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Industrial Revolution (industrial + revolution)
Selected AbstractsLife in Darwin's dust: intercontinental transport and survival of microbes in the nineteenth centuryENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 12 2007Anna A. Gorbushina Summary Charles Darwin, like others before him, collected aeolian dust over the Atlantic Ocean and sent it to Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg in Berlin. Ehrenberg's collection is now housed in the Museum of Natural History and contains specimens that were gathered at the onset of the Industrial Revolution. Geochemical analyses of this resource indicated that dust collected over the Atlantic in 1838 originated from the Western Sahara, while molecular-microbiological methods demonstrated the presence of many viable microbes. Older samples sent to Ehrenberg from Barbados almost two centuries ago also contained numbers of cultivable bacteria and fungi. Many diverse ascomycetes, and eubacteria were found. Scanning electron microscopy and cultivation suggested that Bacillus megaterium, a common soil bacterium, was attached to historic sand grains, and it was inoculated onto dry sand along with a non-spore-forming control, the Gram-negative soil bacterium Rhizobium sp. NGR234. On sand B. megaterium quickly developed spores, which survived for extended periods and even though the numbers of NGR234 steadily declined, they were still considerable after months of incubation. Thus, microbes that adhere to Saharan dust can live for centuries and easily survive transport across the Atlantic. [source] Theorizing Diaspora: Perspectives on "Classical" and "Contemporary" DiasporaINTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, Issue 2 2004Michele Reis Cohen (1997) employed the term "classical" diaspora in reference to the Jews. Indeed, a vast corpus of work recognizes the Jewish people as examples of quintessential diasporic groups. However, a broader conceptualization of the term diaspora allows for the inclusion of immigrant communities that would be otherwise sidelined in the conventional literature on diaspora. This study is therefore a departure from the traditional diasporic literature, which tends to use the Jewish Diaspora as the archetype. It favours, rather, the classification of three principal broad historical waves in which the Jewish Diaspora can be interpreted as part of a classical period. The historicizing of diasporization for the purpose of this paper is achieved by an empirical discussion of the three major historical waves that influenced the diasporic process throughout the world: the Classical Period, the Modern Period, and the Contemporary or Late-modern Period. The paper discusses these three critical phases in the following manner: first, reference is made to the Classical Period, which is associated primarily with ancient diaspora and ancient Greece. The second historical phase analyses diaspora in relation to the Modern Period, which can be interpreted as a central historical fact of slavery and colonization. This section can be further subdivided into three large phases: (1) the expansion of European capital (1500,1814), (2) the Industrial Revolution (1815,1914), and (3) the Interwar Period (1914,1945). The final major period of diasporization can be considered a Contemporary or Late-modern phenomenon. It refers to the period immediately after World War II to the present day, specifying the case of the Hispanics in the United States as one key example. The paper outlines some aspects of the impact of the Latin American diaspora on the United States, from a socio-economic and politico-cultural point of view. While the Modern and Late-modern periods are undoubtedly the most critical for an understanding of diaspora in a modern, globalized context, for the purpose of this paper, more emphasis is placed on the latter period, which illustrates the progressive effect of globalization on the phenomenon of diasporization. The second period, the Modern Phase is not examined in this paper, as the focus is on a comparative analysis of the early Classical Period and the Contemporary or Late-modern Period. The incorporation of diaspora as a unit of analysis in the field of international relations has been largely neglected by both recent and critical scholarship on the subject matter. While a growing number of studies focus on the increasing phenomenon of diasporic communities, from the vantage of social sciences, the issue of diaspora appears to be inadequately addressed or ignored altogether. Certain key factors present themselves as limitations to the understanding of the concept, as well as its relevance to the field of international relations and the social sciences as a whole. This paper is meant to clarify some aspects of the definition of diaspora by critiquing the theories in the conventional literature, exposing the lacunae in terms of interpretation of diaspora and in the final analysis, establishing a historiography