Home About us Contact
|
Home About us Contact | ||
|
|
||
Increased Understanding (increased + understanding)
Selected AbstractsBest host-plant attribute for species,area relationship, and effects of shade, conspecific distance and plant phenophase in an arthropod community within the grass Muhlenbergia robustaENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE, Issue 2 2010Víctor LÓPEZ-GÓMEZ Abstract Increased understanding of the species,area relationship (SAR) can improve its usefulness as a tool for prediction of species loss for biodiversity conservation targets. This study was conducted: (i) to determine the best plant attribute for the SAR in the community of arthropods living within the grass Muhlenbergia robusta; (ii) to determine the contribution of phenophases of plant foliage (dry and fresh), shade and conspecific distance to the variation in arthropod richness within the plant; (iii) to determine the best functional model of changes in the abundance, diversity and biomass in communities of arthropods in response to increases in plant size; (iv) to determine the best host-plant attribute for prediction of these community attributes; and (v) to determine the effect of the plant phenophase, shade and M. robusta isolation on the abundance, diversity and biomass of the arthropod community. The above-ground dry weight of grass was found to be the best host-plant attribute for the SAR, while the light environment explained the arthropod richness within the grass, with higher richness observed in shaded environments. This study also showed that the best functional mathematical models for estimation of changes in the abundance, dry weight and diversity of arthropods in response to increases in grass size (dry weight) are the power model, exponential model and logarithmic model, respectively. Furthermore, the host-plant foliage phenophase, shade and the isolation of M. robusta with other conspecifics had no effect on the abundance, biomass or diversity per basal area of the grass. [source] Bacteria used in the biological control of plant-parasitic nematodes: populations, mechanisms of action, and future prospectsFEMS MICROBIOLOGY ECOLOGY, Issue 2 2007Baoyu Tian Abstract As a group of important natural enemies of nematode pests, nematophagous bacteria exhibit diverse modes of action: these include parasitizing; producing toxins, antibiotics, or enzymes; competing for nutrients; inducing systemic resistance of plants; and promoting plant health. They act synergistically on nematodes through the direct suppression of nematodes, promoting plant growth, and facilitating the rhizosphere colonization and activity of microbial antagonists. This review details the nematophagous bacteria known to date, including parasitic bacteria, opportunistic parasitic bacteria, rhizobacteria, Cry protein-forming bacteria, endophytic bacteria and symbiotic bacteria. We focus on recent research developments concerning their pathogenic mechanisms at the biochemical and molecular levels. Increased understanding of the molecular basis of the various pathogenic mechanisms of the nematophagous bacteria could potentially enhance their value as effective biological control agents. We also review a number of molecular biological approaches currently used in the study of bacterial pathogenesis in nematodes. We discuss their merits, limitations and potential uses. [source] Soluble protein oligomers as emerging toxins in alzheimer's and other amyloid diseasesIUBMB LIFE, Issue 4-5 2007Sergio T. Ferreira Abstract Amyloid diseases are a group of degenerative disorders characterized by cell/tissue damage caused by toxic protein aggregates. Abnormal production, processing and/or clearance of misfolded proteins or peptides may lead to their accumulation and to the formation of amyloid aggregates. Early histopathological investigation of affected organs in different amyloid diseases revealed the ubiquitous presence of fibrillar protein aggregates forming large deposits known as amyloid plaques. Further in vitro biochemical and cell biology studies, as well as studies using transgenic animal models, provided strong support to what initially seemed to be a solid concept, namely that amyloid fibrils played crucial roles in amyloid pathogenesis. However, recent studies describing tissue-specific accumulation of soluble protein oligomers and their strong impact on cell function have challenged the fibril hypothesis and led to the emergence of a new view: Fibrils are not the only toxins derived from amyloidogenic proteins and, quite possibly, not the most important ones with respect to disease etiology. Here, we review some of the recent findings and concepts in this rapidly developing field, with emphasis on the involvement of soluble oligomers of the amyloid-, peptide in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Recent studies suggesting that soluble oligomers from different proteins may share common mechanisms of cytotoxicity are also discussed. Increased understanding of the cellular toxic mechanisms triggered by protein oligomers may lead to the development of rational, effective treatments for amyloid disorders. IUBMB Life, 59: 332-345, 2007 [source] A temporary home to nurture health: lived experiences of older nursing home residents in TaiwanJOURNAL OF CLINICAL NURSING, Issue 14 2008Hsiu-Hsin Tsai PhD Aim., This study explored the lived experiences of older nursing home residents in Taiwan. Background., With more long-term care institutions in Taiwan, older people are more often placed in nursing homes than in the past. Increased understanding of their lived experience is essential to assess residents' needs and determine the effectiveness of nursing interventions. Design., A qualitative design was used to gain a deeper understanding of the lived experiences of older nursing home residents in Taiwan. Methods., Focus groups, followed by in-depth interviews, were used to gather information from 33 older residents at eight nursing homes in northern Taiwan. Participants were asked to describe what was important to them and what impressed them most in their daily lives in the nursing home. Participants (24 females and nine males) were on an average 75·3 years old. Verbatim transcripts of audiotaped focus groups and interviews were analysed by thematic analysis via ATLAS.ti software. Results., The core theme of older residents' nursing home experience was ,a temporary home to nurture health'. This core theme was reflected in participants' descriptions