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Infinite Number (infinite + number)
Selected AbstractsDiscipleship Training Of Children and YouthDIALOG, Issue 3 2002Dean M. Hunneshagen Today, we all face an infinite number of faith choices, especially youth. This makes confirmation ministry as discipleship training most important in our churches. This article explores the confirmation ministry of Lord of Life Lutheran Church in Depew, NY, and critically analyzes the methodology,4 turnings, 6 disciplines, and 19 assets,behind the ministry. This methodology has been developed from researchers such as Jean Piaget, James Fowler, Duffy Robins, and researchers at the Search Institute. [source] Coordination complexes of functionalized pyrazines with metal ions: reagents for the controlled release of flavourant molecules at elevated temperaturesFLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 2 2006Colin Baillie Abstract The potential for stabilization of volatile flavourant molecules such as functionalized pyrazines by coordination to metal ions, and the application of the resultant coordination complexes as controlled release agents at elevated temperatures were explored. New complexes containing the flavourant molecules 2,3,5-trimethylpyrazine (TMP), 2-ethyl-3-methylpyrazine (EMP) and 2-acetylpyrazine (ACP) with copper(II) and copper(I) salts were prepared and structurally characterized. Representative examples of known copper(II) and calcium(II) complexes containing pyrazine carboxylic acids were also prepared. The complexes were examined by thermal analysis techniques and demonstrated, by a combination of thermogravimetric (TGA) and pyrolysis GC,MS analyses, to act as convenient reagents for the release of the parent pyrazine at elevated temperatures. Thus, pyrolysis GC,MS revealed that the complex [Cu3Cl3(EMP)2]n cleanly releases EMP in 96.5% selectivity at 200 °C. Of particular significance is that the calcium complex [Ca(3-aminopyrazine-2-carboxylate)2·H2O], under ramped pyrolysis conditions, was shown to undergo decarboxylation prior to the release of 2-aminopyrazine (AMP), as essentially the only volatile component, in the temperature range 600,800 °C. This finding provides a precedent for the application of complexes of pyrazinecarboxylate salts with metal ions (of which an almost infinite number of combinations is potentially available) as controlled release agents of the parent pyrazine molecule at elevated temperatures, suitable for exploitation by the foodstuffs, flavour and fragrance industries. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Towards effective Lagrangians for adelic stringsFORTSCHRITTE DER PHYSIK/PROGRESS OF PHYSICS, Issue 5-7 2009Article first published online: 20 MAR 200, B. Dragovich Abstract p-Adic strings are important objects of string theory, as well as of p-adic mathematical physics and nonlocal cosmology. By a concept of adelic string one can unify and simultaneously study various aspects of ordinary and p-adic strings. By this way, one can consider adelic strings as a very useful instrument in the further investigation of modern string theory. It is remarkable that for some scalar p-adic strings exist effective Lagrangians, which are based on real instead of p-adic numbers and describe not only four-point scattering amplitudes but also all higher ones at the tree level. In this work, starting from p-adic Lagrangians, we consider some approaches to construction of effective field Lagrangians for p-adic sector of adelic strings. It yields Lagrangians for nonlinear and nonlocal scalar field theory, where spacetime nonlocality is determined by an infinite number of derivatives contained in the operator-valued Riemann zeta function. Owing to the Riemann zeta function in the dynamics of these scalar field theories, obtained Lagrangians are also interesting in themselves. [source] Smooth finite element methods: Convergence, accuracy and propertiesINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN ENGINEERING, Issue 2 2008Hung Nguyen-Xuan Abstract A stabilized conforming nodal integration finite element method based on strain smoothing stabilization is presented. The integration of the stiffness matrix is performed on the boundaries of the finite elements. A rigorous variational framework based on the Hu,Washizu assumed strain variational form is developed. We prove that solutions yielded by the proposed method are in a space bounded by the standard, finite element solution (infinite number of subcells) and a quasi-equilibrium finite element solution (a single subcell). We show elsewhere the equivalence of the one-subcell element with a quasi-equilibrium finite element, leading to a global a posteriori error estimate. We apply the method to compressible and incompressible linear elasticity problems. The method can always achieve higher accuracy and convergence rates than the standard finite element method, especially in the presence of incompressibility, singularities or distorted meshes, for a slightly smaller computational cost. It is shown numerically that the one-cell smoothed four-noded quadrilateral finite element has a convergence rate of 2.0 in the energy norm for problems with smooth solutions, which is remarkable. For problems with rough solutions, this element always converges faster than the standard finite element and is free of volumetric locking without any modification of integration scheme. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Method of fundamental solutions for partial-slip fibrous filtration flowsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN FLUIDS, Issue 3 2009Shunliu Zhao Abstract In this study a Stokeslet-based method of fundamental solutions (MFS) for two-dimensional low Reynolds number partial-slip flows has been developed. First, the flow past an infinitely long cylinder is selected as a benchmark. The numerical accuracy is investigated in terms of the location and the number of the Stokeslets. The benchmark study shows that the numerical accuracy increases when the Stokeslets are submerged deeper beneath the cylinder surface, as long as the formed linear system remains numerically solvable. The maximum submergence depth increases with the decrease in the number of Stokeslets. As a result, the numerical accuracy does not deteriorate with the dramatic decrease in the number of Stokeslets. A relatively small number of Stokeslets with a substantial submergence depth is thus chosen for modeling fibrous filtration flows. The developed methodology is further examined by application to Taylor,Couette flows. A good agreement between the numerical and analytical results is observed for no-slip and partial-slip boundary conditions. Next, the flow about a representative set of infinitely long cylindrical fibers confined between two planar walls is considered to represent the fibrous filter flow. The obtained flowfield and pressure drop agree very well with the experimental data for this setup of fibers. The developed MFS with submerged Stokeslets is then applied to partial-slip flows about fibers to investigate the slip effect at fiber,fluid interface on the pressure drop. The numerical results compare qualitatively with the analytical solution available for the limit case of infinite number of fibers. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Designing and optimization of parameters of delta-4 parallel manipulator for a given workspaceJOURNAL OF FIELD ROBOTICS (FORMERLY JOURNAL OF ROBOTIC SYSTEMS), Issue 9 2003A. Kosinska In the paper, the algorithm of designing some geometrical parameters of a Delta parallel manipulator has been described. The manipulator is to work in a specified workspace, which is given as a set of points. The first step of the algorithm seeks the possible solutions, and because there are an infinite number of them, the objective of the second step is to limit the number by an optimization. Owing to this, it is possible to find parameters of the manipulator, whose workspace contains the specified points. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] Floating ladder track response to a steadily moving load,MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN THE APPLIED SCIENCES, Issue 14 2007Roger J. Hosking Abstract Floating ladder rail tracks, which can significantly reduce traffic vibration and noise, have already been installed at several railway sites in and around Tokyo. The steel rails are fixed onto successive ladder-like sections with two parallel longitudinal reinforced concrete sleepers, which are then mounted upon discrete resilient supports on a concrete bed. A simple mathematical model in which a continuous horizontal Bernoulli,Euler beam on periodic discrete elastic supports represents each floating ,combined rail' (i.e. rail and longitudinal sleeper), used earlier to discuss the low-frequency free vibrations in the system, is again adopted to investigate the response due to a steadily moving load. We demonstrate that Fourier transforms can be invoked to obtain the forced deflexion, which depends upon the load speed. A contribution from the periodic supports determines the steady component of the deflexion moving with the load, and the other contributions from the supports produce oscillations. As is the case for a load moving over a beam or plate with continuous support, the response may be characterized using the free flexural wave dispersion relation,although there is now a countably infinite number of dispersion curves, corresponding to the existence of propagation bands in the periodic structure. The lowest wavenumber local minimum in the phase speed (coincident with the group speed) defines the primary critical load speed of most interest, at which the magnitude of the steady component accompanying the moving load becomes large. This primary critical load speed depends upon the relative elasticity of the discrete supports, which must not be too low if the floating ladder track is to be safe for fast rail systems. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Low-gain adaptive stabilization of semilinear second-order hyperbolic systemsMATHEMATICAL METHODS IN THE APPLIED SCIENCES, Issue 18 2004Toshihiro Kobayashi Abstract In this paper low-gain adaptive stabilization of undamped semilinear second-order hyperbolic systems is considered in the case where the input and output operators are collocated. The linearized systems have an infinite number of poles and zeros on the imaginary axis. The adaptive stabilizer is constructed by a low-gain adaptive velocity feedback. The closed-loop system is governed by a non-linear evolution equation. First, the well-posedness of the closed-loop system is shown. Next, an energy-like function and a multiplier function are introduced and the exponential stability of the closed-loop system is analysed. Some examples are given to illustrate the theory. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] On the wellposedness of the Cauchy problem for weakly hyperbolic equations of higher orderMATHEMATISCHE NACHRICHTEN, Issue 10 2005Piero D'Ancona Abstract We study the wellposedness in the Gevrey classes Gs and in C, of the Cauchy problem for weakly hyperbolic equations of higher order. In this paper we shall give a new approach to the case that the characteristic roots oscillate rapidly and vanish at an infinite number of points. (© 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] atetra, a new software program to analyse tetraploid microsatellite data: comparison with tetra and tetrasatMOLECULAR ECOLOGY RESOURCES, Issue 2 2010K. VAN PUYVELDE Abstract Despite the importance of tetraploid species, most population genetic studies deal with diploid ones because of difficulties in analysing codominant microsatellite data in tetraploid species. We developed a new software program,atetra,which combines both the rigorous method of enumeration for small data sets and Monte Carlo simulations for large ones. We discuss the added value of atetra by comparing its precision, stability and calculation time for different population sizes with those obtained from previous software programs tetrasat and tetra. The influence of the number of simulations on the calculation stability is also investigated. atetra and tetrasat proved to be more precise when compared with tetra, which, however, remains faster. atetra has the same precision than tetrasat, but is much faster, can handle an infinite number of partial heterozygotes and calculates more genetic variables. The more user-friendly interface of atetra reduces possible mistakes. [source] Introduction to the programming of deep brain stimulatorsMOVEMENT DISORDERS, Issue S3 2002Jens Volkmann MD Abstract The clinical success of deep brain stimulation (DBS) for treating Parkinson's disease, tremor, or dystonia critically depends on the quality of postoperative neurologic management. Movement disorder specialists becoming involved with this therapy need to acquire new skills to optimally adapt stimulation parameters and medication after implantation of a DBS system. In clinical practice, the infinite number of possible parameter settings in DBS can be reduced to few relevant combinations. In this article, the authors describe a general scheme of selecting stimulation parameters in DBS and provide clinical and neurophysiological arguments for such a standardized algorithm. They also describe noninvasive technical trouble shooting by using programming features of the commercially available neurostimulation devices. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society [source] A direct method for a regularized least-squares problemNUMERICAL LINEAR ALGEBRA WITH APPLICATIONS, Issue 8 2009Tommy Elfving Abstract We consider a linear system of the form A1x1+ A2x2+,=b1. The vector , consists of identically distributed random variables all with mean zero. The unknowns are split into two groups x1 and x2. In the model usually there are more unknowns than observations and the resulting linear system is most often consistent having an infinite number of solutions. Hence some constraint on the parameter vector x is needed. One possibility is to avoid rapid variation in, e.g. the parameters x2. We formulate the problem as a partially regularized least-squares problem, and propose a direct solution method based on the QR decomposition of matrix blocks. Further we consider regularizing using one and two regularization parameters, respectively. We also discuss the choice of regularization parameters, and extend Reinsch's method to the case with two parameters. Also the cross-validation technique is treated. We present test examples taken from an application in modelling of the substance transport in rivers. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] The current,voltage characteristic of the ideal two-terminal tandem solar cellPROGRESS IN PHOTOVOLTAICS: RESEARCH & APPLICATIONS, Issue 4 2003Alexis De VosArticle first published online: 14 FEB 200 Abstract An ideal tandem solar cell, with an infinite number of diodes, has the same limit efficiency whether or not the diodes are connected electrically in series. In case of a series connection, the device has a single current,voltage characteristic. The latter can easily be deduced, and its efficiency therefore can easily be calculated. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Limiting efficiency for current-constrained two-terminal tandem cell stacksPROGRESS IN PHOTOVOLTAICS: RESEARCH & APPLICATIONS, Issue 5 2002Andrew S. Brown Tandem stacks of solar cells have clearly shown their ability to increase the efficiency of solar energy conversion. In the past, the challenge in making these devices often has been in the materials science area, working around the constraints imposed by different materials to meet requirements imposed by lattice constant and bandgap. However, developments in the field of low-dimensional structures; particularly superlattices, may allow generic approaches to developing tandem stacks of large numbers of cells. The current flowing through such devices will have to be constrained so that it is the same through all the cells within the stack since separately contacting such large numbers of cells is impractical. The series-constrained two-terminal tandem solar cell is compared with the unconstrained tandem solar cell for stacks containing both small and large numbers of cells. As expected, we find that the detailed balance limiting efficiencies for the two-terminal cell are less than those for the unconstrained device involving the same number of cells, due to the constraint imposed by current matching. However the difference is always less than 1.5% relative under the design spectrum. However, the two-terminal case shows much greater variation in efficiency if the spectrum varies from that for which the design was optimised. A relationship is derived between the performance of a two-terminal stack of a finite number of cells and the performance of an unconstrained stack of an infinite number of cells. This shows that the performance of the two-terminal device approaches that of the unconstrained device as the number of cells in the stack approaches infinity. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Oval in males and triangular in females?AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY, Issue 4 2010A quantitative evaluation of sexual dimorphism in the human obturator foramen Abstract Among the numerous pelvic traits presenting sex differences, the obturator foramen is classically described as being oval in males and triangular in females. However, no demonstrations or detailed studies seem available in the literature. The purpose of this work was to study quantitatively this trait using Fourier analysis, because this methodological approach is particularly well adapted for discrimination between different simple shapes. Using this approach, an outline can be characterized by a series of harmonics (1 to n), each defined by two Fourier descriptors: amplitude (Cn), describing the relative importance of the harmonic contribution to the original shape, and phase (,n), representing the orientation of the harmonic contribution. The material consisted of 104 three-dimensional CT reconstructions of adult pelves (52 males and 52 females). After size normalization, the outlines of the 104 left obturator foramens were studied. Significant differences were demonstrated with, in total, 84.6% of individuals presenting a correct inferred sex. The most discriminating descriptors were the phase of the second harmonic (C2), related to the oval (or elliptic) aspect and thus the elongation of the shape, and the amplitude of the third harmonic (,3), describing the triangularity of the shape. Because the trend for an outline to be more or less oval or triangular is difficult to visually assess and because there is an infinite number of transitional shapes, only a precise quantitative approach such as Fourier analysis allows for unambiguous characterization and statistical analysis. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2010. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] A Learning-Theoretic Approach To Model-Set IdentificationASIAN JOURNAL OF CONTROL, Issue 1 2001Yasuaki Oishi ABSTRACT A new approach to model-set identification is proposed based on an agnostic learning theory. The squared prediction error is estimated together with its uncertainty uniformly in some parameter region. Based on this estimation, a model set is constructed so as to include the best model. The proposed approach does not require assumptions on the true dynamics or the noise, neither does it need infinite number of input-output data in order to justify its result. But it guarantees that the size of the identified model set converges to zero as the number of input-output data increases. Improvement of the precision is considered on the proposed identification method. Generalization of the approach is discussed and a numerical example is presented. [source] Multiverses of the pastASTRONOMISCHE NACHRICHTEN, Issue 7 2009V. Trimble Abstract More than 2000 years ago, Epicurus taught that there are an infinite number of other worlds, both like and unlike ours, and Aristotle taught that there are none. Neither hypothesis can currently be falsified, and some versions of current multiverses perhaps never can be, which has contributed to occasional claims that "this isn't science!" (a common complaint about cosmology for centuries). Define "cosmos", or "world", or "universe" to mean the largest structure of which you and the majority of knowledgeable contemporaries will admit to being a part. This begins with the small, earth-centered worlds of ancient Egyptian paintings, Greek mythology, and Genesis, which a god could circumnavigate in a day and humans in a generation. These tend to expand and become helio-rather than geo-centric (not quite monotonically in time) and are succeeded by various assemblages of sun-like stars with planets of their own. Finite vs. infinite assemblages are debated and then the issue of whether the Milky Way is unique (so that "island universes" made sense, even if you were against the idea) for a couple of centuries. Today one thinks as a rule of the entire 4-dimensional space-time we might in principle communicate with and all its contents. Beyond are the modern multi-verses, sequential (cyclic or oscillating), hierarchical, or non-communicating entities in more than four dimensions. Each of these has older analogues, and, in every milieu where the ideas have been discussed, there have been firm supporters and firm opponents, some of whose ideas are explored here. Because astronomical observations have firmly settled some earlier disputes in favor of very many galaxies and very many stars with planets, "other worlds" can now refer only to other planets like Earth or to other universes. The focus is on the latter (© 2009 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Multiscale homogenization with bounded ratios and anomalous slow diffusionCOMMUNICATIONS ON PURE & APPLIED MATHEMATICS, Issue 1 2003Gérard Ben Arous We show that the effective diffusivity matrix D(Vn) for the heat operator ,t , (,/2 , ,Vn,) in a periodic potential Vn = ,Uk(x/Rk) obtained as a superposition of Hölder-continuous periodic potentials Uk (of period ,,d := ,d/,d, d , ,*, Uk(0) = 0) decays exponentially fast with the number of scales when the scale ratios Rk+1/Rk are bounded above and below. From this we deduce the anomalous slow behavior for a Brownian motion in a potential obtained as a superposition of an infinite number of scales, dyt = d,t , ,V,(yt)dt. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||