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Industrial
Kinds of Industrial Terms modified by Industrial Selected AbstractsRecognizing the Need for a Humanistic Movement Within Industrial,Organizational PsychologyINDUSTRIAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 1 2010MICHAEL J. ZICKAR No abstract is available for this article. [source] Personality Testing and Industrial,Organizational Psychology: Reflections, Progress, and ProspectsINDUSTRIAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 3 2008LEAETTA M. HOUGH As the title suggests, this article takes a broad perspective on personality as it is conceptualized and measured in organizational research, and in the spirit of this Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology journal, we framed the article as a series of 7 questions. These 7 questions deal with (1) personality and multidimensional models of performance, (2) personality taxonomies and the five-factor model, (3) the effects of situations on personality,performance relationships, (4) the incremental validity of personality over cognitive ability, (5) the need to differentiate personality constructs from personality measures, (6) the concern with faking on personality tests, and (7) the use of personality tests in attempting to address adverse impact. We dovetail these questions with our perspectives and insights in the hope that this will stimulate further discussion with our readership. [source] Applicant and Recruiter Reactions to New Technology in Selection: A Critical Review and Agenda for Future ResearchINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SELECTION AND ASSESSMENT, Issue 2-3 2003Neil AndersonArticle first published online: 30 JUL 200 This paper presents a narrative review of recent research into applicant and recruiter reactions to new technology in employee selection. Different aspects of the use of new technology are noted including computer-based testing, Internet-based recruitment and candidate assessment, telephone-based and video-based interviews, video-based situational judgment tests, and virtual reality scenarios. It is argued that an appropriate way to conceptualize these advances is as ,technical innovations' as defined in the creativity and innovation research in Industrial, Work, and Organizational (IWO) psychology. Applicant reactions research is reviewed thematically, and studies into three main themes are discussed: Applicant preferences and reactions, equivalence, and adverse impact. Following Bartram (2001), an amphibian-monarchistic analogy is employed at several stages in the review. Four major criticisms of the extant applicant reactions research base are noted: its atheoretical orientation, a short-termist concentration upon reactions level outcomes, an over-reliance on students as surrogates, and a patchiness of coverage of crucial research questions. The second part of this paper explores neglected issues of recruiter adoption of new technology for employee selection. Again drawing from advances in the innovation and creativity literatures, this section explores likely antecedent factors at the individual and organizational levels of analysis. A general model of recruiter adoption of new technology is posited as a framework for future research in this area. For both applicant and recruiter reactions further research is called for and implications for practice are noted throughout. [source] The Conservation of Industrial Remains as a Source of Individuation and SocializationINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF URBAN AND REGIONAL RESEARCH, Issue 3 2007YUCEL CAN SEVERCAN Abstract The disappearance of public spaces from the urban realm is a sign of the de-individuation and asocialization of the modern individual. However, cities still provide important tools for reclaiming our lost public life. The aim of this essay is to approach industrial heritage, usually considered a conservation issue, from a different perspective, as a tool for individuation and socialization. In order to do this, we start by describing the effects of capitalism and globalization on public open spaces, and then link this to governments' privatization policies for industrial heritage. We show how industrial landscapes could function as public spaces. Finally, we explain how, in the absence of other public open spaces, industrial landscapes could be used for public purposes to meet the social needs of humans, and could thus be instrumental in the proliferation of our rituals. Résumé La disparition des espaces publics de la sphère urbaine reflète la désindividuation et l'associalisation de l'individu moderne. Pourtant, les villes procurent encore d'importants outils de revendication de notre vie publique perdue. Ce travail envisage le patrimoine industriel, non pas dans la perspective conservatrice habituelle, mais comme un outil en faveur de l'individuation et de la socialisation. Pour ce faire, nous décrivons d'abord les effets du capitalisme et de la mondialisation sur les espaces ouverts publics, puis les associons aux politiques de privatisation des gouvernements en faveur du patrimoine industriel. Nous montrons comment les paysages industriels pourraient opérer en tant qu'espaces publics. Enfin, nous expliquons comment, en l'absence d'autres espaces ouverts publics, les paysages industriels pourraient servir à des fins publiques pour répondre aux besoins sociaux des hommes et contribuer ainsi à la propagation de nos rituels. [source] Bioremediation of Industrial and Agro-industrial EffluentsJOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY, Issue 9 2006Nicolas Kalogerakis Guest Editor No abstract is available for this article. [source] Atypical Aeromonas salmonicida infection in naturally and experimentally infected cod, Gadus morhua L.JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES, Issue 