that may be useful in comparing certain features of "classical" diaspora and "contemporary" diaspora. The latter part of the paper is intended to provide illustrations of a contemporary diasporic community, using the example of Hispanics in the United States. [source] From Industrial Georgic to Industrial Sublime: English Poetry and the Early Stages of the Industrial RevolutionJOURNAL FOR EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY STUDIES, Issue 1 2004RUDOLF BECK First page of article [source] Modelling trends in central England temperaturesJOURNAL OF FORECASTING, Issue 1 2003David I. Harvey Abstract Trends are extracted from the central England temperature (CET) data available from 1723, using both annual and seasonal averages. Attention is focused on fitting non-parametric trends and it is found that, while there is no compelling evidence of a trend increase in the CET, there have been three periods of cooling, stability, and warming, roughly associated with the beginning and the end of the Industrial Revolution. There does appear to have been an upward shift in trend spring temperatures, but forecasting of current trends is hazardous because of the statistical uncertainty surrounding them. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Reflections on Lack of a Patent System throughout China's Long HistoryTHE JOURNAL OF WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, Issue 2 2009Deming Liu The accepted wisdom is that the patent system originated in Europe and that China did not have such an indigenous system throughout its history. The reasons for the lack of such a system are not often explored among legal scholars although, for decades, historians have debated on a related matter of why the Industrial Revolution did not start in China after its centuries' lead in science and technology. It appears that legal scholars generally accept that Confucian philosophy precluded an intellectual property system in China including a patent system. The article aims to dispute this belief by showing that socioeconomic and geographical factors underscored the main reasons for the lack of a patent system in ancient China. [source] Nation, state and the industrial revolution: the visible hand , By Lars MagnussonECONOMIC HISTORY REVIEW, Issue 3 2010GREGORY CLARK No abstract is available for this article. [source] The production and consumption of bar iron in early modern England and WalesECONOMIC HISTORY REVIEW, Issue 1 2005PETER KING Errata. The Economic History Review 59: 1, 64 The production and consumption of bar iron in early modern England and Wales. An estimate made of the bar iron production in England shows two periods when production grew rapidly, 1540-1620 and 1785-1810. Both of these were related to the adoption of new technology-the finery forge in the first case, and potting and stamping and then puddling in the second. Imports of iron from Spain declined sharply after 1540, but those from Sweden became significant from the mid-seventeenth century, and those from Russia after 1730. Consumption grew rapidly in the late sixteenth century, and again during the eighteenth. Hence, the industrial revolution was the culmination of a long period of growth. [source] Farm to factory: a reinterpretation of the Soviet industrial revolutionECONOMIC HISTORY REVIEW, Issue 4 2004PETER GATRELL No abstract is available for this article. [source] Mechanical innovation in the industrial revolution: the case of plough designECONOMIC HISTORY REVIEW, Issue 3 2003Liam Brunt Variations in levels of embodied technology generated variations in English plough prices in 1770. Using plough prices as a quality index, this article explains size and daily output of plough teams. It shows that variations in plough technology were due to technological change,not static optimization,and village plough technology was influenced by neighbouring villages. But technological advance was not constrained on the demand size: farmers purchased the best ploughs available. Rather, local supply of technology was the limiting factor. Technological change, urbanization, and information networks are rejected as explanations of local supply of technology. The key factor was market density. [source] Robert Southey, Lord Macaulay and the Standard of Living ControversyHISTORY, Issue 284 2001W. A. Speck The early nineteenth century witnessed gladiatorial contests in print between the contributors to the conservative Quarterly Review and the radical Edinburgh Review. Among the chief protagonists of the two papers were Robert Southey, leading contributor to the Quarterly from its launch in 1809 until 1839, and Thomas Babington Macaulay, whose first contribution to the Edinburgh, on ,Milton', appeared in August 1825, after which he became a mainstay of the periodical. Their ,reviews' were long essays of 10,000 or more words, in which the works purportedly being reviewed were mere pegs on which to hang their own observations. They were generally scathing about publications which took