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Increased Pressure (increased + pressure)
Selected AbstractsMisconduct in medical research: whose responsibility?INTERNAL MEDICINE JOURNAL, Issue 4 2003K. J. Breen Abstract Examples of many types of misconduct in medical research continue to be reported. The true incidence is unknown because there is strong evidence of under-reporting as well as suggestions of increased detection. Risks to research participants may also be increasing, with contributing factors such as increased pressure on researchers to publish and to produce commercialization of their research. Institutions are perceived to typically respond slowly and inadequately to allegations of research misconduct. More could be done to try to prevent such misconduct, such as: (i) educating researchers about research ethics, (ii) assisting and protecting whistleblowers and (iii) instituting processes to adequately and promptly investigate and deal with allegations. In addition, a debate needs to take place as to whether research misconduct allegations should be dealt with at the institutional level or at a national level and whether medical boards should be routinely involved in the more serious breaches of ethical standards by medical practitioners engaged in research. (Intern Med J 2003; 33: 186,191) [source] Electrostimulation of sympathetic nerve fibers during nerve-sparing laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymph node dissection in testicular tumorINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF UROLOGY, Issue 5 2003YASUHIRO KAIHO Abstract A long-handled pair of electrodes with sufficient length to allow stimulation during laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) was designed at our institute. We clinically utilized this electrode in the treatment of a 37-year-old patient with testicular tumor who underwent right orchidectomy and nerve-sparing laparoscopic RPLND. During laparoscopic RPLND, sympathetic nerve fibers relevant to ejaculation were electrically stimulated and changes in pressure at the bladder neck were observed. Nerve preservation was confirmed by increased pressure at the bladder neck and ejaculation immediately after the electrostimulation. The application of laparoscopic electrostimulation may become widespread, particularly since it meets the increasing demand for minimally invasive surgery. [source] Does the Competitive Environment Influence the Efficacy of Investments in Environmental Management?JOURNAL OF SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT, Issue 3 2004Mark Pagell SUMMARY Supply chain managers confront numerous threats and opportunities in today's competitive environment. Firms simultaneously face increased pressure to lower costs and to be innovative. In addition, most firms are also under increased pressure to improve their environmental (ecological) performance. These rival demands from the competitive environment make it difficult for supply chain managers to determine how a specific investment will influence performance. Thus, inevitable tradeoffs among investments must be assessed and implemented. This research examines the efficacy of investments in environmental management in different competitive environments, and provides guidelines for supply chain managers in determining when and how they should respond to simultaneous pressures to improve economic and ecological performance. [source] Renal failure and abdominal hypertension after liver transplantation: Determination of critical intra-abdominal pressureLIVER TRANSPLANTATION, Issue 12 2002Gianni Biancofiore MD There is growing interest in measuring intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) in postsurgical and critically ill patients because increased pressure can impair various organs and functions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different IAP levels on the postoperative renal function of subjects undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation. IAP was measured every 8 hours with the urinary bladder pressure method for at least 72 hours after surgery. At the end of the study, the patients were classified on the basis of their IAP values: , 18 mm Hg (group A), 19 to 24 mm Hg (group B), , 25 mm Hg (group C). The three groups were compared in terms of the incidence of acute renal failure (defined as blood creatinine > 1.5 mg/dL or an increase in the same of > 1.1 mg/dL within 72 hours of surgery), hourly diuresis, blood creatinine, the filtration gradient, hemodynamic variations, and outcome. The incidence of renal failure was higher among the subjects in group C (P < .05 versus group A and < .01 versus group B), who also had higher creatinine levels (P < .01), a greater need for diuretics (P < .01) and a worse outcome (P < .05). Receiver Operator Characteristic curve analysis showed that an abdominal pressure of 25 mm Hg had the best sensitivity/specificity ratio for renal failure. An intra-abdominal pressure of , 25 mm Hg is an important risk factor for renal failure in subjects undergoing liver transplant. [source] Brief communication: Dynamic plantar pressure distribution during locomotion in Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata)AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY, Issue 1 2010Eishi Hirasaki Abstract To better place the form and motion of the human foot in an evolutionary context, understanding how foot motions change when quadrupeds walk bipedally can be informative. For this purpose, we compared the pressures beneath the foot during bipedal and quadrupedal walking in Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata). The pressure at nine plantar regions was recorded using a pressure mat (120 Hz), while the animals walked on a level walkway at their preferred speeds. The results revealed substantial differences in foot use between the two modes of locomotion, and some features observed during bipedal walking resembled human gait, such as the medial transfer of the center of pressure (COP), abrupt declines in forefoot pressures, and the increased pressure beneath the hallux, all occurring during the late-stance phase. In particular, the medial transfer of the COP, which is also observed in bonobos (Vereecke et al.: Am J Phys Anthropol 120 (2003) 373,383), was due to a biomechanical requirement for a hind limb dominant gait, such as bipedal walking. Features shared by bipedal and quadrupedal locomotion that were quite different from human locomotion were also observed: the heel never contacted the ground, a foot longitudinal arch was absent, the hallux was widely abducted, and the functional axis was on the third digit, not the second. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2010. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Biomechanics of the Fractured Medial Coronoid Process and the Isolated Anconeal Process in the Canine Elbow JointANATOMIA, HISTOLOGIA, EMBRYOLOGIA, Issue 2005J. Maierl Introduction:, Elbow dysplasia is one of the most important orthopaedic diseases of the canine elbow joint. The medial coronoid process (MCP) and the anconeal process (AP) are involved with a high incidence. Aims:, The aim of this study was to clarify whether these processes are especially loaded resulting in osteoarthrosis. Material and Methods:, Elbow joints were examined from dogs of various breeds, with a body weight over 20 kg and an age ranging from 1 to 12 years. Only joints without damage to the articular cartilage have been included in this investigation. Articular surfaces have been evaluated macroscopically, subchondral bone density (long-term loading) and split-lines (long-term tensile loading) have been determined. Results:, In the humeral fossa olecrani, there was a distinct impression on the inner side of the lateral compared to the medial epicondyle. In the ulna, the MCP was much greater than the lateral coronoid indicating that the medial process has to support the humeral condyle to a higher extent. Subchondral split lines with a transverse orientation in the fossa olecrani gave evidence of long-term transverse tensile loading in this area. Split lines on the MCP were oriented radially as if the lateral edge was bent downwards. Subchondral bone density in the fossa olecrani was higher towards the lateral epicondyle in comparison to the medial. Furthermore, there was a bone density maximum on the medial part of the humeral condyle opposite of the MCP with its very high density. Discussion:, Gait analyses showed that there is a transverse, medially oriented force of up to 4% bodyweight acting on the paw during midstance. As the carpus is stable when slightly hyperextended during midstance loading there is a long lever arm from the ground up to an assumed rotation centre in the depth of the trochlear notch. The medially directed ground reaction force slightly rotates the forearm inwards causing a bending moment about the elbow joint, which leads to an increased pressure of the AP and the MCP. This bending in addition to sagittal loading is the reason for the high susceptibility of the MCP and AP. [source] Numerical Study of a Bio-Centrifugal Blood Pump With Straight Impeller Blade ProfilesARTIFICIAL ORGANS, Issue 2 2010Guoliang Song Abstract Computational fluid dynamic simulations of the flow in the Kyoto-NTN (Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan) magnetically suspended centrifugal blood pump with a 16-straight-bladed impeller were performed in the present study. The flow in the pump was assumed as unsteady and turbulent, and blood was treated as a Newtonian fluid. At the impeller rotating speed of 2000 rpm and flow rate of 5 L/min, the pump produces a pressure head of 113.5 mm Hg according to the simulation. It was found that the double volute of the pump has caused symmetrical pressure distribution in the volute passages and subsequently caused symmetrical flow patterns in the blade channels. Due to the tangentially increasing pressure in the volute passages, the flow through the blade channels initially increases at the low-pressure region and then decreases due to the increased pressure. The reverse flow and vortices have been identified in the impeller blade channels. The high shear stress of the flow in the pump mainly occurred at the inlet and outlet of the blade channels, the beginning