10 2002B Magnadóttir Abstract Cod, Gadus morhua L., of wild origin, were reared at different temperatures for 12 months. During this period, moribund and newly dead fish were examined and samples collected for bacteriology and histopathology. Atypical Aeromonas salmonicida was isolated from 10 individuals reared at or above 7 °C. The isolates were homogeneous with respect to biochemical and antibiogram characters and similar to the ssp. achromogenes National Collection of Industrial and Marine Bacteria, UK, type strain 1110 and reference strains that have been isolated from salmonids and haddock in Iceland. Histopathological analysis of the naturally infected cod showed typical ulceration associated with atypical A. salmonicida infection and also widespread granulomatous formations. One-year-old cod of farmed origin, kept at 9 °C, received intraperitoneal or intramuscular injection with different doses of atypical A. salmonicida, isolated from the above wild cod. Mortalities were monitored for 28 days and the LD50 calculated. The route of bacterial injection influenced the mortality rate and LD50 value and affected, to some extent, the pathological changes observed and humoral immune parameters. Pathological changes, including haemorrhage, early stages of granuloma formation and necrotic changes, were seen in several organs. Infection appeared to induce non-specific antibody activity against trinitrophenyl (TNP)-haptenated protein and may have activated the complement system. Specific antibody response against atypical A. salmonicida was not detected. [source] The influence of small- and large-scale composting on the dissipation of pesticide residues in a biopurification matrixJOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, Issue 7 2010Tineke De Wilde Abstract BACKGROUND: Pesticides are efficiently retained and degraded in the organic matrix of a biopurification system. However, as this matrix mineralizes slowly over time, nutrients will start to become depleted and thus a decay in biomass will probably occur. At that moment, the efficiency of the system decreases and the matrix should be replaced. The spent matrix might still contain residues of pesticides. Hence treatment of this matrix is essential. In this study we opted to use composting or incubation as an effective and environmentally friendly treatment strategy. RESULTS: Small- and large-scale composting/incubation trials were set up to treat the presence of linuron, bentazone, metalaxyl and bifenthrin in a contaminated matrix. Large-scale composting, performed in an industrial composting facility, resulted in decreased concentrations of metalaxyl, linuron and bentazone. Degradation of bifenthrin was very limited. In the small-scale incubation process, a decrease in concentration was noted for bifenthrin, metalaxyl and bentazone. A reduction in extractable pesticide concentration does not, however, always indicate degradation but could be attributed to the formation of non-extractable residues. CONCLUSION: Industrial and small-scale composting/incubation reduced the concentration of some pesticides during the timeframe studied, although little reduction was obtained for the persistent pesticide bifenthrin in the industrial composting process and for linuron in barrel incubation. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry [source] THE SOUTHERN AGRARIANS, PROGRESS, AND THE TRAGIC VOICEPOLITICS & POLICY, Issue 1 2001Christopher M. Duncan In this argument the Agrarian role in the American political drama is not necessarily the specific one implied by the dichotomy: "Agrarian versus Industrial" (Twelve Southerners [1930] 1977, xxxviii), or the policist pronouncement", that the culture of the soil is the best, and that therefore it should have the economic preference and enlist the maximum number of workers"(xlvii). Instead, this is an attempt to place them in a role similar to that played by Sophocles' Antigone,and Sophocles himself,juxtaposing them to the North's Creon. I argue that the Southern Agrarian "voice," when heard properly, makes, possible the tragic sense, adjured by America's unequivocal attachment to modernity's gospel of progress. By positioning the Agrarians in such a way the goal is to point out a way of thinking about the political world, to create a sensibility that is only possible when their voice or another like it is heard properly and with its own timbre. If the project is successful, then two aims will be realized. First, the place and role of the Southern Agrarians in the history of American political thought will be made clearer. And secondly, the history of American political thought will have been employed in part as a kind of theoretical advocacy in the service of American political theory. [source] Patenting Pharmaceutical Inventions on Second Medical Uses in BrazilTHE JOURNAL OF WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, Issue 4 2009Viviane Yumy Mitsuuchi Kunisawa The current Brazilian industrial property law (Law 9279 of 14 May 1996) allows patents for pharmaceuticals, along with the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights provisions. Since 1999, after an amendment in the legislation, two governmental authorities,the Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial (INPI) and the Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA),have been concomitantly acting in the patent-granting procedures for pharmaceuticals. The INPI is the office usually responsible for the examination and granting of patents, and the ANVISA is the agency primarily responsible for the granting of marketing approval of drugs. In a peculiar situation, the two institutions have been responsible for the granting or denial of applications and have very often been divergent in their positions. The patentability of