an ideological stance opposite to their own, and sympathetic to those which adopted a similar position to that which they held. Though they frequently made barbed references to each other in their reviews, Southey never reviewed a work by Macaulay, who only once criticized one by his rival. Nevertheless, that particular occasion, in January 1830, was a classic clash of Titans. It demonstrated their fundamental disagreement over the prospects facing society from the initial impact of the industrial revolution. [source] John Wiley & Sons: 200th anniversary!LASER TECHNIK JOURNAL, Issue 1 2007Andreas Thoß Dr. This year, the publisher John Wiley & Sons celebrates its 200th anniversary. When Charles Wiley first opened his print shop in lower Manhattan in 1807, America was a young nation, full of potential and seeking its cultural identity on the global stage. Wiley was there, contributing to the emerging American literary tradition by publishing such great 19th century American writers as James Fenimore Cooper, Washington Irving, Herman Melville, and Edgar Allan Poe. Later on, Wiley published the works of outstanding European writers such as Hans Christian Andersen, Charles Dickens, John Ruskin, and Elizabeth Barrett Browning. Yet, during the second industrial revolution , and its resulting knowledge revolution , Wiley abandoned its literary programme to pursue knowledge publishing for a global community. Today Wiley publishes a broad variety of journals, encyclopedias, books, and online products. The spectrum reaches from medicine to astronomy, from trade journals to consumer books and it includes educational materials for students as well as for lifelong learners. Since 1807, the world has seen 41 U.S. Presidents, but there have only been ten Wiley Presidents. Today, Wiley is a publicly held, independently managed family business. That is the formula of success that has sustained the company for two centuries. In 2007 Wiley is one of the major global publishers with more than one billion dollar revenue and about 3.900 employees. This will increase even more, when the acquisition of Blackwell Publishing will be completed in 2007. Aged only three years, the Laser Technik Journal is one of the youngest among the Wiley Journals. But it fits well in the history of Wiley. Thomas Alva Edison, the "Wizard of Menlo Park", held William H. Wiley in high regard, and so there is a long tradition of close contacts between the publishing house and the engineering community. The purpose of the journals has changed little: Our mission is to provide the community with up to date information on the latest in technology, reports and discussions on trends and markets, and finally the journal serves as a forum for key people from science and business to share their visions and experiences. 2007 will be a great year not only for Wiley, but for the laser community as well. Company reports from Coherent, Trumpf or Rofin Sinar show two-digit growths and excellent earnings. Record numbers are expected also at conferences and trade shows. At Photonics West in San Jose, CA, 1.000 exhibitors and more than 15.000 visitors are expected. The Laser. World of Photonics 2007 in Munich (June) will be even bigger. It is a "can't miss" event particularly for those visitors interested in Laser material processing. The Laser Technik Journal will be on both shows. Please stop by at the Wiley booth, for a chat or to see the latest from the Wiley book program! [source] Young Adulthood as a Factor in Social Change in the United StatesPOPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT REVIEW, Issue 1 2006Michael J. Rosenfeld This essay compares family change during two periods of social and historical upheaval in the United States: the industrial revolution of the late nineteenth century and the more recent family changes of the late twentieth century. Despite the manifest social and demographic changes brought about by the industrial revolution, some aspects of family life remained unchanged. Almost all new families formed in the United States before and during the industrial revolution were same-race heterosexual marriages. In the past half-century, however, family diversity has become the new rule; interracial marriages and extramarital cohabitation have both risen sharply. A key to understanding the lack of family diversity in the past and the recent rise in diversity is the changing nature of young adulthood. [source] Reproduction, Compositional Demography, and Economic Growth: Family Planning in England Long Before the Fertility DeclinePOPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT REVIEW, Issue 1 2000Simon Szreter This article offers a radical reinterpretation of the chronology of control over reproduction in England's history. It argues that, as a result of post,World War II policy preoccupations, there has been too narrow a focus in the literature on the significance of reductions in marital fertility. In England's case this is conventionally dated to have occurred from 