of their overall life in the nursing home as a temporary experience to nurture their health. Their everyday experience was characterised by four subthemes: highly structured lifestyle, restricted activities, safety concerns and social interactions. Relevance to clinical practice., Our findings may enhance policy makers' and healthcare providers' understanding of the lived experience of older nursing home residents, thus guiding the evaluation and development of nursing home services to improve residents' lives. For example, residents with the same characteristics could be placed in the same room or same floor, thus increasing their interactions with other residents. Residents' interactions with family members could also be developed using the Internet or mobile telephones. [source] Review article: from 1906 to 2006 , a century of major evolution of understanding of gastro-oesophageal reflux diseaseALIMENTARY PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS, Issue 9 2006J. DENT Summary Background Our understanding of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease has undergone significant changes over the last century. Aim To trace the rise in understanding of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and highlight remaining areas of uncertainty. Methods Literature review. Results In 1906, Tileston published his observations on ,peptic ulcer of the oesophagus'. Winkelstein, in 1934, first correlated symptoms of heartburn with acid regurgitation and reflux oesophagitis. In 1946, Allison described hiatus hernia as a causal factor in the development of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. In 1958, Bernstein and Baker showed a direct relationship between oesophageal acidification and heartburn in patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, irrespective of endoscopic findings, leading to the recognition of non-erosive gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. In the 1980s, continuous recordings of the lower oesophageal sphincter showed that episodes of reflux were related to transient relaxations of lower oesophageal sphincter tone. There is now increasing recognition that gastro-oesophageal reflux disease arises from the interaction of several anatomical and physiological factors. A turning point in the medical treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease came with the introduction of the first proton pump inhibitor, omeprazole, in 1989. Conclusions Future efforts need to identify the multifactorial interactions of gastro-oesophageal junction anatomy and physiology in patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Increased understanding of the disease will guide development of new therapies. [source] Fuel sensing and the central nervous system (CNS): implications for the regulation of energy balance and the treatment for obesityOBESITY REVIEWS, Issue 3 2005R. J. Seeley Summary This review describes the product of the 3-day International Association for the Study of Obesity (IASO) Stock Conference held in March 2004 and sponsored by Abbott Laboratories. The conference was focused on how the mechanisms by which individual cells sense their own fuel status might influence the energy balance of the entire organism. Whether you are a single-celled organism or a sophisticated mammal with a large cerebral cortex, it is critical that cellular activity be matched to the available fuel necessary for that activity. Rapid progress has been made in the last decade in our understanding of the critical metabolic events that cells monitor to accomplish this critical task. More recent developments have begun to apply this understanding to how critical populations of neurones may monitor similar events to control both food intake and energy expenditure. The picture that emerges is that numerous peripheral fuel sensors communicate to the central nervous system (CNS) via neural and humoral routes. Moreover, it has been known for decades that specific populations of neurones sense changes in ambient glucose levels and adjust their firing rate in response and changes in neuronal glucose metabolism can influence energy balance. The CNS, however, does not just sense glucose but rather appears to be sensitive to a wide range of metabolic perturbations associated with fuel availability. This information is used to adjust both caloric intake and the disposition of fuels in the periphery. Increased understanding of these CNS fuel-sensing mechanisms may lead to novel therapeutic targets for obesity. [source] Stem cells in craniofacial and dental tissue engineeringORTHODONTICS & CRANIOFACIAL RESEARCH, Issue 2 2005MV Risbud Abstract Authors ,, Risbud MV, Shapiro IM Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have been identified in a variety of adult tissues as a population of pluripotential self-renewing cells. Based on their adherence and colony forming properties, a small number of MSC can be isolated from most mesenchymal tissues as well as bone marrow. In the presence of one or more growth factors, these cells commit to lineages that lead to the formation of bone, cartilage, muscle, tendon and adipose tissue; recent studies indicate that stem cells for cementum, dentine and the periodontal ligament also exist. All of these cells can be expanded in vitro, and, embedded in a scaffold, inserted into defects to promote healing and tissue replacement. Increased understanding of the molecular mechanism directing lineage specification and morphogenesis is providing a rational approach for the regeneration of craniofacial tissues and oral structures. [source] The response of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance to rising [CO2]: mechanisms and environmental interactionsPLANT CELL & ENVIRONMENT, Issue 3 2007ELIZABETH A. AINSWORTH ABSTRACT This review summarizes current understanding of the mechanisms that underlie the response of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance to elevated carbon dioxide concentration ([CO2]), and examines how downstream processes and environmental constraints modulate these two fundamental responses. The results from free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) experiments were summarized via meta-analysis to quantify the mean responses of stomatal and photosynthetic parameters to elevated [CO2]. Elevation of [CO2] in FACE experiments reduced stomatal conductance by 22%, yet, this reduction was not associated with a similar change in stomatal density. Elevated [CO2] stimulated