pharmaceutical inventions claiming second medical use is an example. The purpose of this work is to analyze the current situation of the Brazilian patent-granting system in the pharmaceutical field, with a special focus on the patentability of inventions claiming second medical use. It debates the two governmental positions and questions whether the existing conflicts are harmful to the system. [source] DIFFERENCES IN FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE AMONGST SPANISH SMES ACCORDING TO THEIR CAPITAL-OWNERSHIP STRUCTURE: A DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSISANNALS OF PUBLIC AND COOPERATIVE ECONOMICS, Issue 1 2010Zuray Melgarejo ABSTRACT,:,The purpose of this paper is to assess whether financial performance differences between labour-managed (LOFs) and mercantile (PCFs) firms are due to differences in their capital-ownership configuration or to the particular measurement indexes commonly used to quantify performance. The empirical evidence rests upon a 1994,2003 data set of LOFs and PCFs that operate in the Industrial and Services sectors of the economy of Navarre, Spain. The results do not detect significant differences in financial performance between LOFs and PCFs, especially in the long-term and suggest the need to develop performance indices more akin to the special nature of the LOFs. [source] Industrial and Organisation Research on Self-Regulation: From Constructs to ApplicationsAPPLIED PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 2 2005Jeffrey B. Vancouver L'autorégulation rencontre actuellement du succès en psychologie industrielle et organisationnelle. Les travaux théoriques et empiriques englobent des processus allant de l'entrée dans l'organisation à la sortie et à la réembauche. Les interventions et les concepts clés de l'autorégulation dans le monde du travail sont recensés en insistant sur la validité interne et de construction. Quelques concepts comme l'efficacité personnelle et l'implication ont bénéficié d'un grand intérêt de la part des psychométriciens et semblent constituer des cibles de premier ordre lors des interventions. Néanmoins, ces concepts restent entachés d'hypothèses dont la validité n'est pas garantie. D'autres concepts, en particulier la rétroaction et la divergence, souffrent de significations sensiblement différentes dans la littérature sur l'autorégulation, ce qui nuit à la compréhension et à la communication entre les universitaires et les praticiens. On a lancé des interventions relevant des principes de l'autorégulation; celles-ei ont ensuite étéévaluées avec sérieux: il est apparu qu'elles avaient un impact sur un ensemble de variables pertinentes du point de vue organisationnel comme l'amélioration des performances et la réduction de l'absentéisme. Malheureusement, les interventions sont rarement étudiées de façon détaúllée et systématique, ce qui ne permet pas de tirer des conclusions sur les aspects de l'intervention qui sont pertinents du point de vue de la causalité. La discussion insiste sur les lacunes dans la connaissance et l'appréhension des processus de l'autorégulation dans les contextes organisationnels, ainsi que sur la façon dont la discipline pourrait tenter de combler ces lacunes. The self-regulation perspective is currently well received in the industrial and organisational psychology literature. Theoretical and empirical work span processes ranging from organisation entry to exit and reentry. Key self-regulation constructs and interventions in work contexts are reviewed with a focus on construct and internal validity. Some constructs, such as self-efficacy and goal commitment, have received substantial psychometric attention and seem important targets for interventions. Nonetheless, potentially unwarranted assumptions remain regarding these constructs. Other constructs, particularly feedback and discrepancy, have acquired substantially different meanings within the self-regulation literature that inhibit understanding and communication among scholars and practitioners. Interventions based on self-regulatory principles have been developed, and rigorous tests of these interventions have been conducted. These interventions were found to influence a range of organisationally relevant outcomes such as increasing performance and reducing absenteeism. Unfortunately, studies of comprehensive interventions are rare and often lacked controls, making it difficult to draw conclusions regarding what aspects of the interventions are causally relevant. Discussion focuses on the gaps in the field's knowledge and understanding regarding self-regulatory processes in organisational settings and how the field might attempt to fill those gaps. [source] A Study on Increasing Separation Efficiency of an Industrial, Compound Distillation ColumnASIA-PACIFIC JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, Issue 1-2 2002Shengjing Mu Simulation of a multistage distillation column is often required for its design and operation A debottieneck study for an acetic acid (HAc) dehydration column is presented in this paper. The column is consists of 4 structured packing sections at the top, a sieve tray section with smaller diameter in the middle, and a sieve tray section with larger diameter at the bottom By using steady-state simulation, the bottleneck to increasing the efficiency of separation is identified to be the middle sieve tray section with smaller diameter and smaller tray spacing Renovation schemes without any additional investment on equipment are proposed [source] The Next Catastrophe: Reducing Our Vulnerabilities to Natural, Industrial and Terrorist Disasters By CHARLES PERROWCANADIAN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION/ADMINISTRATION PUBLIQUE DU CANADA, Issue 2 2008Paul G. Thomas First page of article [source] Gedanken zur Zukunft der