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Induction Protocol (induction + protocol)
Kinds of Induction Protocol Selected AbstractsHydrosilylation of Ketone and Imine over Poly-N-Heterocyclic Carbene ParticlesADVANCED SYNTHESIS & CATALYSIS (PREVIOUSLY: JOURNAL FUER PRAKTISCHE CHEMIE), Issue 9 2009MeiXuan Tan Abstract N-Heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-catalyzed ketone/imine hydrosilylation, silane alcohol condensation and asymmetric ketone hydrosilylation reactions were demonstrated for the first time over solid, main-chain poly-NHC particles. The stable and robust poly-NHC particles were easily recovered, and exhibited good catalytic recyclability. A novel chiral induction protocol with a cheap and easily accessible secondary alcohol as the chiral source was also developed in this catalytic system. [source] Characterization of a human fetal spinal cord stem cell line, NSI-566RSC, and its induction to functional motoneuronsJOURNAL OF TISSUE ENGINEERING AND REGENERATIVE MEDICINE, Issue 3 2010Xiufang Guo Abstract Specific neuronal subtypes, especially motoneurons (MNs), derived from human stem cells provide a significant therapeutic potential for spinal cord diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and spinal cord injury. So far, in vitro, MNs have only been successfully induced from embryonic stem cells (hESC) and human fetal cortical progenitors. Although neural progenitors from spinal cord would be a likely source for generating MNs, there has been no study reporting successful in vitro differentiation of MNs from spinal cord progenitors. This study first characterized a polyclonal spinal cord stem cell line isolated from an 8 week-old fetus. Then a paradigm was introduced to successfully induce MNs from this cell line, which was demonstrated by immunostaining using the MN markers HB9, Islet1 and choline acetyl transferase (ChAT). The combination of HB9 and ChAT immunostainings indicated that ,20% of the cells were MNs after this induction protocol. The presence of other cell types in the differentiated culture was also analysed. Finally, the electrophysiological properties of these differentiated MNs were characterized to confirm their functional integrity. The majority of these MNs fired repetitive action potentials (APs), which is an indicator of functional maturation. The recordings of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) confirmed the formation of synapses onto these MNs. This study reports the first successful differentiation of MNs from human spinal cord stem cells in vitro, providing a novel approach for obtaining functional MNs when designing the therapeutic strategy for spinal cord diseases or injuries. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Speed of induction of anaesthesia in dogs administered halothane, isoflurane, sevoflurane or propofol in a clinical settingAUSTRALIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL, Issue 1-2 2008RG Pottie Objective To compare the speed and quality of induction of general anaesthesia using three different inhalant agents and one intravenous agent, in healthy dogs undergoing desexing surgery. Materials and methods Less excitable dogs were not premedicated; others were premedicated with intramuscular acepromazine and morphine. Anaesthesia induction protocol was randomly assigned, with halothane, isoflurane or sevoflurane delivered by mask, or propofol delivered intravenously. Maximum vaporiser settings were used for inhalant inductions. Induction of anaesthesia was considered complete at the time of endotracheal intubation. Quality of induction was scored by the administering veterinarian. Results Seventy-one dogs were enrolled. Twenty-four received no premedication and 47 received premedication. Isoflurane inductions were significantly faster than halothane inductions (2.86 ± 0.25 vs 3.71 ± 0.22 min; mean ± SE, P = 0.013). Sevoflurane inductions (3.29 ± 0.24 min) were not significantly different from either halothane (3.71 ± 0.22 min, P = 0.202) or isoflurane inductions (2.86 ± 0.25 min, P = 0.217). Induction with propofol (1.43 ± 0.13 min) was significantly faster than inhalant induction (P < 0.001 in each case). Premedication decreased the dose requirement and time to induction for dogs induced with propofol, but did not significantly change the time to intubation for inhalant inductions. Dogs administered propofol and/or premedication were significantly more likely to have an excellent quality of induction, but there was no difference between inhalant agents in terms of induction quality. Conclusion Sevoflurane possesses chemical properties that should produce a more rapid induction of anaesthesia in comparison to halothane or isoflurane. However, in clinical practice patient related factors outweigh this improvement. [source] Long-term results of mycophenolate mofetil as part of immunosuppressive induction therapy after liver transplantationCLINICAL TRANSPLANTATION, Issue 3 2006Jan M. Langrehr Abstract:, Background:, The addition of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) to the induction protocol resulted in a lower incidence of rejection episodes. However, the question whether MMF should be administered in combination with tacrolimus or cyclosporine has not been answered yet. In our study, we report on the long-term results of triple induction therapy after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT), consisting of MMF and low-dose corticosteroids, in combination with either tacrolimus or cyclosporine. Methods:, Between March 1996 and April 1997, 120 consecutive patients, who underwent OLT at our institution, were enrolled in this