of the volute passages and the regions around the tips of the cutwater and splitter plate. Higher shear stress is obtained when the tips of the cutwater and splitter plate are located at the impeller blade trailing edges than when they are located at the middle of the impeller blade channel. It was found that the blood damage index assessed based on the blood corpuscle path tracing of the present pump was about 0.94%, which has the same order of magnitude as those of the clinical centrifugal pumps reported in the literature. [source] Posner-Schlossman syndrome (glaucomatocyclitic crisis)CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL OPTOMETRY, Issue 1 2007Ralph J Green DipAppSc(Optom) Posner-Schlossman syndrome (PSS) or glaucomatocyclitic crisis is a rare, typically unilateral recurrent inflammatory ocular hypertensive disease in which diagnosis can be challenging. An acute elevation of intraocular pressure is accompanied by or followed within a few days by a mild, often symptomless uveal inflammation. The mild nature of the uveitis at presentation of the first attack may go undetected. Medical treatment is indicated to prevent pressure-related optic nerve damage and to reduce inflammation. This report details a patient with Posner-Schlossman syndrome whose unilateral pressure elevation was initially treated as acute angle-closure glaucoma. He subsequently had several episodes of increased pressure over a two-year period. Diagnostic difficulties in this case are discussed. [source] Monitoring epoxy and unsaturated polyester reactions under pressure,Reaction rates and mechanical propertiesPOLYMER ENGINEERING & SCIENCE, Issue 11 2009Javier C. Cruz The effects of pressure on reaction rates and final mechanical properties were studied for an unsaturated polyester (UP) and epoxy resin. A pressure chamber where reactions can be monitored by use of Raman spectroscopy has been built for these purposes. The chamber allows for pressures up to 13.8 MPa at 200°C. An advanced temperature control system has been adapted to the vessel to precisely control and monitor sample temperature variations and overshoots. It is described how for an accelerated UP reaction increasing pressure will result in a competing effect on the reaction rate where the rate will initially lower, but with increased pressures it may accelerate due to acceleration of the reaction rate constants. The final mechanical properties exhibit a similar behavior slightly increasing with pressure but lowering as pressure is raised further. For epoxy, it was shown that the reaction kinetics were accelerated by pressure although no mechanical property differences could be noted for the pressure ranges tested. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2009. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers. [source] The public domain under pressure.PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR INFORMATION SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY (ELECTRONIC), Issue 1 2003Sponsored by SIG IFP Public domain information, whether limited to judicial decisions or extended to all government-authored or sponsored works, has been expounded as a means of ensuring a knowledgeable citizenry, promoting economic advancement, and ensuring that publicly funded information is not "double taxed". However, the public domain has come under increased pressures as the global information economy changes. The speakers in this session will address these pressures from a number of different national and disciplinary views. [source] The New Public Diplomacy: Britain and Canada Compared1BRITISH JOURNAL OF POLITICS & INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, Issue 2 2004Rhiannon Vickers This article examines the ways in which diplomacy is adapting in the information age, to the increased pressures and opportunities that changes in information and communication technologies and capabilities provide. The interaction of technological, economic, political and social changes, such as globalisation, the development and rapid expansion of information and communication technologies, the increasing ability of citizens and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) to access and use these technologies, and the rise of transnational and co-operative security issues, are affecting the ways in which governments conduct their diplomacy. These changes are giving rise to what might be termed a ,new public diplomacy'. This can be characterised by a blurring of traditional distinctions between international and domestic information activities, between public and traditional diplomacy and between cultural diplomacy, marketing and news management. The article focuses on a comparison of Britain and Canada. It argues that, in Britain, the new public diplomacy features a repackaging of diplomacy to project a particular image to an overseas audience, which is largely treated as a passive recipient of diplomacy. However, in Canada the new public diplomacy is characterised by a more inclusive approach to diplomacy, enabling citizen groups and NGOs to play a greater role in international affairs. [source] | ||||||||||||||||