1876, long after the industrial revolution. With a wider angle focus on "reproduction," the historical evidence for England indicates that family planning began much earlier in the process of economic growth. Using a "compositional demography" approach, a novel social pattern of highly prudential, late marriage can be seen emerging among the bourgeoisie in the course of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. There is also evidence for a more widespread resort to such prudential marriage throughout the population after 1816. When placed in this context, the reduction in national fertility indexes visible from 1876 can be seen as only a further phase, not a revolution, in the population's management of its reproduction. [source] Following America into the second industrial revolution: new rules of competition and Ontario's farm machinery industry, 1850,1930THE CANADIAN GEOGRAPHER/LE GEOGRAPHE CANADIEN, Issue 4 2002CORDON M. WINDER Despite the hiatus in farm expansion from 1880 to 1900, Canadian-owned Massey-Harris became a competitive multinational corporation as American branch plants arrived in Ontario. This equivocal performance in Canada's agricultural implements industry poses problems for explanations of Canada's branch plant economy. Most commentators blame an ill-conceived National Policy for promoting and protecting inefficient industry and frustrating industrial development. In reviewing their explanations, I use systematic comparisons among plants as well as between the Ontario, New York, Ohio, and Illinois industries. I argue that Canada's National Policy was an effective industrial policy that promoted competitive implement manufacture under the constraints of Victorian era technology. Problems emerged in the 1880s, however, as Chicago firms developed mass production in harvesting machinery, and these became entrenched as gasoline tractor development swept the industry after 1900. Ontario firms struggled, but they outperformed competitors in New York and Ohio, who had been industry leaders in] 880. Canada's branch plant economy in the farm machinery industry was made in Chicago and by mechanical engineers, not in Ottawa and by politicians. En dépit de l'hiatus dans l'expansion du pare agricole entre 1880 et 1900, la société canadienne Massey-Harris est devenue une grande société multinational compétitive lorsque des usines-succursales américaines ont fait leur arrivée en l'Ontario. Cette baisse de performance de I'Industrie canadienne de fabrication d'outils et d'engins agricoles pose des problèmes sur le plan de l'explication de l'économie des usines-succursales canadiennes. Pour la plupart des analystes, cette situation serait due à une politique nationals mal-conçue. Celle-ci aurait favorisé et protégé une Industrie inefficace, et ainsi frustré le développement industriel. En passant en revue ces analyses, je procède à une série de comparisons systématiques, d'une part des usines entre elles et, d'autre part, entre les industries de New York, de l'Ohio et de l'lllinois. J'avance que la Politique nationale canadienne etait une politique industrielle efficace qui a su promouvoir une Industrie de fabrication d'outils et d'engins agricoles compétitive dans le cadre de la technologie de l'époque victorienne et de ses contraintes. Des problèmes, qui ont fait leur apparition au cours des années 1880, suite à l'adoption par les sociétés de Chicago de la production de masse des moissonneuses, ont perduré suite à l'arrivée en masse des tracteurs à essence après 1900. Ce fut un moment très difficile pour les sociétés de l'Ontario mais elles réussirent à battre leurs concurrents de New York et de l'Ohio qui étaient leaders de l'industrie en 1880. Dans l'industrie des engins agricoles, le sort de l'économie des usines-succursales était décidéà Chicago, par des ingénieurs en mécanique agricole, non à Ottawa, par des hommes politiques. [source] Environmental challenges in the energy sector: a chemical engineering perspective,ASIA-PACIFIC JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, Issue 4 2010Philippe A. Tanguy Abstract The supply of energy in sufficient quantities and the access to clean water are among the most significant global challenges to address in the decades to come, as these are key elements of human well-being and further development. These challenges are of course related, and future practices must consider their connectivity. As the present energy system is clearly reaching its limits in terms of sustainability, new approaches have been proposed based on much improved energy efficiency, development of renewable and new energy sources, and the use of carbon capture and storage for fossil resources. The industrial deployment of these alternate scenarios is intrinsically related to the availability of water on a large scale. Because the access to freshwater is becoming scarce in many countries, better water practices and the exploitation of new water resources must be developed for the supply of industrial water. This