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Individual Reactions (individual + reaction)
Selected AbstractsTerrorists and Democrats: Individual Reactions to International AttacksPOLITICAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 3 2002Alice F. Healy Three experiments conducted in 1997 and 1998 explored individual responses to reported fictitious international conflict involving the United States and other nations. Participants escalated the conflictual level of their responses to repeated attacks. In Experiment 1, escalation of conflict was greater in response to terrorist attacks than to military ones. In Experiment 2, after the initial attacks, men were more conflictual in responding to terrorist attacks by a democratic nation than by a nondemocratic nation, whereas the opposite pattern was found for women. In Experiment 3, participants responded with a higher level of conflict to terrorist attacks on military targets than to attacks on cultural/educational targets. Participants with greater personality dominance showed steeper escalation of conflict in their responses across successive attacks. These results are interpreted within the framework of an image theory of international relations and an expansion of the democratic peace hypothesis. [source] Regioselective Palladium(0)-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions and Metal-Halide Exchange Reactions of Tetrabromothiophene: Optimization, Scope and LimitationsADVANCED SYNTHESIS & CATALYSIS (PREVIOUSLY: JOURNAL FUER PRAKTISCHE CHEMIE), Issue 10 2009ng Thanh Tłng Abstract The Suzuki reaction of tetrabromothiophene with arylboronic acids provides a regioselective approach to various 5-aryl-2,3,4-tribromothiophenes, symmetrical 2,5-diaryl-3,4-dibromothiophenes, and tetraarylthiophenes. Unsymmetrical 2,5-diaryl-3,4-dibromothiophenes are prepared by Suzuki reaction of 5-aryl-2,3,4-tribromothiophenes. Tetraarylthiophenes containing two different types of aryl groups are obtained by Suzuki reactions of 2,5-diaryl-3,4-dibromothiophenes. During the optimization of the conditions of each individual reaction, the solvent, the catalyst and the temperature play an important role. In several cases, classical conditions [use of tetrakis(triphenylphosphane)palladium(0), Pd(PPh3)4, as the catalyst] gave excellent yields. The yields of those transformations which failed or proceeded sluggishly could be significantly improved by application of a new biarylmonophosphine ligand developed by Buchwald and co-workers. Regioselective metal-halide exchange reactions of tetrabromothiophene provide a convenient approach to various 2,5-disubstituted 3,4-dibromothiophenes. 5-Alkyl-2-trimethylsilyl-3,4-dibromothiophenes could be prepared in one pot by sequential addition of trimethylchlorosilane and alkyl bromides. The reaction of tetrabromothiophene with methyl chloroformate and subsequent Suzuki reactions afforded 3,4-diaryl-2,5-bis(methoxycarbonyl)thiophenes. [source] Efficacy and pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and flunixin meglumine for treatment of cows with experimentally induced Escherichia coli mastitisJOURNAL OF VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS, Issue 4 2002M. Rantala Efficacy and pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and flunixin meglumine for treatment of cows with experimentally induced Escherichia coli mastitis. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap.25, 251,258. The efficacy of flunixin alone and together with enrofloxacin in treatment of experimental Escherichia coli mastitis was compared using six cows. The cross-over study design was used. Pharmacokinetics of flunixin and enrofloxacin were also studied in these diseased cows. The response of each cow was similar after the first and second challenge and the individual reaction seemed to explain the severity of clinical signs. The most important predictive factor for outcome of E. coli mastitis was a heavy drop in milk yield. Treatment with enrofloxacin and flunixin enhanced elimination of bacteria, but the difference from those receiving flunixin alone was not significant. Two cows, which had received no antimicrobial treatment (Group 1), were killed on day 4 postchallenge. One cow was killed after the first and the other after the second challenge. Cows receiving combination therapy produced 0.9 L more milk per day during the study period than cows which had only received flunixin (P< 0.05). Based on our findings, antimicrobial treatment might be beneficial in the treatment of high-yielding cows in early lactation. The absorption of enrofloxacin was delayed after subcutaneous administration, the mean apparent