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Increased Vascularization (increased + vascularization)
Selected AbstractsComplications and limitations related to periprostatic local anesthesia before TRUS-guided prostate biopsyJOURNAL OF CLINICAL ULTRASOUND, Issue 2 2008Ahmet T. Turgut MD Abstract Purpose To assess the frequency of complications specifically related to local anesthetic infiltration prior to transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-guided prostate biopsy. Methods A total of 200 patients receiving 10 cm3 (5 cm3 on each side) of 2% lidocaine injected around the periprostatic nerve plexus under TRUS guidance before prostate biopsy were included. Various complications presumed to be associated with local anesthesia were noted during and after the biopsy procedure. Two weeks later, periprostatic tissue integrity and vascularization were re-examined with TRUS Doppler examination to assess for fibrosis or infection. Results The most common finding was pain due to puncture with the needle used for local anesthesia (27%). Also recorded were the need for repeated injections during the biopsy procedure (4.5%), symptoms associated with systemic lidocaine toxicity (2%), urinary incontinence (1.5%), and degradation of the image resolution due to anesthetic injection (1%). Increased vascularization within the periprostatic region was uncommon (2%) on the 2-week follow-up examination. No TRUS finding consistent with rectal wall hematoma or other periprostatic change and no erectile dysfunction associated with the procedure occurred. There was a significant difference in overall pain scores between the subgroups of patients (p < 0.001). Conclusion TRUS-guided periprostatic nerve blockade is an effective method for relieving discomfort from prostate biopsy with very few complications. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2008 [source] Adaptations of amphibious fish for surviving life out of waterFISH AND FISHERIES, Issue 3 2005Martin D J Sayer Abstract There are a small number of fish species, both marine and freshwater, that exhibit a truly amphibious habit that includes periods of aerial exposure. The duration of emersion is reflected in the level of physical and physiological adaptation to an amphibious lifestyle. Fish that are only briefly out of water retain predominantly aquatic attributes whereas there are semi-terrestrial species that are highly adapted to prolonged periods in the aerial habitat. Desiccation is the main stressor for amphibious fish and it cannot be prevented by physiological means. Instead, amphibious fish resist excessive water loss by means of cutaneous modification and behavioural response. The more terrestrially adapted fish species can tolerate considerable water loss and may employ evaporation to aid thermoregulation. The amphibious habit is limited to fish species that can respire aerially. Aerial respiration is usually achieved through modification to existing aquatic pathways. Freshwater air-breathers may respire via the skin or gills but some also have specialized branchial diverticula. Marine species utilize a range of adaptations that may include modified gills, specialized buccopharyngeal epithelia, the intestine and the skin. Areas of enhanced respiratory activity are typified by increased vascularization that permits enhanced perfusion during aerial exposure. As with other adaptations the mode of nitrogenous elimination is related to the typical durations of emersion experienced by the fish. Intertidal species exposed on a regular cycle, and which may retain some contact with water, tend to remain ammoniotelic while reducing excretion rates in order to prevent excessive water loss. Amphibious fish that inhabit environments where emersion is less predictable than the intertidal, can store nitrogen during the state of emersion with some conversion to ureotelism or have been shown to tolerate high ammonia levels in the blood. Finally, the more amphibious fish are more adapted to moving on land and seeing in air. Structural modifications to the pectoral, pelvic, dorsal and anal fins, combined with a well-developed musculature permit effective support and movement on land. For vision in air, there is a general trend for fish to possess close-set, moveable, protruberant eyes set high on the head with various physical adaptations to the structure of the eye to allow for accurate vision in both air and water. [source] Inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in laryngeal neoplasia: Correlation with angiogenesisHEAD & NECK: JOURNAL FOR THE SCIENCES & SPECIALTIES OF THE HEAD AND NECK, Issue 1 2002Alessandro Franchi MD Abstract Background The nitric oxide (NO) pathway plays a relevant role in angiogenesis and tumor progression in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the head and neck. The aim