 5 2008DAVID CANNING We investigate the consequences of various types of infrastructure provision in a panel of countries from 1950 to 1992. We develop new tests which enable us to isolate the sign and direction of long-run effects in a manner that is robust to the presence of unknown heterogeneous short-run causal relationships. We show that while infrastructure does tend to cause long-run economic growth, there is substantial variation across countries. We also provide evidence that each infrastructure type is provided at close to the growth-maximizing level on average globally, but is under-supplied in some countries and over-supplied in others. [source] Locating a Surveillance Infrastructure in and Near Ports or on Other Planar Surfaces to Monitor FlowsCOMPUTER-AIDED CIVIL AND INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING, Issue 2 2010Pitu B. Mirchandani This article addresses the problem of locating surveillance radars to cover a given target surface that may have barriers through which radar signals cannot penetrate. The area of coverage of a radar is assumed to be a disc, or a partial disc when there are barriers, with a known radius. The article shows that the corresponding location problems relate to two well studied problems: the set-covering model and the maximal covering problem. In the first problem, the minimum number of radars is to be located to completely cover the target area; in the second problem a given number M of radars are to be located to cover the target area as much as possible. Based on a discrete representation of the target area, a Lagrangian heuristic and a two-stage procedure with a conquer-and-divide scaling are developed to solve the above two models. The computational experiences reported demonstrate that the developed method solves well the radar location problems formulated here. [source] Managing Transportation Infrastructure for Sustainable DevelopmentCOMPUTER-AIDED CIVIL AND INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING, Issue 3 2002Edward O. Akinyemi Major requirements for operationalization of the concept of sustainable development in urban transportation infrastructure operations management are presented. In addition, it is shown that the current approach to management is incompatible with the requirements for sustainable urban development. Consequently, the conceptual framework of a desirable approach is proposed. The philosophy of this approach is that the basic mission of infrastructure operations management is to obtain and maintain the maximum levels of people and goods mobility possible within the resources and environmental capacities in an area. A mathematical model is presented for obtaining the desirable levels and characteristics of traffic on each segment of an urban transportation network. In addition, three illustrative applications of the implemented model are presented. [source] Information Processing and Firm-Internal Environment Contingencies: Performance Impact on Global New Product DevelopmentCREATIVITY AND INNOVATION MANAGEMENT, Issue 3 2010Elko Kleinschmidt Innovation in its essence is an information processing activity. Thus, a major factor impacting the success of new product development (NPD) programs, especially those responding to global markets, is the firm's ability to access, share and apply NPD information, which is often widely dispersed, functionally, geographically and culturally. To this end, an IT-communication strength is essential, one that is nested in an internal organizational environment that ensures its effective functioning. Using organizational information processing (OIP) theory as a framework, superior global NPD program performance is shown to result from an effective IT/Communication strength and the commitment components of the firm's internal environment, which are hypothesized to moderate this relationship. IT/Communication strength is identified in this study in terms of two components including the IT/Comm Infrastructure and IT/Comm Capability of the firm, whereas the moderating internal environment of the firm incorporates Resource Commitment and Senior Management Involvement. Data from a major empirical study of international NPD programs (382 SBUs) are used to develop and test this model. Based on a hierarchical regression analysis, the results are substantially supportive, with some unexpected findings. These shed light on the complex relationships of the firm's internal environment, OIP competency, and global NPD program performance. [source] An Exploratory Analysis of the Value of the Skills of IT Personnel: Their Relationship to IS Infrastructure and Competitive AdvantageDECISION SCIENCES, Issue 1 2001Terry Anthony Byrd Abstract Determining and assessing the requisite skills of information technology (IT) personnel have become critical as the value of IT has risen in modern organizations. In addition to technical skills traditionally expected of IT personnel, softer skills like managerial, business, and interpersonal skills have been increasingly