light-saturated photosynthesis (Asat) in C3 plants grown in FACE by an average of 31%. However, the magnitude of the increase in Asat varied with functional group and environment. Functional groups with ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco)-limited photosynthesis at elevated [CO2] had greater potential for increases in Asat than those where photosynthesis became ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RubP)-limited at elevated [CO2]. Both nitrogen supply and sink capacity modulated the response of photosynthesis to elevated [CO2] through their impact on the acclimation of carboxylation capacity. Increased understanding of the molecular and biochemical mechanisms by which plants respond to elevated [CO2], and the feedback of environmental factors upon them, will improve our ability to predict ecosystem responses to rising [CO2] and increase our potential to adapt crops and managed ecosystems to future atmospheric [CO2]. [source] Research Review: A new perspective on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: emotion dysregulation and trait modelsTHE JOURNAL OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY AND ALLIED DISCIPLINES, Issue 9 2009Michelle M. Martel Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common example of developmental psychopathology that might be able to be better understood by taking an emotion regulation perspective. As discussed herein, emotion regulation is understood to consist of two component processes, emotion (e.g., positive and negative emotionality) and regulation (e.g., effortful and reactive forms of control), which interact with one another at the behavioral level. Review of work to date suggests that the heterogeneous behavioral category of ADHD may encompass two distinct kinds of inputs: inattentive ADHD symptoms may be primarily associated with breakdowns in the regulation side, whereas hyperactivity-impulsive ADHD symptoms may be associated with breakdowns in the emotionality side. It is argued that breakdowns in control may be a signature for ADHD specifically, while increased negative emotionality may serve as non-specific risk factors for disruptive behavior disorders, explaining their comorbidity. Increased understanding of the interrelations and interactions of component emotion regulation processes may elucidate developmental, sex, and neural mechanisms of ADHD and associated comorbid disruptive disorders. [source] Multivariate correlates of extinction proneness in a naturally fragmented landscapeDIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTIONS, Issue 4 2007James I. Watling ABSTRACT Habitat loss and fragmentation threaten a large proportion of terrestrial biodiversity, and identifying the ecological traits associated with extinction proneness is of widespread interest. We used a multivariate statistical approach to identify combinations of ecological traits that best allowed us to identify extinction-prone amphibians and reptiles in a fragmented landscape in north-eastern Bolivia. Extinction-prone amphibians were rare and did not utilize the savannah matrix separating forest islands, whereas extinction-prone reptiles were trophically specialized. Rarity and matrix aversion are among the most widely reported correlates to extinction proneness, and we argue that an increased understanding of their role as drivers of extinction processes is necessary. We suggest that the absence of reptilian vertebrate predators may exacerbate trophic cascades in habitat patches. [source] Alcohol genetics: will the promise be fulfilled?ADDICTION BIOLOGY, Issue 4 2000Chris Cook Genetic research into alcohol-related problems has a long history, but only with the recent advent of molecular biological techniques does it seem poised to fulfill its promise. While such research might be thought to reinforce views of the inevitability and immutability of drinking problems, there have been bold promises of important developments in our understanding of the aetiology of alcohol misuse, as well as promises of innovations in prevention and treatment. A brief consideration of recent research, and of the possibilities that are now before us, reveals that the promise of increased understanding of the aetiology of alcohol misuse is already being fulfilled. Promises of new preventive and therapeutic interventions, if they also are to be fulfilled, require that a number of practical and ethical issues be addressed. Clinicians, researchers and others in the addictions field need to begin to address the ethical issues that are raised. [source] Translating nociceptor sensitivity: the role of axonal protein synthesis in nociceptor physiologyEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE, Issue 12 2009Theodore J. Price Abstract The increased sensitivity of peripheral pain-sensing neurons, or nociceptors, is a major cause of the sensation of pain that follows injury. This plasticity is thought to contribute to the maintenance of chronic pain states. Although we have a broad knowledge of the factors that stimulate changes in nociceptor sensitivity, the cellular mechanisms that underlie this plasticity are still poorly understood; however, they are likely to involve changes in gene expression required for the phenotypic and functional changes seen in nociceptive neurons after injury. While the regulation of gene expression at the transcriptional level has been studied extensively, the regulation of protein synthesis, which is also a tightly controlled process, has only recently received more attention. Despite the established role of protein synthesis in the plasticity of neuronal cell bodies and dendrites, little attention has been paid to the role of translation control in mature undamaged axons. In this regard, several recent studies have demonstrated that the control of protein synthesis within the axonal compartment is crucial for the normal function and regulation of sensitivity of nociceptors. Pathways and proteins regulating this process, such as the mammalian target of rapamycin signaling cascade and the fragile X mental retardation protein, have recently been identified. We review here recent evidence for the regulation of protein synthesis within a nociceptor's axonal compartment and its contribution to this neuron's plasticity. We believe that an increased understanding of this process will lead to the identification of novel targets for the treatment of chronic pain. [source] Linking ecological theory with stream restorationFRESHWATER BIOLOGY, Issue 4 2007P. S. LAKE Summary 1. Faced with widespread degradation of riverine ecosystems, stream restoration has greatly increased. Such restoration is rarely planned and executed with inputs from ecological theory. In this paper, we seek to identify principles from ecological theory that have been, or could be, used to guide stream restoration. 