Incidence Rates (incidence + rate)

Distribution by Scientific Domains
Distribution within Medical Sciences

Kinds of Incidence Rates

  • age-adjusted incidence rate
  • age-specific incidence rate
  • annual incidence rate
  • cancer incidence rate
  • prostate cancer incidence rate

  • Terms modified by Incidence Rates

  • incidence rate ratio

  • Selected Abstracts


    Incidence Rate and Outcome of Gram-Negative Bloodstream Infection in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients

    AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTATION, Issue 4 2009
    M. N. Al-Hasan
    Bacterial infections are common complications of solid organ transplantation (SOT). In this study, we defined the incidence, mortality and in vitro antimicrobial resistance rates of Gram-negative bloodstream infection (BSI) in SOT recipients. We identified 223 patients who developed Gram-negative BSI among a cohort of 3367 SOT recipients who were prospectively followed at the Mayo Clinic (Rochester, MN) from January 1, 1996 to December 31, 2007. The highest incidence rate (IR) of Gram-negative BSI was observed within the first month following SOT (210.3/1000 person-years [95% confidence interval (CI): 159.3,268.3]), with a sharp decline to 25.7 (95% CI: 20.1,32.1) and 8.2 (95% CI: 6.7,10.0) per 1000 person-years between 2 and 12 months and more than 12 months following SOT, respectively. Kidney recipients were more likely to develop Gram-negative BSI after 12 months following transplantation than were liver recipients (10.3 [95% CI: 7.9,13.1] vs. 5.2 [95% CI: 3.1,7.8] per 1000 person-years). The overall unadjusted 28-day all-cause mortality of Gram-negative BSI was 4.9% and was lower in kidney than in liver recipients (1.6% vs. 13.2%, p < 0.001). We observed a linear trend of increasing resistance among Escherichia coli isolates to fluoroquinolone antibiotics from 0% to 44% (p = 0.002) throughout the study period. This increase in antimicrobial resistance may influence the choice of empiric therapy. [source]


    GENETIC STUDY: 5-HTTLPR polymorphism, mood disorders and MDMA use in a 3-year follow-up study

    ADDICTION BIOLOGY, Issue 1 2010
    Rocío Martín-Santos
    ABSTRACT A 3-year longitudinal prospective study was conducted to compare the incidence of substance use disorders (SUD) and non-substance use disorders (NSUD) among ecstasy users and two control groups: one of cannabis users and the other of non-drug users. The 5-HTTLPR polymorphism related to NSUD was also studied. A total of 94 subjects were included: 37 ecstasy users, 23 cannabis users and 34 non-drug users. SUD and NSUD disorders were diagnosed according to the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Health Disorders criteria using the Psychiatric Research Interview for Substance and Mental Disorders. Incidence Rates (IR) are presented. The 5-HTTLPR polymorphism was analyzed. Hardy,Weinberg equilibrium was studied. The results of the study showed that the highest IR of SUD was cannabis abuse/dependence in both the ecstasy (IR: 48.6/100 person,year) and cannabis (IR: 2.5/100 person,year) groups. There were no new cases of SUD in non-drug users at follow-up. The highest IR of NSUD was primary mood disorder in both the ecstasy (IR: 4.2/100 person,year) and in the non-drug (IR: 1.3/100 person,year) groups (P < 0.282). There were no new cases of NSUD in the cannabis group at follow-up. 5-HTTLPR polymorphism was associated with lifetime of primary mood disorders in ecstasy group (P = 0.018). Ecstasy use was associated with a higher rate of cannabis abuse/dependence disorders and mood disorders than cannabis use. In the ecstasy users, 5-HTTLPR polymorphism may result in a high vulnerability to primary mood disorders. [source]


    Remote Sensing and Malaria Risk for Military Personnel in Africa

    JOURNAL OF TRAVEL MEDICINE, Issue 4 2008
    Vanessa Machault MSc
    Background Nonimmune travelers in malaria-endemic areas are exposed to transmission and may experience clinical malaria attacks during or after their travel despite using antivectorial devices or chemoprophylaxis. Environment plays an essential role in the epidemiology of this disease. Remote-sensed environmental information had not yet been tested as an indicator of malaria risk among nonimmune travelers. Methods A total of 1,189 personnel from 10 French military companies traveling for a short-duration mission (about 4 mo) in sub-Saharan Africa from February 2004 to February 2006 were enrolled in a prospective longitudinal cohort study. Incidence rate of clinical malaria attacks occurring during or after the mission was analyzed according to individual characteristics, compliance with antimalaria prophylactic measures, and environmental information obtained from earth observation satellites for all the locations visited during the missions. Results Age, the lack of compliance with the chemoprophylaxis, and staying in areas with an average Normalized Difference Vegetation Index higher than 0.35 were risk factors for clinical malaria. Conclusions Remotely sensed environmental data can provide important planning information on the likely level of malaria risk among nonimmune travelers who could be briefly exposed to malaria transmission and could be used to standardize for the risk of malaria transmission when evaluating the efficacy of antimalaria prophylactic measures. [source]