cited in previous studies as mandatory for these employees. This paper uses a typology of IT personnel skills,technology management skills, business functional skills, interpersonal skills, and technical skills,and investigates their relationships to two information systems (IS) success variables, IS infrastructure flexibility and the competitive advantage provided by IS. The study investigates these relationships using the perceptions of chief information officers (CIOs) from mostly Fortune 2000 companies. The contributions of this study are: IT personnel skills do affect IS success, technical skills are viewed as the most important skill set in affecting IS infrastructure flexibility and competitive advantage, and modularity is viewed as more valuable to competitive advantage than integration. Several explanations are offered for the lack of positive relationships between the softer IT personnel skills and the dimensions of IS success used in this study. [source] Private-Sector Investment in Infrastructure: Rationale and Causality for Pro-poor ImpactsDEVELOPMENT POLICY REVIEW, Issue 4 2009Rebecca Shah This article reviews the arguments for promoting private investment in infrastructure as a basis for poverty reduction in developing countries. It describes the experience leading to the development of international ,facilities' intended to address impediments to private investment. It then explores three ,levels' of literature: that of the facilities themselves, of donor organisations, and of academic authors. At each, it investigates the rationale and causal pathways leading from support for private investment to pro-poor outcomes. It finds there is a possible but not necessary association between private investment, economic growth and poverty reduction, but the causal chain is poorly understood. It proposes the development of such a causal framework. [source] Private Provision of Infrastructure in Emerging Markets: Do Institutions Matter?DEVELOPMENT POLICY REVIEW, Issue 2 2006Sudeshna Ghosh Banerjee Governments in developing countries have encouraged private sector investment to meet the growing demand for infrastructure. According to institutional theory, the role of institutions is paramount in private sector development. A longitudinal dataset of 40 developing economies between 1990 and 2000 is used to test empirically how different institutional structures affect private investment in infrastructure, in particular its volume and frequency. The results indicate that property rights and bureaucratic quality play a significant role in promoting private infrastructure investment. Interestingly, they also suggest that countries with higher levels of corruption attract greater private participation in infrastructure. [source] Infrastructure and Rural Development: US and EU Perspectives Infrastruktur und Entwicklung des ländlichen Raums: Perspektiven aus den USA und der EU Infrastructures et développement rural : Perspectives aux États-Unis et dans l'Union européenneEUROCHOICES, Issue 1 2008David Blandford Infrastructure and Rural Development: US and EU Perspectives Infrastructural development remains a cornerstone of rural development policy in both the United States and Europe. It is evident that rural development objectives differ, but similar policy measures are used. The economic rationale for infrastructure development centres on efficiency and creation of competitive advantage. Policy intervention is justified because of the added costs of infrastructure provision in remote, sparsely populated areas. Although this policy focus does not guarantee success, regions leading in economic development typically have better physical infrastructure. In the United States, policy must adapt to challenges posed by an ageing rural infrastructure and demographic change that will increase demands on social infrastructure such as housing and health facilities. There will be greater local responsibility for funding, and expanded use of public/private partnerships. In the European Union, the major challenge is in redirecting resources to new member states, where there is urgent need for both large new investments in transport networks and small investments to improve local access. Although two current options for funding these diverse needs focus on European policies only, investments in non-farm physical capital and public infrastructure cannot be sustained without active national policies to complement the European efforts, perhaps through co-financing requirements. Infrastructures et développement rural : Perspectives aux États-Unis et dans l'Union européenne Le développement des infrastructures demeure un pilier de la politique de développement rural aux États-Unis comme dans l'Union européenne. Les objectifs de développement rural diffèrent bien évidemment mais des mesures semblables sont employées. La justification économique du développement des infrastructures repose sur l'efficience et la création d'avantages concurrentiels. L'intervention publique est justifiée par les