paper begins with a brief description of our present energy system based on fossil resources, this being a legacy of the industrial revolution. We then review the main drivers supporting the energy and water demand, and the constraints they are facing. The final section considers several chemical engineering challenges that arise when proposing ways of dealing with the energy-environment nexus in the future. Copyright © 2010 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Progressive labour policy, ageing Marxism and unrepentant early capitalism in the Chinese industrial revolutionBUSINESS ETHICS: A EUROPEAN REVIEW, Issue 2 2001Orlan Lee The institutional guarantees of modern labour law, that provide the keystone of progressive liberalism, are often only reactionary to the entrenched concepts of socialist law. Adoption of institutions of "workers rights", and employment protection based upon contract, inevitably nullify the ideological promise of the inalienable "right to work". China, among the last bastions of theoretical Marxist socialism, and among the first socialist countries ready to accept that it has been in desperate need of reforming uneconomical state enterprises, seems willing to sacrifice ideological purity for economic development. Yet, if economic turnaround requires enterprise rationalisation in a market economy, it is understandable that Chinese labour requires the same kinds of protection against unbridled capitalism as progressive labour movements elsewhere. Doubtless, for those who have enjoyed no such institutional guarantees in the past, official commitment to improvement of labour conditions is better than no acknowledgment of need for reform of social policy whatever. Yet, the real question for students of social change is "Are these legislated reforms effective policy guides for local administration and the courts?""|Or are they merely regulations for licensing compliance , primarily for foreign invested enterprises?". In brief, "... to what extent are the new ,workers' rights' realistically attainable sources of judicial remedies for individual workers?" [source] Growth theory and industrial revolutions in Britain and AmericaCANADIAN JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS, Issue 4 2003Knick Harley A perception of technological change as an economic process with externalities has motivated the development of aggregate models that generate different steady-state growth paths. Economic history has also long been interested in long-run economic growth. Here, a dialogue is presented between growth theory and the historical literature on the industrial revolution in Britain and America's surge to international economic leadership in the late nineteenth century. In conclusion, economists' recent thinking about the microeconomics of technological change has provided fruitful material for the economic historian of growth. Unfortunately, the models of endogenous growth, on the other hand, present too aggregated a view of the economy to prove helpful when confronted with the details of economic history. JEL Classification: N0, N1.1 Théorie de la croissance et révolutions industrielles en Grande Bretagne et en Amérique., La croissance économique à long terme est redevenue un point d'intérêt majeur pour la théorie économique. Une perception du changement technologique comme processus économique porteur d'externalités a engendré le développement de modèles agrégés qui génèrent différents sentiers de croissance en régime permanent. L'histoire économique s'intéresse depuis longtemps à la croissance économique à long terme. Ce texte engage le dialogue entre la théorie de la croissance et la littérature historique à propos de la révolution industrielle en Grande Bretagne et de l'émergence de l'Amérique au statut de leader international à la fin du dix-neuvième siècle. On en arrive à la conclusion que les récents développements dans la pensée économique à propos de la micro-économie du changement technologique ont produit des résultats utiles pour l'histoire économique de la croissance. Malheureusement, d'autre part, les modèles de croissance endogène présente une vue trop agrégée de l'économie pour s'avérer utile dans l'examen des détails de l'histoire économique. [source] Der globale Kohlenstoffkreislauf im Anthropozän.CHEMIE IN UNSERER ZEIT (CHIUZ), Issue 2 2010Betrachtung aus meereschemischer Perspektive Abstract Durch die Verbrennung fossiler Brennstoffe werden durch die Menschheit jährlich über 8 Milliarden Tonnen Kohlenstoff (Gt C) in Form von CO2 in die Atmosphäre emittiert. Die kumulativen Emissionen seit Beginn der industriellen Revolution haben zu einem Anstieg der atmosphärischen CO2 -Konzentration geführt, die einen zusätzlichen anthropogenen Treibhauseffekt zur Folge hat. Von den drei auf der Zeitskala von Jahrhunderten austauschenden Kohlenstoffreservoiren Atmosphäre, terrestrische Biosphäre und Ozean ist der Ozean bei weitem das größte. Das CO2 -System des Meerwassers umfasst die chemischen Spezies HCO3,, CO32, und