    Breast Cancer in the Middle Eastern Population of California, 1988,2004

    THE BREAST JOURNAL, Issue 2 2009
    Kiumarss Nasseri DVM
    Abstract:, This report presents the patterns of incidence, survival, and mortality of breast cancer in the Middle Eastern (ME) population of California. Cases were identified through surname recognition and population estimates were obtained from census public use files. Rates, trends, and survival in this ethnic group were compared with the non-Hispanic White (NHW) of California, as well as natives in the Middle East. Age-adjusted incidence rates for the insitu (22.8), invasive (126.2), and mortality (23.2) in ME women were significantly lower than similar rates of 26.0, 146.9, and 30.6 in the NHW women. Incidence rate in ME women in California was higher than rates in women in the Middle East. Lower rates for early stage and higher rates for late stage diagnoses in this ethnic population suggest lack of optimal access to preventive healthcare. Relative survival in the two groups is negatively associated with stage at diagnosis and is slightly higher in ME women, probably due to large numbers of lost to follow-up in ME women suggesting the presence of salmon bias. Positive association with socioeconomic standing was detected only in the NHW women. Incidence of breast cancer in ME men was significantly higher than that of NHW men. [source]


    The Stockholm non-affective psychoses study (snaps): the importance of including out-patient data in incidence studies

    ACTA PSYCHIATRICA SCANDINAVICA, Issue 5 2010
    L. Jörgensen
    Jörgensen L, Ahlbom A, Allebeck P, Dalman C. The Stockholm non-affective psychoses study (snaps): the importance of including out-patient data in incidence studies. Objective:, To estimate the incidence rate of schizophrenia and non-affective psychoses from registers, to highlight the importance of including data from out-patient care, and to assess the proportion of persons treated in out-patient care only. Method:, Data from out-patient and in-patient psychiatric care in Stockholm and information from several national registers constitute ,The Stockholm Non-Affective Psychoses Study' (SNAPS). Incidence rates based on SNAPS data were calculated and compared to in-patient care incidence rates. Results:, The incidence rate was 72/100 000 for non-affective psychoses (age group 18,44) and 28/100 000 for schizophrenia (age group 18,34) in the SNAPS. This was higher compared to in-patient based incidence rates (42 and 13/100 000 respectively). The proportion of individuals with psychosis treated in out-patient care only was 25%. Conclusion:, There are substantial differences in the incidence rates of non-affective psychoses and schizophrenia depending on the availability of data. Not including out-patient care will underestimate the incidence rates. [source]


    Inhaled insulin as adjunctive therapy in subjects with type 2 diabetes failing oral agents: a controlled proof-of-concept study

    DIABETES OBESITY & METABOLISM, Issue 5 2006
    M. Hausmann
    Aim:, This controlled proof-of-concept study investigated inhaled insulin (INH) as adjunctive therapy to existing oral antidiabetic agents in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Methods:, Twenty-four subjects with type 2 diabetes [19 men and 5 women, 56.1 ± 6.6 years, body mass index 32.7 ± 4.2 kg/m2, glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) 8.4 ± 0.8% (mean ± s.d.)] inadequately controlled by metformin and/or sulfonylureas were randomized to receive additional therapy with either INH administered preprandially using a metered-dose inhaler (MDI), or insulin glargine (GLA) injected subcutaneously at bedtime for 4 weeks. Both inhaled and injected insulin doses were titrated to predefined blood glucose (BG) targets. Results:, INH and GLA improved metabolic control to a similar extent. Mean daily BG decreased by 2.8 mmol/l in the INH group (p < 0.001) and by 2.4 mmol/l in the GLA group (p < 0.001). Accordingly, fasting BG (,2.7 vs. ,3.6 mmol/l for INH vs. GLA), preprandial- and 2-h postprandial BG, HbA1c (,1.23 vs. ,1.05%), body weight (,1.9 vs. ,2.3 kg) and serum fructosamine were similarly and significantly reduced in both groups (p < 0.05). Triglycerides decreased significantly with INH (,1.15 ,mol/l; p < 0.001) but not with GLA [,0.52 ,mol/l; not significant (NS)]. Incidence rates of adverse events did not differ significantly, and there were no indications of respiratory tract irritation. Conclusions:, In subjects with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled by oral agents, preprandial administration of INH delivered by a MDI provided a comparable metabolic control to bedtime GLA and did not show any safety concerns during a 4-week treatment. These results warrant a more extensive investigation of preprandial treatment with INH in longer term studies. [source]