2. In attempts to re-establish populations, knowledge of the species' life history, habitat template and spatio-temporal scope is critical. In many cases dispersal will be a critical process in maintaining viable populations at the landscape scale, and special attention should be given to the unique geometry of stream systems 3. One way by which organisms survive natural disturbances is by the use of refugia, many forms of which may have been lost with degradation. Restoring refugia may therefore be critical to survival of target populations, particularly in facilitating resilience to ongoing anthropogenic disturbance regimes. 4. Restoring connectivity, especially longitudinal connectivity, has been a major restoration goal. In restoring lateral connectivity there has been an increasing awareness of the riparian zone as a critical transition zone between streams and their catchments. 5. Increased knowledge of food web structure , bottom-up versus top-down control, trophic cascades and subsidies , are yet to be applied to stream restoration efforts. 6. In restoration, species are drawn from the regional species pool. Having overcome dispersal and environmental constraints (filters), species persistence may be governed by local internal dynamics, which are referred to as assembly rules. 7. While restoration projects often define goals and endpoints, the succession pathways and mechanisms (e.g. facilitation) by which these may be achieved are rarely considered. This occurs in spite of a large of body of general theory on which to draw. 8. Stream restoration has neglected ecosystem processes. The concept that increasing biodiversity increases ecosystem functioning is very relevant to stream restoration. Whether biodiversity affects ecosystem processes, such as decomposition, in streams is equivocal. 9. Considering the spatial scale of restoration projects is critical to success. Success is more likely with large-scale projects, but they will often be infeasible in terms of the available resources and conflicts of interest. Small-scale restoration may remedy specific problems. In general, restoration should occur at the appropriate spatial scale such that restoration is not reversed by the prevailing disturbance regime. 10. The effectiveness and predictability of stream ecosystem restoration will improve with an increased understanding of the processes by which ecosystems develop and are maintained. Ideas from general ecological theory can clearly be better incorporated into stream restoration projects. This will provide a twofold benefit in providing an opportunity both to improve restoration outcomes and to test ecological theory. [source] Improved understanding of velocity,saturation relationships using 4D computer-tomography acoustic measurementsGEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTING, Issue 2 2005K. Monsen ABSTRACT A recently developed laboratory method allows for simultaneous imaging of fluid distribution and measurements of acoustic-wave velocities during flooding experiments. Using a specially developed acoustic sample holder that combines high pressure capacity with good transparency for X-rays, it becomes possible to investigate relationships between velocity and fluid saturation at reservoir stress levels. High-resolution 3D images can be constructed from thin slices of cross-sectional computer-tomography scans (CT scans) covering the entire rock-core volume, and from imaging the distribution of fluid at different saturation levels. The X-ray imaging clearly adds a new dimension to rock-physics measurements; it can be used in the explanation of variations in measured velocities from core-scale heterogeneities. Computer tomography gives a detailed visualization of density regimes in reservoir rocks within a core. This allows an examination of the interior of core samples, revealing inhomogeneities, porosity and fluid distribution. This mapping will not only lead to an explanation of acoustic-velocity measurements; it may also contribute to an increased understanding of the fluid-flow process and gas/liquid mixing mechanisms in rock. Immiscible and miscible flow in core plugs can be mapped simultaneously with acoustic measurements. The effects of core heterogeneity and experimentally introduced effects can be separated, to clarify the validity of measured velocity relationships. [source] Accounting for residual effects of previously applied nitrogen fertilizer on intensively managed grasslandsGRASS & FORAGE SCIENCE, Issue 1 2010T. V. Vellinga Abstract Only 0·20,0·70 of the fertilizer-nitrogen (N) applied to grassland is taken up in herbage in the harvest directly following application. Residual effects at subsequent harvests can be large but are poorly quantified, and rarely taken into account in current management practices. An increased understanding of N-use efficiency per harvest can improve operational management. This study systematically assessed the residual effects of previously applied N fertilizer on N uptake, dry matter (DM) yield and soil mineral-N (SMN) during the whole of the growing season. It is based on field experiments conducted on peat and mineral soils in 1991,1994. Statistical models were derived for SMN, N uptake and DM yield as a function of previously and freshly applied N fertilizer. There were clear residual effects of previously applied N in later cuts. They were relatively greater at higher levels of N fertilizer. On peat soils, 0·15,0·25 of the N applied was recovered as SMN. On mineral soils the proportion was maximally 0·08. There was a clear relationship between SMN and N uptake in the subsequent cut on mineral soils but not on peat soils. The value of SMN as a tool to adjust fertilizer-N application rates was hence found to be limited. There were clear relationships between the amount of previously applied N and the N uptake in subsequent cuts, on both soil types and over the whole of the growing season. It was concluded that the total amount of previously applied N is a useful indicator for adjusting N-fertilizer application rates. [source] Molecular mediators of metastasis in head and neck squamous cell carcinomaHEAD & NECK: JOURNAL FOR THE SCIENCES & SPECIALTIES OF THE HEAD AND NECK, Issue 8 2005Gina M. S. Howell BA Abstract Background. The presence of regional metastasis in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a common and adverse event associated with poor prognosis and high mortality. Although significant improvements in standard therapies have increased the efficacy of local tumor management, the high incidence of tumor recurrence has resulted in limited improvements in overall survival rates. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that mediate HNSCC invasion and metastasis may enable identification of novel therapeutic targets for the prevention and management of tumor dissemination. Methods. A literature review was performed. Results. Several biologic mediators and mechanisms that have been implicated in HNSCC metastasis, such as cell adhesion molecules, proteolytic enzymes, growth factor signaling, metastasis suppressor genes, and chemokine receptors were reviewed. Conclusions. Prevention of HNSCC metastasis is an important clinical objective that requires an increased understanding of the molecular mechanisms of tumor invasion and dissemination. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck27: XXX,XXX, 2005 [source] Engineering therapeutic monoclonal antibodiesIMMUNOLOGICAL REVIEWS, Issue 1 2008Xiao-yun Liu Summary: During last two decades, the chimerization and humanization of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have led to the approval of several for the treatment of cancer, autoimmune diseases, and transplant rejection. Additional approaches have been used to further improve their in vivo activity. These include combining them with other modalities such as chemotherapy and redesigning them for improved pharmacokinetics, effector function, and signaling activity. The latter has taken advantage of new insights emerging from an increased understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that are involved in the interaction of immunoglobulin G with Fc receptors and complement as well as the negative signaling resulting from the hypercrosslinking of their target antigens. Hence, mAbs have been redesigned to include mutations in their Fc portions, thereby endowing them with enhanced or decreased effector functions and more desirable pharmacokinetic properties. Their valency has been increased to decrease their dissociation rate from cells and enhance their ability to induce apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. In this review we discuss these redesigned mAbs and current data concerning their evaluation both in vitro and in vivo. [source] Kennedy's disease: pathogenesis and clinical approachesINTERNAL MEDICINE JOURNAL, Issue 5 2004K. J. Greenland Abstract Kennedy's disease, also known as spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy, is a progressive degenerative condition affecting lower motor neurons. It is one of nine neurodegenerative disorders caused by a polyglutamine repeat expansion. Affecting only men, Kennedy's disease is the only one of these conditions that follows an X-linked mode of inheritance. The causative protein in Kennedy's disease, with a polyglutamine expansion residing in the first N-terminal domain, is the androgen receptor. Research in this field has made significant advances in recent years, and with the increased understanding of pathogenic mechanisms, feasible approaches to treatments are being investigated. In Kennedy's disease research, the most significant issue to emerge recently is the role of androgens in exacerbating the disease process. On the basis of animal experiments, a viable hypothesis is that higher circulating levels of androgens in men could trigger the degeneration of motor neurons causing this disease, and that lower levels in heterozygous and homozygous women are protective. This is a major issue, as treatment of individuals affected by Kennedy's disease with testosterone has been considered a reasonable therapy by some neurologists. The rationale behind this approach relates to the fact that Kennedy's disease is accompanied by mild androgen insensitivity. It was therefore believed that treatment with high doses of testosterone might compensate for this loss of androgen action, with the added benefit of preventing muscle wasting. The current review provides an overview of recent advances in the field of Kennedy's disease research, including approaches to treatment. (Intern Med J 2004; 34: 279,286) [source] Drivers of ecosystem change and their impacts on human well-being in Lake Victoria basinAFRICAN JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY, Issue 2009Eric O. Odada Abstract To offer an increased understanding of the spatial patterns, temporal, social and physical predictors of the conversion and transformations of land use in Lake Victoria basin, an assessment of proximate and underlying forces is presented. This study discusses key theoretical underpinnings for the manifold linkages existing between selected drivers of land-use changes around the basin and their consequences on human well-being. Using a meta-analytical research design, the paper analyses ecosystems level cases of the causes of land use and cover changes in the basin, to determine any spatio-temporal or institutional patterns and dynamics. A suite of recurrent core variables has been identified to influence land use and cover changes in the basin. The most prominent of these at the underlying category are climatic factors, economic factors, institutions, national and regional policies, population growth and other remote influences. At the proximate level, these factors drive cropland expansion, overgrazing, infrastructure extension and rates of land degradation. These are supported by empirical evidence from the basin. This assessment is crucial for appropriate local and transboundary policy interventions, which have to be fine-tuned to the locale-specific dynamic patterns associated with the inherent ecosystems changes. [source] Metasynthesis: withdrawing life-sustaining treatments: the experience of family decision-makersJOURNAL OF CLINICAL NURSING, Issue 2 2009Mary Ann Meeker Aim., The present study was undertaken to synthesise findings from qualitative investigations of family participation in decisions to withdraw and/or withhold life-sustaining treatment from a seriously ill family member. Background., As a consequence of increasing effectiveness and sophistication of available medical