elimination half-life being about 23 h, whereas after i.v. administration elimination t1/2 was only 1.5 h. The majority of the antimicrobial activity in milk originated from the active metabolite, ciprofloxacin, which could be measured throughout the 120-h follow-up period after the last subcutaneous administration. No differences were present in the pharmacokinetic parameters of flunixin between treatment groups: mean elimination half-life was 5.7,6.2 h, volume of distribution 0.43,0.49 L/kg and clearance 0.13,0.14 L h/kg. No flunixin or merely traces were detected in milk: one of the three cows had a concentration of 0.019 mg/L 8 h after administration. [source] The Synthesis and Reactivity of Group 4 Zwitterionic Complexes of the Type Mt+CH2AlCl3,: One-Component Stereoselective Polymerization and Oligomerization Catalysts for Olefins and AcetylenesEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 15 2004John J. Eisch Abstract A reinvestigation of the interaction of TiCl4 with 2 equiv. of Me3Al in toluene between ,78 °C and 25 °C over 24 h has now established that the ultimate black product obtained is an associated zwitterion of the type [Ti+,CH2,AlCl3,]n, supported by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometric and gasometric analyses of the gases evolved (CH4, H2) upon its protolysis. Chemical reactions of the zwitterion have corroborated specific aspects of its proposed structure: 1) its methylene character, by its transformation of benzophenone into 1,1-diphenylethylene; 2) its divalent titanium content, by the substantial reductive dimerization of benzophenone to tetraphenylethylene, and 3) its Lewis acidic Ti center, by its catalytic isomerization of trans -stilbene oxide to 1,1-diphenylacetaldehyde. Similar individual reactions of ZrCl4 or HfCl4 with Me3Al have led to the analogous zwitterions [Zr+,CH2,AlCl3,]n and [Hf+,CH2,AlCl3,]n, respectively. These zwitterions of Ti, Zr and Hf have been proven to be capable of the cyclotrimerization and/or polymerization of acetylenes with varying facility, as evidenced by their catalytic action on 1-hexyne, phenylacetylene, di- n -butylacetylene, and diphenylacetylene. Furthermore, all three zwitterions were able to polymerize ethylene, without any added cocatalyst, with an activity following the order Zr > Ti > Hf. The Ti and Zr zwitterions effected the stereoselective polymerization of propylene to yield 50% of isotactic polymer, and all three catalysts induced the polymerization of 1-hexene to yield 85% (Zr, Hf) or 100% (Ti) of isotactic polymer. These oligomerizations and stereoselective polymerizations of acetylenes and olefins can be rationalized through a model for the active site resembling a three-membered metallacyclopropa(e)nium ion intermediate formed from the attack of the Group 4 metal zwitterion on the unsaturated hydrocarbon. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004) [source] A fluorescence quenching test for the detection of flavonoid transformationFEMS MICROBIOLOGY LETTERS, Issue 2 2001Lilian Schoefer Abstract A novel fluorescence quenching test for the detection of flavonoid degradation by microorganisms was developed. The test is based on the ability of the flavonoids to quench the fluorescence of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH). Several members of the anthocyanidins, flavones, isoflavones, flavonols, flavanones, dihydroflavanones, chalcones, dihydrochalcones and catechins were tested with regard to their quenching properties. The anthocyanidins were the most potent quenchers of DPH fluorescence, while the flavanones, dihydroflavanones and dihydrochalcones, quenched the fluorescence only weakly. The catechins had no visible impact on DPH fluorescence. The developed test allows a quick and easy differentiation between flavonoid-degrading and flavonoid-non-degrading bacteria. The investigation of individual reactions of flavonoid transformation with the developed test system is also possible. [source] The potential for abiotic organic synthesis and biosynthesis at seafloor hydrothermal systemsGEOFLUIDS (ELECTRONIC), Issue 1-2 2010E. SHOCK Geofluids (2010) 10, 161,192 Abstract Calculations are presented of the extent to which chemical disequilibria are generated when submarine hydrothermal fluids mix with sea water. These calculations involve quantifying the chemical affinity for individual reactions by comparing equilibrium compositions with the compositions of mixtures in which oxidation,reduction reactions are inhibited. The oxidation,reduction reactions that depart from equilibrium in these systems provide energy for chemotrophic microbial metabolism. Methanogenesis is an example of