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Increasing Strength (increasing + strength)

Distribution by Scientific Domains

Polymers and Materials Science	50%

Selected Abstracts

Microvascular Rheology and Hemodynamics

MICROCIRCULATION, Issue 1 2005
HERBERT H. LIPOWSKY
ABSTRACT The goal of elucidating the biophysical and physiological basis of pressure,flow relations in the microcirculation has been a recurring theme since the first observations of capillary blood flow in living tissues. At the birth of the Microcirculatory Society, seminal observations on the heterogeneous distribution of blood cells in the microvasculature and the rheological properties of blood in small bore tubes raised many questions on the viscous properties of blood flow in the microcirculation that captured the attention of the Society's membership. It is now recognized that blood viscosity in small bore tubes may fall dramatically as shear rates are increased, and increase dramatically with elevations in hematocrit. These relationships are strongly affected by blood cell deformability and concentration, red cell aggregation, and white cell interactions with the red cells and endothelium. Increasing strength of red cell aggregation may result in sequestration of clumps of red cells with either reductions or increases in microvascular hematocrit dependent upon network topography. During red cell aggregation, resistance to flow may thus decrease with hematocrit reduction or increase due to redistribution of red cells. Blood cell adhesion to the microvessel wall may initiate flow reductions, as, for example, in the case of red cell adhesion to the endothelium in sickle cell disease, or leukocyte adhesion in inflammation. The endothelial glycocalyx has been shown to result from a balance of the biosynthesis of new glycans, and the enzymatic or shear-dependent alterations in its composition. Flow-dependent reductions in the endothelial surface layer may thus affect the resistance to flow and/or the adhesion of red cells and/or leukocytes to the endothelium. Thus, future studies aimed at the molecular rheology of the endothelial surface layer may provide new insights into determinants of the resistance to flow. [source]

Mean stress effects in stress-life fatigue and the Walker equation

FATIGUE & FRACTURE OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES, Issue 3 2009
N. E. DOWLING
ABSTRACT Mean stress effects in finite-life fatigue are studied for a number of sets of experimental data for steels, aluminium alloys and one titanium alloy. Specifically, the agreement with these data is examined for the Goodman, Morrow, Smith,Watson,Topper and Walker equations. The Goodman relationship is found to be highly inaccurate. Reasonable accuracy is provided by the Morrow and by the Smith,Watson,Topper equations. But the Morrow method should not be used for aluminium alloys unless the true fracture strength is employed, instead of the more usual use of the stress-life intercept constant. The Walker equation with its adjustable fitting parameter , gives superior results. For steels, , is found to correlate with the ultimate tensile strength, and a linear relationship permits , to be estimated for cases where non-zero mean stress data are not available. Relatively high-strength aluminium alloys have ,, 0.5, which corresponds with the SWT method, but higher values of , apply for relatively low-strength aluminium alloys. For both steels and aluminium alloys, there is a trend of decreasing , with increasing strength, indicating an increasing sensitivity to mean stress. [source]

North Atlantic Oscillation timing of long- and short-distance migration

JOURNAL OF ANIMAL ECOLOGY, Issue 6 2002
Mads C. Forchhammer
Summary 1The timing of migration is associated with survival and reproductive risks of migrating species. Hence, variation in factors influencing this timing, such as climate, may have significant life history consequences for migrating species. 2Using an autoregressive phenological model, we analysed and contrasted the effects of climate (the North Atlantic Oscillation, NAO) and temporal dependence on the long-term (1928,77) dynamics of springtime arrival in three long-distance (83 populations) and three short-distance (52 populations) migratory bird species breeding throughout Norway. 3Following high NAO winters both long- and short-distance migrants arrived earlier than after low NAO winters. For long-distance migrants, the effect of high NAO winters was probably indirect through improved forage conditions in winter quarters, whereas the effect on short-distance migrants may be related both to improved forage and weather conditions during their northward spring migration. The NAO explained on average 13% (0,46%) and 18% (0,43%) of the interannual variation in arrival dates of long- and short-distance migrants, respectively. 4For both migrant types, long-term variability in springtime arrival increased with increasing strength of the influence of the NAO on timing of migration. In contrast, the strength of temporal dependence was unrelated to variability in long-term springtime arrival. [source]

Alumina/Silicon Carbide Laminated Composites by Spark Plasma Sintering

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY, Issue 11 2009
Vincenzo M. Sglavo
Ceramic laminates composed of alumina/silicon carbide composite layers were produced by spark plasma sintering (SPS). Monolithic composite disks containing up to 30 vol% of silicon carbide were fabricated by stacking together and cosintering by SPS green layers prepared by tape casting water-based suspensions. An engineered laminate with a specific layer combination that is able to promote the stable growth of surface defects before final failure was also designed and produced. Fully dense materials with an optimum adhesion between the constituting layers and a homogeneous distribution of the two phases were obtained after SPS. Monolithic composites showed an increasing strength with SiC load, and biaxial strength values as high as 700 MPa were observed for a SiC content of 30 vol%. The engineered laminate showed a peculiar crack propagation that is responsible for the high strength value of about 600 MPa and for the evident insensitivity to surface defects. [source]