interventions, death is commonly preceded by a decision to withdraw or withhold potentially life-sustaining treatments. These decisions take place in a bioethical context characterised by the preeminence of self-determination, but patients are typically too ill to make their own decisions. Thus, family members are called upon to participate in these morally consequential decisions on the patient's behalf. Design., Metasynthesis Method., Metasynthesis is a form of inquiry that provides for integration of qualitative studies' findings to strengthen knowledge for practice and advance theoretical development. This metasynthesis was conducted using the constant comparative methods of grounded theory. Results., Family members engage in a process of participation in decision-making that is comprised of three major categories: reframing reality, relating and integrating. Surrogates used both cues and information as they reframed their understanding of the patient's status. Relationships with providers and with other family members powerfully influenced the decision-making process. Integrating was characterised by reconciling and going forward. This part of the process has both intrapersonal and interpersonal aspects and describes how family decision-makers find meaning in their experience and move forward in their lives. Conclusions., This synthesis provides a more comprehensive and empirically supported understanding of family members' experiences as they participate in treatment decisions for dying family members. Relevance to clinical practice., This metasynthesis provides evidence to improve family care during treatment withdrawal/withholding decision-making and a theoretical model that can be used to guide creation of clinical practice guidelines. Through increased understanding of family members' experiences, clinicians can more effectively support family decision-making processes. [source] An examination of the intentional and unintentional aspects of medication non-adherence in patients diagnosed with hypertensionJOURNAL OF CLINICAL NURSING, Issue 4 2007Elaine Lehane MSc Aims., The primary aim of this study was to describe the unintentional and intentional aspects of non-adherence in patients diagnosed with hypertension. A secondary aim was to examine the relationships between medication adherence and purposeful actions (intentional non-adherence), patterned behaviours (unintentional non-adherence) and demographic questionnaire variables. Background., Non-adherence to medications continues to be a significant health-care issue, the extent and consequences of which have been well documented. Despite considerable research over the past five decades, little progress has been made in solving this healthcare problem. Recent literature indicates that this lack of progress can be attributed to the fact that past research has concentrated solely upon either the unintentional or the intentional aspects of non-adherence, instead of addressing both facets simultaneously. Methods., A quantitative, descriptive, correlation research design was employed using Johnson's (2002) Medication Adherence Model as a theoretical framework. A convenience sample of 73 participants with hypertension, attending the outpatients' clinics of two university hospitals was recruited. Data were collected by means of a researcher administered questionnaire and analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences. Results., High levels of medication adherence with a mean adherence score of 4·75 (maximum 5) were reported. Low and medium levels of purposeful actions and medium and high levels of patterned behaviours towards medication taking were found. Correlational analyses did not demonstrate statistically significant associations. Conclusions., Both the intentional and unintentional dimensions of medication-taking are simultaneously considered by patients to varying levels when adhering to therapeutic regimens. This is an important research area for nurses as it facilitates an increased understanding of non-adherence and, in so doing, aids the uncovering of more effective interventions aimed at sustaining lifelong pharmacotherapy. Relevance to clinical practice., By acknowledging a broader approach to patient medication-taking, nurses will be able more effectively to assess and intervene in non-adherent behaviours and actions. [source] Personalized nutrition for the prevention of cardiovascular disease: a future perspectiveJOURNAL OF HUMAN NUTRITION & DIETETICS, Issue 4 2008J. A. Lovegrove Abstract Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is responsible for significant morbidity and mortality in the Western and developing world. This multi-factorial disease is influenced by many environmental and genetic factors. At present, public health advice involves prescribed population-based recommendations, which have been largely unsuccessful in reducing CVD risk. This is, in part, due to individual variability in response to dietary manipulations, that arises from nutrient,gene interactions (defined by the term ,nutrigenetics'). The shift towards personalized nutritional advice is a very attractive proposition, where, in principle, an individual can be given dietary advice specifically tailored to their genotype. However, the evidence-base for the impact of interactions between nutrients and fixed genetic variants on biomarkers of CVD risk is still very limited. This paper reviews the evidence for interactions between dietary fat and two common polymorphisms in the apolipoprotein E and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-, genes. Although an increased understanding of how these and other genes influence response to nutrients should facilitate the progression of personalized nutrition, the ethical issues surrounding its routine use need careful consideration. [source] Improving food purchasing choices through increased understanding of food labels, using itemized till receipts to measure these changesJOURNAL OF HUMAN NUTRITION & DIETETICS, Issue 4 2008P.M. Rigby Background:, Rising obesity and the associated risks of diabetes and heart disease require changes in diet to bring about healthier eating. To achieve this, people need to understand nutrition and daily requirements but are frequently confused by nutrition information on food labels. The introduction of the Food Standards Agency's ,Traffic Light' and the alternative ,Guideline Daily Amount' systems may help or further confuse the public. A previous study showed that although 