FeststoffverfahrenstechnikCHEMIE-INGENIEUR-TECHNIK (CIT), Issue 12 2002H.J. Feise Dr. Abstract Die chemische Industrie erlebt derzeit große Veränderungen. Für die Zukunft erwarten die im ,Solids Processing Industrial Network" beteiligten Experten, dass sich zwei verschiedene Arten von chemischen Anlagen entwickeln: einerseits die vielseitige, modularisierte Mehrzweckanlage und andererseits ,World scale"-Großanlagen. Gleichzeitig wird der bereits hohe Anteil von Feststoffen unter den Produkten der chemischen Industrie weiter steigen und neue Anforderungen stellen: Die Kleinmengenprodukte müssen individuell auf die Bedürfnisse des jeweiligen Kunden zugeschnitten werden, wodurch Product Design zu einer den Wettbewerb bestimmenden Technologie wird. Bei Großanlagen müssen neue Technologien entwickelt werden, welche die notwendigen, hohen Durchsätze bereitstellen und außerdem vom Labor- auf World scale-Maßstab hochskaliert werden können. Einen erheblichen Anteil am künftigen Erfolg wird die Automatisierung haben, deren Einsatz zum Großteil von der Verfügbarkeit geeigneter Inline-Messsysteme und der Entwicklung von Modellen zur Simulation des Prozesses und der dazugehörigen Partikeleigenschaften abhängen wird. On the Future of Solid Processing Techniques The chemical industry is experiencing major changes. The experts of the "Solids Processing Industrial Network" expect that in the future two kinds of chemical plants will develop: on the one hand the polyvalent, multipurpose, modular plant and on the other hand the world-scale plants. At the same time the high percentage of solids as products of chemical processes will continue to increase and therefore new challenges have to be met. Small-scale production of solids has to be customized to the individual customer needs, which means that product design will be a technology that defines the competitiveness. For large plants techniques have to be developed that enable large volumes to be produced but that also allow the reliable scale-up from laboratory scale to world-scale production. Automatization will play a crucial role in the success of solids processing, which will depend on the availability of on-line measurement systems and the development of simulation models for the processes and the particle properties involved. [source] Industrial and agricultural pollution: a threat to the health of children living in the Arctic regionACTA PAEDIATRICA, Issue 11 2003R ZetterströmArticle first published online: 2 JAN 200 Various environmental pollutants of industrial or agricultural origin such as persistent organic pollutants (POCs) are causing great concern owing to their toxicity to humans and animals. At the Stockholm Convention on POCs in 2001, 12 of these pollutants, i.e. dioxins, PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) and DDT were referred to as "the dirty dozen". Conclusion: Collaborative studies by scientists from Canada, Russia, Scandinavia and other countries representing different fields such as environmental chemistry, ecology and medical sciences may increase our knowledge about the present threat of toxic chemicals to ecology and human health in the Arctic region. It is hoped that improved understanding will promote preventive political decisions. [source] Remarkable Amphibian Biomass and Abundance in an Isolated Wetland: Implications for Wetland ConservationCONSERVATION BIOLOGY, Issue 5 2006J. WHITFIELD GIBBONS biodiversidad; declinación de anfibios; recuperación de humedales sequía; uso de suelo Abstract:,Despite the continuing loss of wetland habitats and associated declines in amphibian populations, attempts to translate wetland losses into measurable losses to ecosystems have been lacking. We estimated the potential productivity from the amphibian community that would be compromised by the loss of a single isolated wetland that has been protected from most industrial, agricultural, and urban impacts for the past 54 years. We used a continuous drift fence at Ellenton Bay, a 10-ha freshwater wetland on the Savannah River Site, near Aiken, South Carolina (U.S.A.), to sample all amphibians for 1 year following a prolonged drought. Despite intensive agricultural use of the land surrounding Ellenton Bay prior to 1951, we documented 24 species and remarkably high numbers and biomass of juvenile amphibians (>360,000 individuals; >1,400 kg) produced during one breeding season. Anurans (17 species) were more abundant than salamanders (7 species), comprising 96.4% of individual captures. Most (95.9%) of the amphibian biomass came from 232095 individuals of a single species of anuran (southern leopard frog[Rana sphenocephala]). Our results revealed the resilience of an amphibian community to natural stressors and historical habitat alteration and the potential magnitude of biomass and energy transfer from isolated wetlands to surrounding terrestrial habitat. We attributed the postdrought success of amphibians to a combination of adult longevity (often >5 years), a reduction in predator abundance, and an abundance of larval food resources. Likewise, the increase of forest cover around Ellenton Bay from <20% in 1951 to >60% in 2001 probably contributed to the long-term persistence of amphibians at this site. Our findings provide an optimistic counterpoint to the issue of the global decline of biological diversity by demonstrating that conservation efforts can mitigate historical habitat degradation. Resumen:,A pesar de la pérdida de hábitats de humedales y las declinaciones asociadas de poblaciones de anfibios, se han realizado pocos intentos para traducir las pérdidas de humedales en pérdidas mensurables en los ecosistemas. Estimamos la productividad potencial de la comunidad de anfibios que se afectaría por la pérdida de un humedal aislado que ha estado protegido de los impactos industriales, agrícolas y urbanos