coûts supplémentaires des infrastructures dans les zones éloignées à population clairsemée. Bien que ce type de politique ne garantisse pas le succès, les régions en avance de développement économique ont en général de meilleures infrastructures physiques. Aux États-Unis, la politique soit s'adapter aux défis que posent le vieillissement des infrastructures rurales et l'évolution démographique qui va augmenter la demande d'infrastructures sociales telles que les services de santé et de logement. La responsabilité du financement local va augmenter et les partenariats public/privé vont se développer. Dans l'Union européenne, le principal défi est de réorienter les ressources vers les nouveaux pays membres qui ont un besoin urgent de nouveaux investissement d'ampleur dans les réseaux de transport et d'investissement de plus faible ampleur dans l'amélioration des accès locaux. Deux options actuelles de financement de ces divers besoins se concentrent sur les seules politiques européennes, mais les investissements dans le capital physique non agricole et dans les infrastructures publiques ne peuvent pas se poursuivre sans des politiques nationales actives complémentant les efforts fournis au niveau européen, peut-être à travers des mécanismes de co-financement. Infrastruktur und Entwicklung des ländlichen Raums: Perspektiven aus den USA und der EU Bei der Entwicklung der Infrastruktur handelt es sich nach wie vor sowohl in den USA als auch in Europa um einen Eckpfeiler in der Politik zur Entwicklung des ländlichen Raums. Es ist offensichtlich, dass sich die Ziele bei der Entwicklung des ländlichen Raums unterscheiden, die Politikmaßnahmen ähneln sich jedoch. Die wirtschaftliche Begründung für die Entwicklung der Infrastruktur zielt auf die Effizienz und das Schaffen von Wettbewerbsvorteilen ab. Politikeingriffe sind gerechtfertigt, da die Bereitstellung von Infrastruktur in entlegenen, dünn besiedelten Gebieten höhere Kosten verursacht. Obgleich dieser Schwerpunkt der Politik den Erfolg noch nicht garantiert, verfügen die wirtschaftlich am weitesten entwickelten Regionen typischerweise über eine bessere physische Infrastruktur. In den USA muss sich die Politik an die Herausforderungen anpassen, welche eine in die Jahre gekommene Infrastruktur im ländlichen Raum und der demografische Wandel mit sich bringen, und wodurch neue Anforderungen an die soziale Infrastruktur, wie z.B. Wohnungsbau und Gesundheitseinrichtungen, gestellt werden. Bei der Finanzierung werden die Kommunen stärker in die Verantwortung genommen, und öffentlich-private Partnerschaften werden an Bedeutung gewinnen. In der EU besteht die größte Herausforderung darin, Ressourcen zu den neuen Mitgliedstaaten umzuverteilen, wo sowohl neue Großinvestitionen in die Transportnetzwerke als auch kleinere Investitionen zur Verbesserung des lokalen Zugangs dringend benötigt werden. Obwohl sich die beiden im Moment vorhandenen Optionen zur Finanzierung dieser vielfältigen Bedürfnisse ausschließlich auf europäische Politikmaßnahmen konzentrieren, können die Investitionen in außerlandwirtschaftliches physisches Kapital und in die öffentliche Infrastruktur nicht ohne wirksame Politikmaßnahmen auf nationaler Ebene (z.B. die Pflicht zur Kofinanzierung) als Ergänzung zu den Bemühungen auf europäischer Ebene aufrecht erhalten werden. [source] Comparing Investments in New Transport Infrastructure: Roads versus Railways?FISCAL STUDIES, Issue 3 2003Luisa Affuso Abstract This paper contributes to the debate on investment in transport infrastructure and the allocation of public funds between road and railway projects. We model the two options and provide a consistent framework to appraise investment in typical new inter,urban road and rail projects. Our results suggest that road improvements have substantially higher returns than railway schemes. These findings cast doubt on the rationale of the new transport policy for the UK, which proposes to allocate more public funds to the (private) railways than total new investment in strategic roads. [source] Reshaping the State: Administrative Reform and New Public Management in FranceGOVERNANCE, Issue 4 2005ALISTAIR COLE This essay examines the administrative reform process in France since the late 1980s. The key reforms undertaken during this period have sought to delegate greater managerial autonomy to the ministerial field-service level. We undertook semistructured interviews with officials in the field services of three French ministries (Education, Agriculture, and Infrastructure) in the Champagne-Ardennes region, as well as with members of the wider policy communities. The capacity of the field services to adopt a proactive approach to management reform depended on five key variables: internal organizational dynamics; the attitude of the central services to mesolevel autonomy; the degree of institutional receptivity to change; the type of service delivery, and the extent of penetration in local networks. The Infrastructure Ministry was more receptive to management change than either