of this study was to assess whether the NO pathway may be correlated with angiogenesis in the transition from laryngeal dysplasia to invasive carcinoma. Methods We investigated the expression of the inducible NO synthase (iNOS) in 26 laryngeal precancerous lesions and 35 squamous cell carcinomas with respect to microvessel density. In addition, we determined iNOS activity and cGMP levels in specimens from SCCs. Results There was a significant increase of iNOS levels detected immunohistochemically passing from hyperplastic/mild dysplastic to moderate/severe dysplastic lesions to SCC (p = .04). Accordingly, Northern and Western analyses demonstrated higher iNOS mRNA and protein levels in SCCs than dysplastic mucosa. iNOS expression was significantly correlated with microvessel counts both in the group of preneoplastic lesions (p = .02) and in the group of SCCs (p = .01). In addition, iNOS activity was correlated with iNOS immunohistochemical expression (p = .1) and was significantly associated with increased vascularization (p = .03) in SCCs. Similarly, iNOS expression was significantly correlated with cGMP levels in SCC (p = .02) and increased tumor vascularization correlated with higher cGMP levels (rs = .4; p = .01). Conclusions Our data indicate that the NO pathway may play a relevant role in the angiogenesis associated with the progression from laryngeal dysplasia to laryngeal SCC. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 24: 16,23, 2002. [source] Oral mucosa alterations induced by cyclosporin in mice: morphological featuresJOURNAL OF PERIODONTAL RESEARCH, Issue 6 2002A. T. Meller Background and objective:, The mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of cyclosporin A-induced gingival hyperplasia are not well understood. The present work aimed at developing a mouse model with the characteristics of the human process, i.e. time of appearance, dose dependency and the capacity of developing in a variety of genetic backgrounds. This model would present the advantages of using a very well known animal species, small and easy to handle, with a number of experimental reagents (antibodies, etc.) already available against its products. Methods:, Three different strains of mice were used: CBA, F1(C57Bl × DBA), Balb/c. Groups of mice received different concentrations of cyclosporin A (CSA) (10 mg/kg, 25 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg body weight) intraperitoneally five times a week. Anatomical and histological alterations were recorded at various time intervals. Results:, All strains of mice presented gingival hyperplasia after 8 weeks of CSA treatment. A dose-dependency was observed with regard to the time of first appearance of alterations. Increased redness was seen in all animals at the sixth week, independent of the dosage used. Histologic examination exhibited increased vascularization, epithelial and connective tissue thickening, edema and a mononuclear infiltrate. Conclusions:, It was possible to develop CSA-induced gingival hyperplasia in mice with the characteristics described in humans and other species. The use of this animal model may help in the elucidation of the process involved in CSA-induced gingival overgrowth. [source] In vivo Remote Delivery of DNA Encoding for Hypoxia-inducible Factor 1 Alpha Reduces Myocardial Infarct SizeCLINICAL AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE, Issue 1 2009Gabor Czibik M.D. Abstract We tested if remote gene delivery of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1,) protected hearts against induced ischemia, hypothesizing that gene delivery into skeletal muscle may lead to secretion of proteins with actions elsewhere. Murine quadriceps muscles were transfected with DNA encoding for human HIF-1,, which resulted in a local, but lasting expression (mRNA and protein, where the latter had nuclear localization). Subjection of isolated hearts to global ischemia and reperfusion 1, 4, and 8 weeks after gene delivery resulted in infarct size reduction (p < 0.05). Supporting that this was due to paracrine effects, HL-1 cells treated with conditioned media from cells transfected with HIF-1, or serum from HIF-1,-treated mice were protected against H2O2 -induced cell death (p < 0.05, respectively). The latter protection was reduced when a heme oxygenase activity blocker was used. Taqman low-density array of 47 HIF-1,-regulated genes at the treatment site showed nine specific upregulations (p < 0.05). Of the corresponding proteins, PDGF-B and adrenomedullin were upregulated in the heart. HIF-1, treatment induced an increased vascularization of the heart and skeletal muscle. In conclusion, remote delivery of DNAfor HIF-1, was cardioprotective, represented by consistent infarct size reduction, which may be due to release of paracrine factors from the transfected muscle. [source] | ||||||||||