this phenomenon, in which the combination of carbon dioxide, hydrogen and methane induced by fluid mixing is far from equilibrium, which can be approached if more methane is generated. Similarly, the production of other organic compounds is also favorable under the same conditions that permit methanogenesis. Alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, aldehydes, carboxylic acids and amino acids are among the compounds that, if formed, would lower the energetic state of the chemical composition generated in mixed fluids. The resulting positive values of chemical affinity correspond to the thermodynamic drive required for abiotic organic synthesis. It is also possible that energy release accompanies biosynthesis by chemotrophic organisms. In this way, hydrothermal ecosystems differ radically from familiar ecosystems at Earth's surface. If captured, the energy released may be sufficient to drive biosynthesis of carbohydrates, purines, pyrimidines and other compounds which require energy inputs. [source] A physical organic mechanistic approach to understanding the complex reaction network of hemostasis (blood clotting)JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 10 2007Christian J. Kastrup Abstract This review focuses on how the mechanistic approach of physical organic chemistry can be used to elucidate the mechanisms behind complex biochemical networks. The dynamics of biochemical reaction networks is difficult to describe by considering their individual reactions, just as the dynamics of organic reactions is difficult to describe by considering individual electrons and atomic nuclei. Physical organic chemists have developed a useful set of tools to predict the outcome of organic reactions by separating the interacting molecules into modules (functional groups), and defining general rules for how these modules interact (mechanisms). This review shows how these tools of physical organic chemistry may be used to describe reaction networks. In addition, it describes the application of these tools to develop a mechanistic understanding of the dynamics of the complex network of hemostasis, which regulates blood clotting. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Do Suicide Survivors Suffer Social Stigma: A Review of the LiteraturePERSPECTIVES IN PSYCHIATRIC CARE, Issue 1 2005Jacqueline G. Cvinar One of the delineating elements found in suicide bereavement versus normal bereavement is the stigma experienced by survivors. This review of the literature will provide insight into stigma as an underlying element in suicide bereavement and point to the role of health professionals in dealing with this complex issue. Historical review and empirical studies are analyzed to provide a framework for how suicide relates to natural bereavement. The conclusion is that suicide bereavement is different from natural loss. The challenge to health care providers is to sort through the complex issues surrounding the individual and their social network to find mechanisms that lead to resolution. Suicide has a profound effect on the family, friends, and associates of the victim that transcends the immediate loss. As those close to the victim suffer through bereavement, a variety of reactions and coping mechanisms are engaged as each individual sorts through individual reactions to the difficult loss. Bereavement refers to "all the physiological, psychological, behavioral, and social response patterns displayed by an individual following the loss (usually through death) of a significant person or thing" (Dunne, Dunne-Maxim & McIntosh, 1987). Bereavement following suicide is complicated by the complex psychological impact of the act on those close to the victim. It is further complicated by the societal perception that the act of suicide is a failure by the victim and the family to deal with some emotional issue and ultimately society affixes blame for the loss on the survivors. This individual or societal stigma introduces a unique stress on the bereavement process that in some cases requires clinical intervention. [source] Photosensitivity in patients with lupus erythematosus: a clinical and photobiological study of 100 patients using a prolonged phototest protocolBRITISH JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY, Issue 1 2003C.J.G. Sanders SummaryBackground There is a clear relationship between ultraviolet (UV) radiation (UVR) and the clinical manifestations of patients with lupus erythematosus (LE). Cutaneous lesions are induced or exacerbated by exposure to UVR. Of patients with LE, 24,83% are reported to be photosensitive to UVR. LE tumidus appears to be the most photosensitive subtype of