durante los últimos 54 años. Utilizamos un cerco de desvío en la Bahía Ellentonn, un humedal dulceacuícola de 10 ha en el Río Savannah, cerca de Aiken, Carolina del Sur (E.U.A.), para muestrear todos los anfibios durante 1 año después de una sequía prolongada. A pesar del intensivo uso agrícola del suelo alrededor de la Bahía Ellenton antes de 1951, documentamos 24 especies y números y biomasa de anfibios juveniles notablemente altos (>360,000 individuos; >1,400 kg) en una temporada reproductiva. Los anuros (17 especies) fueron más abundantes que las salamandras (7 especies), y comprendieron 96.4% de las capturas individuales. La mayor parte (95.9%) de la biomasa provino de 232095 individuos de una sola especie de anuro (Rana sphenocephala). Nuestros resultados revelaron que la resiliencia de la comunidad de anfibios a los estresantes naturales y a la alteración histórica del hábitat y la magnitud potencial de la transferencia de biomasa y energía desde los humedales aislados hacia el hábitat terrestre circundante. Atribuimos el éxito post-sequía de los anfibios a una combinación de longevidad de adultos (a menudo > 5 años), la reducción de la abundancia de depredadores y la abundancia de recursos alimenticios para las larvas. Asimismo, el incremento de la cobertura forestal alrededor de la Bahía Ellerton de < 20% en 1951 a > 60% en 2001 probablemente contribuyó a la persistencia de los anfibios a largo plazo en este sitio. Nuestros hallazgos proporcionan un contrapunto optimista al tema de la declinación global de la diversidad biológica al demostrar que los esfuerzos de conservación pueden mitigar a la degradación histórica del hábitat. [source] IS CORPORATE R&D INVESTMENT IN HIGH-TECH SECTORS MORE EFFECTIVE?CONTEMPORARY ECONOMIC POLICY, Issue 3 2010RAQUEL ORTEGA-ARGILÉS This paper discusses the link between R&D and productivity across the European industrial and service sectors. The empirical analysis is based on both the European sectoral OECD data and on a unique micro-longitudinal database consisting of 532 top European R&D investors. The main conclusions are as follows. First, the R&D stock has a significant positive impact on labor productivity; this general result is largely consistent with previous literature in terms of the sign, the significance, and the magnitude of the estimated coefficients. More interestingly, both at sectoral and firm levels the R&D coefficient increases monotonically (both in significance and magnitude) when we move from the low-tech to the medium- and high-tech sectors. This outcome means that corporate R&D investment is more effective in the high-tech sectors and this may need to be taken into account when designing policy instruments (subsidies, fiscal incentives, etc.) in support of private R&D. However, R&D investment is not the sole source of productivity gains; technological change embodied in gross investment is of comparable importance on aggregate and is the main determinant of productivity increase in the low-tech sectors. Hence, an economic policy aiming to increase productivity in the low-tech sectors should support overall capital formation. [source] Should we measure corporate social responsibility?CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, Issue 1 2003Dr Jouni Korhonen This paper is critical towards efforts that try and measure corporate social responsibility (CSR). A critical approach can be important for the development of the theory of the emerging field of corporate social responsibility. A critical and provocative approach can generate discussion and debate. Three main points of critique are presented toward the current efforts in the literature to measure corporate contributions to economic, social and ecological sustainability. First, the use of the concepts of eco-efficiency and eco-efficacy in measuring corporate contributions to sustainability are criticized from the viewpoint of the complementarity relation of human-manufactured capital, natural capital and social sustaining functions. Second, the use of measures that focus on an individual process or an individual company are reconsidered with an approach to industrial and firm networks. Third, the use of the monetary value is reconsidered, e.g. by suggesting an approach based on physical material and energy flows and on a new paradigmatic foundation for social responsibility. The social and ecological indicators illustrating the social and environmental impacts of economic activity and of firms can be combined with economic indicators, but not expressed in monetary terms. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment. [source] Environmental management in large-scale building projects,learning from Hammarby SjöstadCORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, Issue 4 2002Rolf Johansson In an old industrial and harbour area of Stockholm, a new city for 30 000 people will be built in the next ten years. The Hammarby Sjöstad project is unique in its size and municipal organization as well as in its ambitious environmental objectives. In a case study based on interviews and document analysis, the environmental management process of this project is researched. The City of Stockholm will follow up the compliance with set goals; our study is a qualitative one focusing on the management process. We develop concepts and models as an aid for municipal management of future construction projects. Many factors outside the formal ones are considered important. Data is structured chronologically as events and from a stakeholder perspective, including the City, the developers and the contractors. The main focus is, however, on the City's Project Management Team. Collected data is furthermore analysed with the aid of key concepts, derived from organization theory, planning and construction practice and as suggested by the data. Preliminary results indicate that the continued study of informal means of control is just as important as that of the formal ones, and that identifying key situations and tools for environmental management should be in focus for the rest of the research study. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment [source] Decision Making in a Standby Service System,DECISION SCIENCES, Issue 3 2000H. V. Ravinder A standby service option allows a firm to lower its risk of not having sufficient capacity to satisfy demand without investing in additional capacity. Standby service options currently exist in the natural gas, electric, and water utility industries. Firms seeking standby service are typically large industrial or institutional organizations that, due to unexpectedly high demand or interruptions in their own supply system, look to a public utility to supplement their requirements. Typically, the firm pays the utility a reservation fee based on a nominated volume and a consumption charge based on the volume actually taken. In this paper, a single-period model is developed and optimized with respect to the amount of standby capacity a firm should reserve. Expressions for the mean and variance of the supplier's aggregate standby demand distribution are developed. A procedure for computing the level of capacity needed to safely meet its standby obligations is presented. Numerical results suggest that the standby supplier can safely meet its standby demand with a capacity that is generally between 20 to 50% of the aggregate nominated volume. [source] The Wealth of Nations at the Turn of the Millennium: A Classification System Based on the International Division of Labor,ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY, Issue 2 2002Wolfgang Hoeschele Abstract: Simple dichotomies, such as First World,Third World, developed,developing countries, and north,south, are no longer adequate for understanding the complex economic geography of the world. Even the division into core, semi-periphery, and periphery groups diverse economies into an excessively limited number of categories. It is time to develop a new scheme that better classifies the countries of the world into coherent groups. This article constructs a new classification based on the international division of labor, using three fundamental dimensions. The first dimension is the success of the industrial and services economy in providing employment to the people within a country. The second is the export orientation of a country, concentrating either on natural-resource-intensive products (e.g., agricultural produce, food and beverages, minerals and metals) or on core industrial manufactures (from textiles to computers). The third is the presence of control functions in the world economy: countries that include the headquarters of major firms and are the source regions of major flows of foreign direct investments. The combination of these three dimensions leads to the creation of eight basic categories. I introduce a terminology that combines these basic categories into larger groups, depending on the context. This new conceptual scheme should facilitate a more informed analysis of world economic, political, social, and environmental affairs. [source] Evaluation of river water genotoxicity using the piscine micronucleus testENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS, Issue 6 2007Serap Ergene Abstract The Berdan River, which empties into the Mediterranean Sea on the east coast of Turkey, receives discharges of industrial and municipal waste. In the present study, the in vivo piscine micronucleus (MN) test was used to evaluate the genotoxicity of water samples collected from different locations along the Berdan River. Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were exposed in the laboratory for 2, 4, and 6 days, and micronuclei were evaluated in peripheral blood erythrocytes, gill cells, and caudal fin epithelial cells. A single dose of 5 mg/L cyclophosphamide was used as a positive control. In addition to micronuclei, nuclear abnormalities (NAs), such as binucleated cells and blebbed, notched, and lobed nuclei, were assessed in the erythrocytes, and chemical analyses were carried out to determine the amount of heavy metals in the water samples. MN and NA frequencies were significantly elevated (up to 2- to 3-fold) in fish exposed to river water samples taken downstream of potential discharges, and the elevated responses in gill and fin cells were related to the concentration of heavy metals in the water. MN frequencies (expressed as micronucleated cells/1,000 cells), in both treated and untreated fish, were greatest in gill cells (range: 0.80,3.70), and generally lower in erythrocytes (range: 0.50,2.80), and fin cells (range: 0.45,1.70). The results of this study indicate that the Berdan River is contaminated with genotoxic pollutants and that the genotoxicity is related to the discharge of wastes into the river water. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Inventory of shipping emissions in Izmit Gulf, TurkeyENVIRONMENTAL PROGRESS & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY, Issue 2 2010Alper Kiliç Abstract Ships are significant emissions sources in transportation sector. The environmental effects of shipping emissions become more serious because of insufficient international rules and inspections. Especially in inland waters, canals, straits, gulfs, and port areas emissions effects on environment and health are more important. Izmit Gulf is the major industrial, transport, and inland water region which is affected from shipping emissions with 37 ports and industrial plants. In this study, NOx, SO2, CO2, HC, and PM emission amounts from 11,645 ships called to Izmit Gulf in 2005. These emissions are classified according to ships operation modes and ship types. Annual shipping emissions are estimated as 5,356 t yr,1 for NOx, 4,305 t yr,1 for SO2, 254,261 t yr,1 for CO2, 232 t yr,1 for HC and 487 t yr,1 for PM. To determine the most probably effected regions in the gulf, the spatial distribution of NOx emissions within the Gulf region has been prepared in 1 × 1 Nm2 (Nautical miles) grid cells based on ship movement data along the various routes. Ships in Izmit Gulf contribute to urban pollution with sulfur dioxide significantly. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2010 [source] Comparison of air quality management strategies of PM10, SO2, and NOx by an industrial source complex model in BeijingENVIRONMENTAL PROGRESS & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY, Issue 1 2007Gaoxiang Ying Abstract The primary air pollutants in the Beijing urban area are fine particulate matter (PM10), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and nitrogen oxides (NOx). Using suitable emission factors for point, area, and line sources from 20 categories of industrial, commercial, domestic and traffic, total yearly mean emissions were estimated at 103.3 kton of PM10, 209.9 kton of SO2, and 225.4 kton of NOx in 1999. To abate this elevated air pollution, three air quality management schemes are adopted. After the implementation, the annual mean ground-level concentrations of air pollutants are predicted by an industrial source complex short term (ISCST3) dispersion model and compared by the geographic information system (GIS). The ISCST3 dispersion model is used by inputting emission inventory and meteorological data with 1 h temporal and 1 km × 1 km spatial resolution. The model validity is verified by its agreement with monitoring data from Beijing's Environmental Protection Bureau. Results indicate that the levels of PM10, SO2, and NOx in Beijing are improved gradually because of the adoption of these three control schemes. The predicted annual mean concentrations decreased from 90.63 to 67.28 ,g/m3 for PM10, 57.94 to 31.77 ,g/m3 for SO2, and 119.97 to 73.83 ,g/m3 for NOx, respectively. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog 26:33,42, 2007. [source] Nutrient limitations during the biofiltration of methyl isoamyl ketoneENVIRONMENTAL PROGRESS & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY, Issue 1 2005Hyun-Keun Son With biofiltration, both organic and inorganic compounds that are toxic to humans and volatile organic compounds from a variety of industrial and public sector sources have been effectively removed. During the initial stage of the acclimation period, the removal capacity of the biofilter is primarily attributed to the adsorption capacity of the media. The adsorption capacity of different types of biofilter media was studied. MIAK (methyl isoamyl ketone), which is one of the major air pollutants in painting operations, was used as the target air pollutant for the biofiltration experiments. All the materials tested exhibited very poor adsorption capacity for MIAK. The effect of nutrient limitation was also evaluated. A gradual decrease of removal capacity was observed under the nutrient-limited environment. When nutrient was provided to the biofilter, the removal capacity increased from 55 to 93% in 3 days. A nutrient ratio of chemical oxygen demand (COD):N:P = 200:4:1 was sufficient for the removal of volatile organic compounds from the polluted air stream. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2004 [source] Gonadal differentiation in frogs exposed to estrogenic and antiestrogenic compoundsENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY & CHEMISTRY, Issue 10 2003Constanze A. Mackenzie Abstract Exposure of amphibians to endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) may alter differentiationof gonads, especially when exposures begin during early life stages. Gonadal differentiation was observed in leopard frogs (Rana pipiens) and wood frogs (Rana sylvatica) exposed as tadpoles to estrogenic (estradiol, ethinylestradiol, nonylphenol) and antiestrogenic compounds (an aromatase inhibitor, flavone, and an antiestrogen, ICI 182780). Exposure to all compounds at ,g/L concentrations altered gonadal differentiation in some animals by inducing either complete feminization or an intersex condition, and altered testicular tubule morphology, increased germ cell maturation (vitellogenesis), and oocyte atresia. Comparisons between the two species indicate that R. pipiens are more susceptible to sex reversal and development of intersex gonads. However, R. sylvatica also showed alterations to testicular morphology, germ cell maturation, and ooctye atresia. These laboratory results indicate that amphibians could be susceptible to altered gonadal differentiation and development when exposed to estrogenic and antiestrogenic compounds in aquatic environments, such as those impacted by agricultural, industrial, and municipal runoff. [source] Abnormalities in sexual development of the amphipod Gammarus pulex (L.) found below sewage treatment worksENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY & CHEMISTRY, Issue 8 2001Melanie Yvette Gross Abstract Increasing numbers of widely used industrial, agricultural, and natural chemicals are known to elicit endocrine-disrupting effects in a wide range of vertebrate and invertebrate species. The objective of this study was to determine whether the sexual development of the freshwater crustacean Gammarus pulex (L.) was affected below sewage treatment works (STW) previously known to contain endocrine-disrupting chemicals in their effluent. The gonadal structure, external sexual characteristics, and size of gammarids from exposed sites were compared to those of gammarids from a reference site. No significant difference was found in the gonadal structure of males collected below two STW. However, a highly significant