Education or (especially) Agriculture, a receptivity that reflects the institutional diversity of the French administrative system, and that supports new institutionalist arguments. The essay rejects straightforward convergence to the New Policy Management norm. Changes in public management norms require either endogenous discursive shifts or else need to be interpreted in terms of domestic registers that are acceptable or understandable to those charged with implementing reform. [source] Infrastructure for the advancement of hydrologic scienceHYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES, Issue 4 2002Marshall E. Moss No abstract is available for this article. [source] Message in a Metro: Building Urban Rail Infrastructure and Image in Delhi, IndiaINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF URBAN AND REGIONAL RESEARCH, Issue 2 2006MATTI SIEMIATYCKI The world over, infrastructure mega projects have become more prevalent, even as evidence suggests that such projects often experience significant cost overruns while failing to fully deliver on their projected benefits. In this light, this article will argue that continued support for infrastructure mega projects stems from the way that such projects are presented to the public. Using the case of the development of a metro railway in Delhi, India, it shows that galvanizing public support and attracting patrons to a public transit system stems from creating an all-round positive image that combines tangible variables with an intangible set of symbolic meanings. Of course, image is only an impression, and does not necessarily reflect reality. In this light, the final section of this article examines the broad physical and societal implications of the metro development in Delhi, and uncovers the driving forces behind the project. The article concludes that, in spite of the cultivation of a positive image, the specific metro form that was developed in Delhi to satisfy each of the special interest groups involved in its production might be specifically one that fails to suit the transportation needs of the city. [source] Imperial Warfare in the Naked City,Sociality as Critical InfrastructureINTERNATIONAL POLITICAL SOCIOLOGY, Issue 3 2008Ronnie D. Lipschutz The Global War on Terror (GWOT), framed as conflict with groups and individuals determined to disrupt and destroy "critical infrastructures," is heavily dependent on technological and psychological discourses and practices to find terrorists and their plots., These methods seek to protect the material "backbone" of contemporary society and to detect those individuals whose capabilities might progress to action. Yet, the social nature of all action suggests that "critical infrastructure is people," and that surveillance cannot, by itself, determine who might act and who will not. The ultimate purpose and effect of the GWOT is better understood as involving the transformation of individual mentalities, so that "heretical" thoughts and practices become impossible. [source] Ownership Concentration in Privatized Firms: The Role of Disclosure Standards, Auditor Choice, and Auditing InfrastructureJOURNAL OF ACCOUNTING RESEARCH, Issue 5 2006OMRANE GUEDHAMI ABSTRACT We rely on a unique data set to estimate the impact of disclosure standards and auditor-related characteristics on ownership concentration in 190 privatized firms from 31 countries. Accounting transparency can help alleviate the agency conflict between minority investors and controlling shareholders, which is evident in the extent of ownership concentration, since the expropriation of corporate resources hinges on these private benefits remaining hidden. After controlling for other country-level and firm-level determinants, we find weak (no) evidence that extensive disclosure standards (auditor choice) reduce ownership concentration. In contrast, we report strong, robust evidence that ownership concentration is lower in countries with securities laws that specify a lower burden of proof in civil and criminal litigation against auditors, consistent with Ball's [2001] predictions. Collectively, our research implies that minority investors worldwide value legal institutions that discipline auditors in the event of financial reporting failure over both the presence of a Big 5 auditor and better disclosure standards. Re-estimating our regressions on a broad sample of western European public firms provides similar evidence on all of our predictions. [source] AfDB Support for InfrastructureAFRICA RESEARCH BULLETIN: ECONOMIC, FINANCIAL AND TECHNICAL SERIES, Issue 10 2009Article first published online: 27 NOV 200 No abstract is available for this article. [source] The Revenge of Distance: Vulnerability Analysis of Critical Information InfrastructureJOURNAL OF CONTINGENCIES AND CRISIS MANAGEMENT, Issue 2 2004Sean P. Gorman The events of 11 September 2001 brought an increased focus on security in the United States and specifically the protection of critical infrastructure. Critical infrastructure encompasses a wide