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Increased Vascular Permeability (increased + vascular_permeability)
Selected AbstractsVascular endothelium: the battlefield of dengue virusesFEMS IMMUNOLOGY & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 3 2008Atanu Basu Abstract Increased vascular permeability without morphological damage to the capillary endothelium is the cardinal feature of dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF)/dengue shock syndrome (DSS). Extensive plasma leakage in various tissue spaces and serous cavities of the body, including the pleural, pericardial and peritoneal cavities in patients with DHF, may result in profound shock. Among various mechanisms that have been considered include immune complex disease, T-cell-mediated, antibodies cross-reacting with vascular endothelium, enhancing antibodies, complement and its products, various soluble mediators including cytokines, selection of virulent strains and virus virulence, but the most favoured are enhancing antibodies and memory T cells in a secondary infection resulting in cytokine tsunami. Whatever the mechanism, it ultimately targets vascular endothelium (making it a battlefield) leading to severe dengue disease. Extensive recent work has been done in vitro on endothelial cell monolayer models to understand the pathophysiology of vascular endothelium during dengue virus (DV) infection that may be translated to help understand the pathogenesis of DHF/DSS. The present review provides a broad overview of the effects of DV infection and the associated host responses contributing towards alterations in vascular endothelial cell physiology and damage that may be responsible for the DHF/DSS. [source] Non-viral gene therapy for diabetic retinopathyDRUG DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH, Issue 11 2006*Article first published online: 9 FEB 200, Toshiyuki Oshitari Abstract Diabetic retinopathy results from vascular abnormalities, such as an increase in the permeability of retinal vessels, and retinal neurodegeneration, which are irreversible changes that occur early in the course of diabetic retinopathy. To block the vascular and neuronal complications associated with the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy, a reasonable strategy would be to prevent the increased vascular permeability and to block the neuronal cell death. The purpose of this review is to present the non-viral strategies being used to block the neurovascular abnormalities and neuronal cell death that are observed in the early stages of diabetic retinopathy in order to prevent the onset or the progression of the diabetic retinopathy. Some of the non-viral gene therapeutic techniques being used are electroporation of selected genes, injections of antisense oligonucleotides, and injections of small interference RNAs. The results obtained by these methods are discussed as is the potential of these therapeutic strategies to prevent the onset or the progression of the neurovascular abnormalities in diabetic retinopathy. Drug Dev. Res. 67:835,841, 2006. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Fluid challenge in patients at risk for fluid loading-induced pulmonary edemaACTA ANAESTHESIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA, Issue 1 2004M. Matejovic Background:, This study evaluated the effects of protocol-guided fluid loading on extravascular lung water (EVLW) and hemodynamics in a group of patients at high risk for volume expansion-induced pulmonary and systemic edema. Methods:, Nine acutely admitted septic patients with acute lung injury (ALI) were prospectively studied. In addition to sepsis and ALI, the following criteria indicating increased risk for edema formation had to be fulfilled: increased vascular permeability defined as microalbuminuria greater than fivefold normal and hypoalbuminemia <30 g l,1. Two hundred-ml boluses of a 10% hydroxyethyl starch (HES) was titrated to obtain best filling pressure/stroke volume relation. Extravascular lung water and intrathoracic blood volume (ITBV) were measured using a transpulmonary double-indicator dilution technique. Baseline data were compared with data at the end of fluid loading and 3 h postchallenge. Results:, At study entry the mean EVLW was 13 ml kg,1, and the mean EVLW/ITBV ratio (indicator of pulmonary permeability) was 0.72 (normal range 0.20,0.30). To attain optimal preload/stroke volume relation 633 ± 240 ml of HES was needed. Fluid loading significantly increased preload (CVP, PAOP and ITBV), and stroke volume. Effective pulmonary capillary pressure (Pcap) rose only slightly. As a result, the Pcap,PAOP gradient decreased. Despite increased cardiac output, EVLW did not change by plasma expansion. Conclusion:, In this selected group of at-risk patients, the optimization of cardiac output guided by the concept of best individual filling pressure/stroke volume relationship did not worsen permeability pulmonary edema. [source] Rhinovirus infection-induced alteration of tight junction and adherens junction components in human nasal epithelial cellsTHE LARYNGOSCOPE, Issue 2 2010Nam-Kyung Yeo MD Abstract Objectives/Hypothesis: Manifestations of rhinovirus (RV) infections include mucus overproduction, increased vascular permeability, and secondary bacterial infection. These effects may reflect disrupted epithelial barrier functions, which are mainly regulated by intercellular junctions, referred to as tight junctions (TJs) and adherens junctions (AJs). The objective of this study was to investigate changes in the components of TJs (ZO-1, occluding, and claudin-1) and AJs (E-cadherin) after RV infection in cultured nasal epithelial cells. Methods: Primary human nasal epithelial cells grown at an air-liquid interface were infected apically with RV. RV-induced changes in the expression of epithelial TJ and AJ proteins were determined using real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, confocal microscopy, and Western blot analyses. Functional changes in the integrity of junctional proteins were assessed by measuring transepithelial resistance (TER) using a voltmeter. Results: RV infection decreased mRNA levels of ZO-1, occludin, claudin-1, and E-cadherin to 64.2%, 51.8%, 56.2%, and 56.3%, respectively, of those in controls (P < .05). Decreases in ZO-1, occludin, claudin-1, and E-cadherin protein levels in RV-infected cells were evident in immunofluorescent confocal microscopic images. Expression levels of these proteins were also lower in the RV-infected group in Western blot analyses. RV infection reduced the mean TER from 143.1 ,/cm2 (controls) to 122.6 ,/cm2. Conclusions: RV infection decreased the expression of TJ and AJ components and reduced TER in primary cultured human nasal epithelial cells, indicating that RV infection may exert a harmful effect on nasal epithelial barrier function. Laryngoscope, 2010 [source] Concomitant Endothelin-1 Overexpression in Lung Transplant Donors and Recipients Predicts Primary Graft DysfunctionAMERICAN JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTATION, Issue 3 2010M. Salama Primary graft dysfunction (PGD) causes significant morbidity following lung transplantation (LTX). Mortality is high in PGD and therapeutic strategies are limited. To investigate whether endothelin-1 (ET-1) that mediates increased vascular permeability and edema formation in lung grafts can predict PGD, ET-1 mRNA expression was examined in lung tissue biopsies of 105 donors and recipients obtained shortly before LTX. Serum ET-1 concentration was assessed by ELISA. PGD grade was diagnosed and scored by oxygenation and radiological characteristics according to ISHLT guidelines. PGD grade 3 developed in 11% of patients. ET-1 mRNA expression was significantly increased in both donor (p < 0.0001) and recipient (p = 0.01) developing PGD as compared to no PGD group. Pretransplant ET-1 serum concentrations were elevated in recipients with PGD as compared to no PGD group (p < 0.0001), although serum ET-1 was not different between donors whose grafts developed PGD grades 0,3. In regression analysis, concomitant elevated donor tissue ET-1 and recipient serum ET-1 predicted PGD grade 3. This study indicates that pretransplant ET-1 mRNA overexpression in donors associated with elevated pretransplant serum ET-1 in recipients contribute to PGD development and that their assessment might be beneficial to predict PGD and to identify recipients who could benefit from a targeted ET-1 blockade. [source] | ||||||||||