LE, followed by subacute cutaneous LE (SCLE). In general, the history of patients with LE correlates poorly with the presence or absence of photosensitivity, due to a delayed time interval between UV exposure and exacerbation of skin lesions. Phototesting using artificial UVR and visible light is a reliable way of diagnosing photosensitivity. Objectives To investigate the photoreactivity of patients with various subtypes of LE using an individualized phototest protocol. The results of phototests were correlated with the history of photosensitivity, the subtype of LE, the presence of autoantibodies and the use of anti-inflammatory medication by these patients. Methods Phototesting with UVA, UVB and visible light was performed in 100 patients with LE. The diagnosis of LE was established both on clinical examination and skin histology. Serological studies were also performed in all patients. The phototests were performed on large skin areas of the forearm or trunk; the first dose was twice the minimal erythema dose and the dosage was increased according to the individual reactions of the patients at the test sites. Follow-up of skin reactions at the test sites was performed for up to 2 months. Histological examination of the photoprovoked skin lesions was carried out in 57 patients. Results Of the 100 patients included (81 women and 19 men; mean age 41 years, range 17,79), 46 had chronic discoid LE, 30 SCLE and 24 systemic LE. An abnormal reaction to UVR and visible light was found in 93% of our patients with LE. No clinical or histological evidence at the phototest sites of polymorphic light eruption was found. There was no correlation between photosensitivity and LE subtype, presence of autoantibodies or medical history. Concomitant use of anti-inflammatory medication seemed to exert only minimal influence on the results of phototesting. Conclusions When using an extended phototesting protocol, almost all patients with LE in this study showed clinical and histological evidence of aberrant photosensitivity. Therefore, patients with LE should receive thorough advice and instruction on photoprotective measures, regardless of their history, LE subtype or presence of autoantibodies. [source] Pd on Porous Glass: A Versatile and Easily Recyclable Catalyst for Suzuki and Heck ReactionsCHEMSUSCHEM CHEMISTRY AND SUSTAINABILITY, ENERGY & MATERIALS, Issue 4 2008Christine Schmöger Abstract The catalytic activity of Pd supported on porous glass was studied for both Suzuki and Heck reactions under aerobic conditions, with particular focus on the Suzuki coupling. The reactions were carried out in water under microwave irradiation. The effects of the catalyst preparation process (calcination time and temperature), as well as the base, substrate, and boron compound used on the coupling reaction were investigated in relation to the reusability of the catalyst. Various bases promote the Suzuki coupling of phenylboronic acid with bromophenol very effectively resulting in quantitative conversion and excellent selectivity for the coupling product. However, most bases lead to deactivation of the catalyst after the first reaction cycle and the catalyst must be reactivated before reuse. Therefore, excellent conversions and selectivities for individual reactions are not sufficient to conclude if the chosen conditions are suitable for a given reaction, but results from recycling studies have to be considered also. [source] Group Size Regulates Self,Assertive versus Self,Deprecating Responses to Interpersonal CompetitionCHILD DEVELOPMENT, Issue 6 2002Joyce F. Benenson The current study examined the hypothesis that group size can influence whether children display self,assertive versus self,deprecating responses to interpersonal competition, especially under stress. Twenty same,sex playgroups (N= 120) of 9, to 10,year,old children played a competitive game in groups and in dyads. Stress was induced by causing some of the children to lose the game and watch as their opponents received psychological and material rewards. Results demonstrated that both the dynamics of the game and individual reactions to stress varied consistently as a function of the social context. Individuals displayed more assertive behaviors in groups than in dyads. In contrast, individuals exhibited more self,deprecating behaviors in dyads than in groups. Given that under naturalistic conditions males are more likely than are females to interact in groups and females are more likely than are males to interact in dyads, group size provides one possible mechanism for the development of sex differences in self,assertive versus self,deprecating behaviors. [source] | |||||||||||||