array of physical assets such as the electric power grid, telecommunications, oil and gas pipelines, transportation networks and computer data networks. This paper will focus on computer data networks and the spatial implications of their susceptibility to targeted attacks. Utilising a database of national data carriers, simulations will be run to determine the repercussions of targeted attacks and what the relative merits of different methods of identifying critical nodes are. This analysis will include comparison of current methods employed in vulnerability analysis with spatially constructed methods incorporating regional and distance variables. In addition to vulnerability analysis a method will be proposed to analyse the fusion of physical and logical networks, and will discuss what new avenues this approach reveals. The analysis concludes that spatial information networks are vulnerable to targeted attacks and algorithms based on distance metrics do a better job of identifying critical nodes than classic accessibility indexes. The results of the analysis are placed in the context of public policy posing the question do private infrastructure owners have sufficient incentives to remedy vulnerabilities in critical networks. [source] Protecting the Nation's Critical Infrastructure: The Vulnerability of U.S. Water Supply SystemsJOURNAL OF CONTINGENCIES AND CRISIS MANAGEMENT, Issue 2 2000Robert M. Clark Terrorism in the United States was not considered a serious threat until the second half of the 1990s. However, recent attacks both at home and abroad have forced government planners to consider the possibility that critical elements of the U.S. infrastructure might in fact be vulnerable to terrorism. The potential for chemical or biological contamination of water supply systems exists along with the possibility that such systems might be sabotaged. This article reviews the threat of biological and chemical compounds in relation to the characteristics of water supply systems. Vulnerability of such systems to terrorist attacks is examined, as well as possible physical and chemical countermeasures that could be applied. A case study is presented of an accidental contamination event that illustrates the difficulty of tracking such events in a drinking water system. It can be concluded that municipal water supplies are vulnerable. However, appropriate physical planning of such systems, including contingency back-up with separate water lines for emergencies, coupled with proactive monitoring, will significantly increase security in the face of possible terrorist attacks. [source] Project AURORA: Infrastructure and flight control experiments for a robotic airshipJOURNAL OF FIELD ROBOTICS (FORMERLY JOURNAL OF ROBOTIC SYSTEMS), Issue 3-4 2006Ely Carneiro de Paiva Project AURORA aims at the development of unmanned robotic airships capable of autonomous flight over user-defined locations for aerial inspection and environmental monitoring missions. In this article, the authors report a successful control and navigation scheme for a robotic airship flight path following. First, the AURORA airship, software environment, onboard system, and ground station infrastructures are described. Then, two main approaches for the automatic control and navigation system of the airship are presented. The first one shows the design of dedicated controllers based on the linearized dynamics of the vehicle. Following this methodology, experimental results for the airship flight path following through a set of predefined points in latitude/longitude, along with automatic altitude control are presented. A second approach considers the design of a single global nonlinear control scheme, covering all of the aerodynamic operational range in a sole formulation. Nonlinear control solutions under investigation for the AURORA airship are briefly described, along with some preliminary simulation results. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] Lindahl Pricing, Nonrival Infrastructure, and Endogenous GrowthJOURNAL OF PUBLIC ECONOMIC THEORY, Issue 4 2001Dipankar Dasgupta The paper constructs a model of endogenous growth where infrastructure is an accumulable stock generating a nonrival input service. A typical market economy cannot attain the socially optimum steady state path, since nonrivalry precludes competitive pricing of infrastructure. However, there exist agent specific prices for the infrastructural service, a price for the infrastructural stock, a rate of interest, and a subsidy for the representative household that can sustain the optimal path as a dynamic Lindahl equilibrium. The rates of return from physical and infrastructural capital equal the rate of interest. Investment programs are socially optimum. The government's budget is balanced. [source] An Assessment of the Dental Public Health Infrastructure in the United StatesJOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH DENTISTRY, Issue 1 2006Scott L. Tomar DMD Abstract Objectives: The National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research