number of females collected from a site known to elicit high estrogenic responses in vertebrates displayed an abnormal structure of oocytes in vitellogenesis. Body size was significantly shorter and male/female size differential was significantly reduced below one of the STW. Analysis of gnathopod and genital papillae length data suggests that different allometric relationships of these organs to body size exist between sample sites. [source] Regulating the mobility of Cd, Cu and Pb in an acid soil with amendments of phosphogypsum, sugar foam, and phosphoric rockEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOIL SCIENCE, Issue 2 2006F. Garrido Summary When acid soil has been contaminated by metals as a result of industrial discharges, accidental spills, or acid mine drainage it may be desirable to retain the metals in the soil rather than allow them to leach away. We have investigated the potential of phosphogypsum (PG), sugar foam (SF), and phosphoric rock (PR) to regulate the availability and mobility of Pb, Cd and Cu. We have also identified changes in attenuation during incubation for 1 year and the effect of aging on metal speciation in amended soils. We studied miscible displacement in columns of undisturbed soil previously treated with solutions of the amendments and soluble metals and, subsequently, single and sequential chemical metal extractions. All amendments increased the soil's metal retention capacity. This, in turn, increased the amount of metal extractable by diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA). However, over time the amounts of DTPA-extractable metal decreased, particularly for Cu and Pb. Both Cu and Cd were held preferentially within the acetic acid-extractable fraction (operationally defined exchangeable fraction , EX fraction), whereas Pb was associated mainly with the hydroxylammonium-extractable fraction (operationally defined bound to Fe and Al hydroxides , OX fraction). Both Pb and Cu in the oxide and organic fractions increased in the PG- and SF-treated soils. In general, the distribution of metal did not change in the PR-treated columns after the incubation. Finally, scanning electron microscopy in back-scattered electron mode (SEM,BSE) showed the formation of Al-hydroxy polymers which provides the soils with additional cation sorption capacity. In the PG- and PR-treated columns, P and S were associated with these formations. The three metals were associated with the Al polymers, probably through direct coordination or the formation of ternary complexes with the inorganic ligands phosphate and sulphate. [source] Protein folding and disulfide bond formation in the eukaryotic cellFEBS JOURNAL, Issue 23 2009Denmark), Disulfide Bond Formation 2009 (Elsinore, Meeting report based on the presentations at the European Network Meeting on Protein Folding The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays a critical role as a compartment for protein folding in eukaryotic cells. Defects in protein folding contribute to a growing list of diseases, and advances in our understanding of the molecular details of protein folding are helping to provide more efficient ways of producing recombinant proteins for industrial and medicinal use. Moreover, research performed in recent years has shown the importance of the ER as a signalling compartment that contributes to overall cellular homeostasis. Hamlet's castle provided a stunning backdrop for the latest European network meeting to discuss this subject matter in Elsinore, Denmark, from 3 to 5 June 2009. Organized by researchers at the Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, the meeting featured 20 talks by both established names and younger scientists, focusing on topics such as oxidative protein folding and maturation (in particular in the ER, but also in other compartments), cellular redox regulation, ER-associated degradation, and the unfolded protein response. Exciting new advances were presented, and the intimate setting with about 50 participants provided an excellent opportunity to discuss current key questions in the field. [source] Cadmium blocks hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1-mediated response to hypoxia by stimulating the proteasome-dependent degradation of HIF-1,FEBS JOURNAL, Issue 13 2000Yang-Sook Chun Cadmium is a substantial industrial and environmental pollutant which seriously impairs erythropoiesis. Cd has been demonstrated to aggravate anemia by suppressing erythropoietin gene expression in anemic patients. As hypoxic induction of erythropoietin mRNA depends on a transcription factor, hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), we hypothesized that Cd suppresses the hypoxic activation of HIF-1. In hypoxic Hep3B cells, all mRNAs of various genes, which are known to be upregulated by HIF-1 activation under hypoxia, were suppressed by Cd in a dose-dependent manner. Cd inhibited the hypoxia-induced activity of luciferase in 293 cells which was transfected with a reporter plasmid carrying a hypoxia response element. By electrophoretic mobility gel shift assay, Cd inhibited the DNA-binding activity of HIF-1 in hypoxic Hep3B cells. Cd reduced the amount of HIF-1, protein in hypoxia, whereas it didn't affect HIF-1 , mRNA levels. Moreover, Cd inhibited HIF-1, accumulation induced by cobalt and desferrioxamine. Antioxidants and a proteasome inhibitor prevented the HIF-1, degradation caused by Cd. The possibility that oxidative stress mediates this action of Cd was examined. Cd didn't affect protein oxidation and reduced glutathione levels in hypoxic cells. These results indicate that Cd triggers a redox/proteasome-dependent degradation of HIF-1, protein, reducing HIF-1 activity and in turn suppressing the hypoxic induction of hypoxia-inducible genes. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||