63% of study participants read labels, only 25% claimed to understand them, also knowledge of nutrient requirements and functions was low (Rigby, 2004). Ransley et al., (2001) have shown that till receipts can be used to estimate fat and energy intake. The aim of the current study was to investigate whether an intervention designed to improve understanding of nutrition and labels could improve food purchases and whether these changes could be measured from till receipts. Method:, Participants were recruited from the general public (80 female; 23 males) (age <30 years (23), 31,45 years (25), 46,60 years (30), >60 years (22). Subjects were randomly assigned to either the intervention group (n = 78) who were provided with an information booklet and credit card sized nutrition and labelling information to use when shopping, or the control group (n = 25), who received the information after four weeks of normal shopping. The intervention group provided an initial till receipt pre intervention and was then given the nutrition and labelling material. Further till receipts were returned from successive shopping trips over the following 4 weeks. The nine categories of food used for comparison were: fruit and vegetables, saturated fats, monounsaturated fats, polyunsaturated fats, white cereals, wholegrain cereals, processed foods, full fat and reduced fat items. Ethics approval was obtained from NWW Wales NHS Trust ethics committee. Results:, Each of the nine food categories on till receipts were calculated as a percentage of the total shopping, excluding non-food items. General linear model repeated measures analyses showed differences between study participants' food purchases. For the intervention group, purchases in three of the nine food categories showed significant improvements: increased purchases of fruits and vegetables (P < 0.001); reduction in purchases of saturated fats (P < 0.001); and reduction of white cereal purchases (P < 0.050). The control group showed no differences in any category. Discussion:, Although the intervention group did show improvements in most of the other food categories, they were not statistically significant. Positive changes were found in seven of the nine categories, with only one, wholegrain cereals, showing a decrease in purchases rather than an increase. The control group displayed a random pattern over the four till receipts, with eight categories either showing negative change or no change; only one showed a positive change. The disproportionate group sizes may mean that it is not be possible to draw firm conclusions regarding the effectiveness of the intervention. Conclusions:, This study demonstrates that positive changes in improving food-purchasing choices, as measured by till receipts, can be made by using educational interventions. Further larger studies using routinely collected supermarket data would enable the study to be replicated on a much larger scale. References, Ransley, J.K., Donnelly, J.K., Khara, T.N., Botham, H., Arnott, H., Greenwood, D.C. & Cade, J.E. (1991) The use of supermarket till receipts to determine the fat and energy intake in a UK population. Public Health Nutr. 4, 1279,1286. Rigby, P. (2004) Effecting change. Understanding nutritional information. Can increased knowledge and understanding in relation to nutritional information bring about a change in eating habits? PhD Thesis WA: Bangor University. [source] Intellectual characteristics of Prader,Willi syndrome: comparison of genetic subtypesJOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH, Issue 1 2000E. Roof Advances in genetics have led to an increased understanding of the role of the genotype on behavioural functioning. The purpose of the present study was to examine differences in intellectual functioning in individuals with Prader,Willi syndrome (PWS) with a paternal 15q11,q13 deletion versus maternal uniparental disomy (UPD) of chromosome 15. Measures of intelligence and academic achievement were administered to 38 individuals with PWS (24 with deletion and 14 with UPD). The subjects with UPD had significantly higher verbal IQ scores than those with deletion (P0.01). The magnitude of the difference in verbal IQ was 9.1 points (69.9 versus 60.8 for UPD and deletion PWS subjects, respectively). Only 17% of subjects with the 15q11,q13 deletion had a verbal IQ,70, while 50% of those with UPD had a verbal IQ,70. Performance IQ scores did not differ between the two PWS genetic subtype groups. This is the first report to document the difference between verbal and performance IQ score patterns among subjects with PWS of the deletion versus the UPD subtype. [source] Apoptosis: a basic biological phenomenon with wide-ranging implications in human diseaseJOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE, Issue 6 2005B. FADEEL Abstract. Apoptosis is a highly regulated process of cell deletion and plays a fundamental role in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis in the adult organism. Numerous studies in recent years have revealed that apoptosis is a constitutive suicide programme expressed in most, if not all cells, and can be triggered by a variety of extrinsic and intrinsic signals. Many human diseases can be attributed directly or indirectly to a derangement of apoptosis, resulting in either cell accumulation, in which cell eradication or cell turnover is impaired, or cell loss, in which the apoptotic programme is inadvertently triggered. In addition, defective macrophage engulfment and degradation of cell corpses may also contribute to a dysregulation of tissue homeostasis. An increased understanding of the signalling pathways that govern the execution of apoptosis and the subsequent clearance of dying cells may thus yield novel targets for therapeutic intervention in a wide range of human maladies. [source] Increasing process understanding by analyzing complex interactions in experimental dataJOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, Issue 5 2009Kaisa Naelapää Abstract There is a recognized need for new approaches to understand unit operations with pharmaceutical relevance. A method for analyzing complex interactions in experimental data is introduced. Higher-order interactions do exist between process parameters, which complicate the interpretation of experimental results. In this study, experiments based on mixed factorial design of coating process were performed. Drug release was analyzed by traditional analysis of variance (ANOVA) and generalized multiplicative ANOVA (GEMANOVA). GEMANOVA modeling is introduced in this study as a new tool for increased understanding of a coating process. It was possible to model the response, that is, the amount of drug released, using both mentioned techniques. However, the ANOVA model was difficult to interpret as several interactions between process parameters existed. In contrast to ANOVA, GEMANOVA is especially suited for modeling complex interactions and making easily understandable models of these. GEMANOVA modeling allowed a simple visualization of the entire experimental space. Furthermore, information was obtained on how relative changes in the settings of process parameters influence the film quality and thereby drug release. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 98:1852,1861, 2009 [source] Role of thermodynamic, molecular, and kinetic factors in crystallization from the amorphous stateJOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, Issue 4 2008Chandan Bhugra Abstract Though there is an advantage in using the higher solubility amorphous state in cases where low solubility limits absorption, physical instability poses a significant barrier limiting its use in solid oral dosage forms. Unlike chemical instability, where useful accelerated stability testing protocols are common, no methodology has been established to predict physical instability. Therefore, an understanding of the factors affecting crystallization from the amorphous state is not only important from a scientific perspective but also has practical applications. Crystallization from the amorphous matrix has been linked to the molecular mobility in the amorphous matrix and recent research has focused on developing the link between these two fundamental properties of glass forming materials. Although researchers have been actively working in this area for some time, there is no current review describing the present state of understanding of crystallization from the amorphous state. The purpose of this review therefore is to examine the roles of different factors such as molecular mobility, thermodynamic factors, and the implication of different processing condition, in crystallization from the amorphous state. We believe an increased understanding of the relative contributions of molecular mobility and processing conditions are vital to increased usage of the amorphous state in solid oral dosage forms. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 97:1329,1349, 2008 [source] Differences in Entrepreneurial Opportunities: The Role of Tacitness and Codification in Opportunity Identification,JOURNAL OF SMALL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT, Issue 1 2009Brett R. Smith The role of opportunities in the entrepreneurial process remains relatively underdeveloped. To address this issue, we develop a definition of an entrepreneurial opportunity and draw upon a distinction from the domain of knowledge management to suggest a continuum of entrepreneurial opportunities ranging from codified to tacit. Though both traditional and contemporary research has examined how individual differences relate to the identification of opportunities, we focus instead on the importance of differences in the opportunities themselves. Specifically, we examine how relative differences in the degree of opportunity tacitness relate to the process of opportunity identification. We find that relatively more codified opportunities are more likely to be discovered through systematic search, whereas more tacit opportunities are more likely to be identified due to prior experience. These findings contribute to an increased understanding of the role of the opportunity in entrepreneurship research and have important implications for economic theories of entrepreneurship, entrepreneurial learning, entrepreneurial networks, and entrepreneurial education. [source] Women and attention deficit disorders: A great burden overlookedJOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF NURSE PRACTITIONERS, Issue 3 2007Assistant Professor2), CS (Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Roberta Waite EdD Abstract Purpose: To describe adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in relation to gender-based differences in symptom expression with particular emphasis on disparities concerning women, psychiatric comorbidities that affect assessment and detection, and evidenced-based treatment approaches for nurse practitioners (NPs). Data sources: Health sciences literature was reviewed using the following data-bases: Medline, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, PubMed, Proquest, Psych Info, Wiley Interscience, Cambridge Press, Science Direct, and Thomson Gale. Conclusions: Recognizing adult ADHD may be challenging; however, with increased understanding regarding the subtle variations in symptoms, use of screening instruments, and careful assessment techniques, NPs will be better able to recognize the characteristics of ADHD that are important to early detection, proper diagnosis, and effective treatment. Implications for practice: Additional research and improved clinician education may facilitate early detection and treatment of ADHD among adults of all ages and ethnic/racial backgrounds. [source] Literacy as a complex activity: deconstructing the simple view of readingLITERACY, Issue 2 2008Morag Stuart Abstract The Rose Review into the teaching of early reading recommended that the conceptual framework incorporated into the National Literacy Strategy Framework for Teaching , the Searchlights model of reading and its development , should be replaced by the Simple View of Reading. In this paper, we demonstrate how these two frameworks relate to each other, and show that nothing has been lost in this transformation from Searchlights to Simple View: on the contrary, much has been gained. That nothing has been lost is demonstrated by consideration of the underlying complexity inherent in each of the two dimensions delineated in the Simple View. That much has been gained is demonstrated by the increased understanding of each dimension that follows from careful scientific investigation of each. The better we understand what is involved in each dimension, the better placed we are to unravel and understand the essential, complex and continual interactions between each dimension which underlie skilled reading. This has clear implications for further improving the early teaching of reading. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||