commissioned an assessment of the dental public health infrastructure in the United States as a first step toward ensuring its adequacy. This study examined several elements of the US dental public health infrastructure in government, education, workforce, and regulatory issues, focused primarily at the state level. Methods: Data were drawn from a wide range of sources, including original surveys, analysis of existing databases, and compilation of publicly available information. Results: In 2002, 72.5% of states had a full-time dental director and 65% of state dental programs had total budgets of $1 million or less. Among U.S. dental schools, 68% had a dental public health academic unit. Twelve and a half percent of dental schools and 64.3% of dental hygiene programs had no faculty member with a public health degree. Among schools of public health, 15% offered a graduate degree in a dental public health concentration area, and 60% had no faculty member with a dental or dental hygiene degree. There were 141 active diplomates of the American Board of Dental Public Health as of February 2001; 15% worked for state, county, or local governments. In May 2003, there were 640 US members of the American Association of Public Health Dentistry with few members in most states. In 2002, 544 American Dental Association members reported their specialty as Dental Public Health, which ranged from 0 in five states to 41 in California. Just two states had a public health dentist on their dental licensing boards. Conclusions: Findings suggest the US dental public health workforce is small, most state programs have scant funding, the field has minimal presence in academia, and dental public health has little role in the regulation of dentistry and dental hygiene. Successful efforts to enhance the many aspects of the US dental public health infrastructure will require substantial collaboration among many diverse partners. [source] The Inclusive City: Infrastructure and Public Services for the Urban Poor in Asia edited by Aprodicio A. Laquian, Vinod Tewari, and Lisa M. HanleyJOURNAL OF REGIONAL SCIENCE, Issue 4 2008George Pomeroy No abstract is available for this article. [source] A public-key based authentication and key establishment protocol coupled with a client puzzleJOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR INFORMATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, Issue 9 2003M.C. Lee Network Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks, which exhaust server resources and network bandwidth, can cause the target servers to be unable to provide proper services to the legitimate users and in some cases render the target systems inoperable and/or the target networks inaccessible. DoS attacks have now become a serious and common security threat to the Internet community. Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) has long been incorporated in various authentication protocols to facilitate verifying the identities of the communicating parties. The use of PKI has, however, an inherent problem as it involves expensive computational operations such as modular exponentiation. An improper deployment of the public-key operations in a protocol could create an opportunity for DoS attackers to exhaust the server's resources. This paper presents a public-key based authentication and key establishment protocol coupled with a sophisticated client puzzle, which together provide a versatile solution for possible DoS attacks and various other common attacks during an authentication process. Besides authentication, the protocol also supports a joint establishment of a session key by both the client and the server, which protects the session communications after the mutual authentication. The proposed protocol has been validated using a formal logic theory and has been shown, through security analysis, to be able to resist, besides DoS attacks, various other common attacks. [source] Foreign Direct Investment, Infrastructure and the Welfare Effects of Labour MigrationTHE MANCHESTER SCHOOL, Issue 3 2002Frank Barry A model of a small open economy with open capital and labour markets is presented. Labour demand is based on capital mobility and increasing returns in production. Migration decisions are based on the relative attractiveness of regions in terms of the stock of infrastructure, including its tax cost and the degree of congestion, and the level of wages prevailing. Equilibria are not Pareto efficient because individuals do not take account of the impact of their actions on the level of wages prevailing, the extent of the tax base to finance infrastructural provision, or the degree of congestion. The model generates new insights into a range of policy issues that surfaced over the course of the recent Irish boom. [source] Geospatial Data Infrastructure,Concepts, Cases, and Good PracticeTHE PHOTOGRAMMETRIC RECORD, Issue 110 2005B. M. Gittings No abstract is available for this article. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||