CO2(aq). Daraus resultiert die pH-puffernde Eigenschaft des Meerwassers sowie seine hohe Aufnahmekapazität für anthropogenes CO2. Mit Hilfe von vier chemischen Messgrößen kann das marine CO2 -System analytisch sehr präzise beschrieben werden. Diese Messgrößen dienen als sensitive "Sensoren" für physikalische, chemische und biologische Vorgänge im Meer. Im marinen Kohlenstoffkreislauf sind größere natürliche Prozesse aktiv, die Kohlenstoff mit der Atmosphäre austauschen und im Innern der Ozeans umverteilen. Diese Prozesse werden auch als "Pumpen" bezeichnet und sowohl durch physikalische als auch biologische Faktoren angetrieben. Während die "physikalische Pumpe" unmittelbar durch die Aufnahme von anthropogenem CO2 aus der Atmosphäre verstärkt wird, ist dieses für die beiden "biologischen Pumpen" bisher ungeklärt. Eine Vielzahl von potenziellen Konsequenzen des globalen Wandels (Temperaturanstieg, marine CO2 -Aufnahme, Ozeanversauerung) auf marine Ökosysteme sind identifiziert worden. Diese werden gegenwärtig intensiv hinsichtlich ihrer Klimasensitivität sowie ihres Rückkopplungspotenzials auf das Klima untersucht. Es ist jedoch kaum vorstellbar, dass die "biologischen Pumpen" sich unter dem Einfluss des globalen Wandels nicht verändern werden. By burning of fossil fuels humankind emits more than 8 billion tons of carbon (Gt C) in the form of CO2 to the atmosphere. Since the onset of the industrial revolution the cumulative emissions have led to an increase of the atmospheric CO2 concentration which corresponds to an additional radiative forcing in the atmosphere. Of the three reservoirs which exchange carbon on the time scale of centuries , atmosphere, terrestrial biosphere, and ocean , the ocean is by far the largest. The marine CO2 system comprises the chemical species HCO3,, CO32,, and CO2(aq). This gives rise to the pH-buffering nature of seawater as well as its high uptake capacity for anthropogenic CO2. Four measurement parameters of the marine CO2 system are available for an accurate analytical characterization. These parameters also provide a means of sensing the role of physical, chemical, and biological drivers for the marine carbon cycle. The marine carbon cycle features major natural processes that exchange carbon with the atmosphere and re-distribute it throughout the ocean. These are known as "pumps" and driven by physical and biological factors. While the "physical pump" is inevitably enhanced by the oceanic uptake of anthropogenic CO2, even the sign of the response is currently not clear for the "biological pumps". A host of potential consequences of global change (temperature rise, ocean carbonation, ocean acidification) have been identified. These are currently studied intensively with respect to their climate sensitivity as well as the climate feedback potential. [source] Growth theory and industrial revolutions in Britain and AmericaCANADIAN JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS, Issue 4 2003Knick Harley A perception of technological change as an economic process with externalities has motivated the development of aggregate models that generate different steady-state growth paths. Economic history has also long been interested in long-run economic growth. Here, a dialogue is presented between growth theory and the historical literature on the industrial revolution in Britain and America's surge to international economic leadership in the late nineteenth century. In conclusion, economists' recent thinking about the microeconomics of technological change has provided fruitful material for the economic historian of growth. Unfortunately, the models of endogenous growth, on the other hand, present too aggregated a view of the economy to prove helpful when confronted with the details of economic history. JEL Classification: N0, N1.1 Théorie de la croissance et révolutions industrielles en Grande Bretagne et en Amérique., La croissance économique à long terme est redevenue un point d'intérêt majeur pour la théorie économique. Une perception du changement technologique comme processus économique porteur d'externalités a engendré le développement de modèles agrégés qui génèrent différents sentiers de croissance en régime permanent. L'histoire économique s'intéresse depuis longtemps à la croissance économique à long terme. Ce texte engage le dialogue entre la théorie de la croissance et la littérature historique à propos de la révolution industrielle en Grande Bretagne et de l'émergence de l'Amérique au statut de leader international à la fin du dix-neuvième siècle. On en arrive à la conclusion que les récents développements dans la pensée économique à propos de la micro-économie du changement technologique ont produit des résultats utiles pour l'histoire économique de la croissance. Malheureusement, d'autre part, les modèles de croissance endogène présente une vue trop agrégée de l'économie pour s'avérer utile dans l'examen des détails de l'histoire économique. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||