study. Of these patients, 80 received triple induction therapy consisting of cyclosporine and MMF (40) or tacrolimus and MMF (40), in combination with low-dose corticosteroids, whereas the remaining 40 patients served as ,MMF-free' control group receiving dual induction therapy with tacrolimus and corticosteroids. Besides the eight-yr follow-up of patient and graft survival, clinical data were also reviewed for episodes of rejection and infection. Additionally, the early post-operative pharmacokinetics of mycophenolic acid (MPA, immunological active metabolite of MMF) were evaluated. Results:, Long-term results provided higher patient and graft survival after tacrolimus/MMF-based induction therapy than after cyclosporine/MMF-based induction therapy. However, the tacrolimus-based control protocol yielded similar results and, therefore, no significantly superior effect was observed when MMF was added. The same observation was made for incidence of rejection and infection episodes. AUC and Cmax of MPA increased in combination with tacrolimus compared with cyclosporine. Conclusions:, Although pharmacological synergy between tacrolimus and MMF was observed, MMF showed no significant beneficial effects in the immunosuppressive induction protocol, neither in combination with tacrolimus nor with cyclosporine. [source] Basiliximab in association with tacrolimus and steroids in caucasian cadaveric renal transplanted patients: significant decrease in early acute rejection rate and hospitalization timeCLINICAL TRANSPLANTATION, Issue 2 2004Gianluca Leonardi Abstract:, Safety and tolerability of basiliximab in renal transplantation have been proven in different immunosuppressive regimens. Few informations are available about the association of basiliximab with tacrolimus and steroids. We present a retrospective analysis performed in Caucasian cadaveric renal transplant recipients, comparing a basiliximab, tacrolimus and steroids induction protocol (GrA: 51 patients) with a tacrolimus and steroids protocol (GrB: 46 patients). A significant decrease in acute rejection rate in the first 3 months (2.0% vs. 17.4%; p < 0.01) was noted. Interestingly, the recipients in GrA were at major immunologic risk for the younger age of recipients, the greater number of mismatches and the higher rate of second transplants. The hospitalization times resulted reduced of 5.3 d in GrA vs. GrB (20.8 d vs. 26.1 d; p < 0.05). The adverse events patterns and profiles were similar in the two treatments groups. One patient in each group had a post-transplant lymphoprolipherative disorder. No significant difference was found in patient and graft survival. According to the results of this study, in a Caucasian adult population, basiliximab in association with tacrolimus and steroids is a safe and efficacious tool for acute rejection prevention and it is cost saving by reducing the hospitalization times. [source] Preclinical evaluation of tolerance induction protocols and islet transplantation in non-human primatesIMMUNOLOGICAL REVIEWS, Issue 1 2001Sean P. Montgomery Summary: Non-human primate studies of tolerance induction strategies in solid organ transplantation represent a critical bridge between studies in rodents and humans. Our work demonstrates that strategies involving the blockade of co-stimulatory molecules, especially the CD40,CD154 pathway, have great potential for clinical adaptation. While the combination of anti-CD154 antibody with blockade of the CD28 pathway reduced donor antibody production, graft survival was not significantly improved over that achieved with anti-CD154 antibody alone. Moreover, although long courses of steroids seem to interfere with this approach, it may be possible to combine blockade of the CD40,CD154 pathway with other conventional immunosuppressants without sacrificing efficacy. This is a key issue for reducing the risk associated with eventual clinical trials. Work in the non-human primate islet transplant model demonstrates that viable islets can be recovered, isolated and infused in a reliable fashion. It also confirms the efficacy of a steroid sparing approach to immunosuppression for islet transplantation. These data have been expanded to the kidney allograft model, setting the stage for kidney islet transplantation studies. Overall, tolerance induction and islet transplant studies in non-human primates permit the preclinical screening of promising immunomodulatory approaches developed in rodents and reduce the inherent uncertainties associated with adapting new regimens to the clinic. [source] Analysis of neural potential of human umbilical cord blood,derived multipotent mesenchymal stem cells in response to a range of neurogenic stimuliJOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE RESEARCH, Issue 9 2008Isabel Zwart Abstract We investigated the neurogenic potential of full-term human umbilical cord blood (hUCB),derived multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in response to neural induction media or coculture with rat neural cells. Phenotypic and functional changes were assessed by immunocytochemistry, RT-PCR, and whole-cell patch-clamp recordings. Naive MSCs expressed both mesodermal and ectodermal markers prior to neural induction. Exposure to retinoic acid, basic fibroblast growth factor, or cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) did not stimulate neural morphology, whereas exposure to dibutyryl cAMP and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine stimulated a neuron-like morphology but also appeared to be cytotoxic. All protocols stimulated increases in expression of the neural precursor marker nestin, but expression of mature neuronal or glial markers MAP2 and GFAP was not observed. Nestin expression increases were serum level dependent. Electrophysiological properties of MSCs were studied with whole-cell patch-clamp recordings. The MSCs possessed no ionic currents typical of neurons before or after neural induction protocols. Coculture of hUCB-derived MSCs and rat neural cells induced some MSCs to adopt an astrocyte-like morphology and express GFAP protein and mRNA. Our data suggest hUCB-derived MSCs do not transdifferentiate into mature functioning neurons in response to the above neurogenic protocols; however, coculture with rat neural cells led to a minority adopting an astrocyte-like phenotype. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] State of the art and new horizons in the diagnosis and management of egg allergyALLERGY, Issue 3 2010A. H. Benhamou To cite this article: Benhamou AH, Caubet J-C, Eigenmann PA, Nowak-We,grzyn A, Marcos CP, Reche M, Urisu A. State of the art and new horizons in the diagnosis and management of egg allergy. Allergy 2010; 65: 283,289. Abstract Egg allergy is one of the most frequent food allergies in children below the age of three. Common symptoms of egg allergy involve frequently the skin as well as the gut and in more severe cases result in anaphylaxis. Non-IgE-mediated symptoms such as in eosinophilic diseases of the gut or egg-induced enterocolitis might also be observed. Sensitization to egg white proteins can be found in young children in absence of clinical symptoms. The diagnosis of egg allergy is based on the history, IgE tests as well as standardized food challenges. Ovomucoid is the major allergen of egg, and recent advances in technology have improved the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with egg allergy by using single allergens or allergens with modified allergenic properties. Today, the management of egg allergy is strict avoidance. However, oral tolerance induction protocols, in particular with egg proteins with reduced allergenic properties, are promising tools for inducing an increased level of tolerance in specific patients. [source] CD8+ T-Cell Depletion and Rapamycin Synergize with Combined Coreceptor/Stimulation Blockade to Induce Robust Limb Allograft Tolerance in MiceAMERICAN JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTATION, Issue 12 2008Z. Li The growing development of composite tissue allografts (CTA) highlights the need for tolerance induction protocols. Herein, we developed a mouse model of heterotopic limb allograft in a stringent strain combination in which potentially tolerogenic strategies were tested taking advantage of donor stem cells in the grafted limb. BALB/c allografts were transplanted into C57BL/6 mice treated with anti-CD154 mAb, nondepleting anti-CD4 combined to either depleting or nondepleting anti-CD8 mAbs. Some groups received additional rapamycin. Both depleting and nondepleting mAb combinations without rapamycin only delayed limb allograft rejection, whereas the addition of rapamycin induced long-term allograft survival in both combinations. Nevertheless, robust donor-specific tolerance, defined by the acceptance of a fresh donor-type skin allograft and simultaneous rejection of third-party grafts, required initial CD8+ T-cell depletion. Mixed donor-recipient chimerism was observed in lymphoid organs and recipient bone marrow of tolerant but not rejecting animals. Tolerance specificity was confirmed by the inability to produce IL-2, IFN-, and TNF-, in MLC with donor antigen while significant alloreactivity persisted against third- party alloantigens. Collectively, these results show that robust CTA tolerance and mixed donor-recipient chimerism can be achieved in response to the synergizing combination of rapamycin, transient CD8+ T-cell depletion and costimulation/coreceptor blockade. [source] Dynamic changes in CD4+ CD25+ high T cell apoptosis after the diagnosis of type 1 diabetesCLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL IMMUNOLOGY, Issue 1 2007S. Glisic-Milosavljevic Summary Because type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic, autoimmune, T cell-mediated disease, interventions affecting T cells are expected to modulate the immune cascade and lead to disease remission. We propose that increased CD4+ CD25+high T cell apoptosis, a trait we discovered in recent-onset T1D subjects, reflects T1D partial remission within the first 6 months after diagnosis. Apoptosis of forkhead box P3 (FoxP3)+ CD4+ CD25+high T cells, in addition to total daily doses of insulin (TDD), blood glucose, HbA1c and age, were measured in 45 subjects with T1D at various times after diagnosis. Sixteen healthy control subjects were also recruited to the study. Higher CD4+ CD25+high T cell apoptosis levels were detected within the first 6 months of diagnosis (odds ratio = 1·39, P = 0·009), after adjustment for age, TDD and HbA1c. A proportional hazards model confirmed that the decline of apoptosis after diagnosis of T1D was related significantly to survival time (hazards ratio = 1·08, P = 0·014), with TDD and age also contributing to survival. During this time there was an inverse relationship between CD4+ CD25+high T cell apoptosis with TDD (r = ,0·39, P = 0·008). The CD4+ CD25+high T cell apoptosis levels decline significantly after the first 6 months from diagnosis of T1D and may help in the close monitoring of autoimmunity. In parallel, there is an increase in TDD during this time. We also propose that CD4+ CD25+high T cell apoptosis assay can be used to gauge the efficacy of the several immune tolerance induction protocols, now under way. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||