    Type 1 diabetes mellitus in Czech children diagnosed in 1990,1997: a significant increase in incidence and male predominance in the age group 0,4 years

    DIABETIC MEDICINE, Issue 1 2000
    O. Cinek
    Summary Aims To overview total, age-and sex-specific incidence rates of type 1 diabetes mellitus and their trends in Czech children 0,14 years of age in the period of 1990,1997. Methods Type 1 DM cases were ascertained by two independent sources, data of general population were obtained from the annual demographic reports of the State Statistic Bureau. Incidence rates were computed using both ascertainment sources combined. Results In the study period 1.1.1990,31.12.1997, the total incidence was 10.1 (95% CI 9.6,10.6) per 100 000/year in both sexes, 10.0 (95% CI 9.4,10.7) in boys, and 10.2 (95% CI 9.5,11.0) in girls. The total age-standardized incidence was 9.9 (95% CI 9.4,10.4). The total incidence had a significant increasing trend over the study period (P = 10,4, annual increment 4.3%). A significant increasing trend was also found in the groups of children 0,4 (P = 0.033, increment 6.9%) and 5,9 years at diagnosis (P = 0.038, increment 4.8%). Statistically significant male predominance was observed in the group diagnosed at age 0,4 years (boys/girls ratio of incidence 1.33, P = 0.035). Conclusions We report the first population-based epidemiological data on incidence of childhood Type 1 DM in the Czech Republic. The incidence has increased significantly during the last 8 years. The present incidence is at an intermediate level compared to other European countries. [source]


    Risk factors and occurrence of rash in HIV-positive patients not receiving nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor: data from a randomized study evaluating use of protease inhibitors in nucleoside-experienced patients with very low CD4 levels (<50 cells/m,L)

    HIV MEDICINE, Issue 1 2004
    M Floridia
    Background Most of the studies evaluating rash in HIV-positive patients have focused on nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI), particularly nevirapine, and little is known about the occurrence of rash and the risk factors for its development in patients receiving regimens not based on NNRTI. Methods We evaluated all cases of rash observed during a 48-week randomized multicentre trial in 1251 nucleoside-experienced patients who started treatment with protease inhibitors (ritonavir or indinavir) at CD4 counts below 50 cells/,L. Incidence rates for rash were calculated according to gender, clinical status, age, use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) prophylaxis and use of individual antiretroviral drugs at enrolment. Differences between groups defined according to the above characteristics were tested for statistical significance using the log-rank test in a Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. All factors that gave results in the univariate analyses below the significance level of 0.05 were included in a multivariate analysis using a Cox regression model. Results During a follow-up period of 9690 person-months, 66 patients (5.3%) developed rash (0.68 events/100 person-months). In the univariate analyses, risk of rash did not differ with trial treatment (indinavir or ritonavir), clinical status, PCP prophylaxis, or age. During follow-up, rash was observed in 7.5% of enrolled women and in 4.5% of enrolled men (P=0.03). Serious rash occurred in 4.5% of enrolled women and in 1.6% of enrolled men (P=0.003). Use of HAART (P<0.001) and inclusion of zidovudine and of zalcitabine in the prescribed regimen (P=0.02) appeared to be associated with a lower risk of rash. In the multivariate analysis, the variables that remained significantly predictive of rash were gender (risk for women compared to men: 1.65, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.00,2.72, P=0.048) and use of a non-HAART regimen (risk for non-HAART patients compared to HAART: 2.73, 95% CI: 1.49,5.02, P=0.001). Conclusions In our study, about 5% of HIV-positive patients who started treatment with protease inhibitors at very low CD4 counts developed rash, generally in the first few weeks after treatment. Risk was significantly higher in women and in patients who did not receive a HAART regimen. Our data indicate that women have a higher risk of rash than men, also with regimens that do not include NNRTI. [source]


    Cerebro- and cardiovascular conditions in adults with schizophrenia treated with antipsychotic medications

    HUMAN PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY: CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL, Issue 6 2007
    Jeanette M. Jerrell
    Abstract Objective To report on the relative risk of cerebro- and cardiovascular disorders associated with antipsychotic treatment among adults with schizophrenia. Method Medical and pharmacy claims data from the South Carolina Medicaid program were extracted to compare the prevalence rates for four coded cerebrovascular (cerebrovascular disease; cerebrovascular accident; cerebrovascular hemorrhage; and peripheral vascular disease) and four cardiovascular (myocardial infarction; ischemic heart disease; arrhythmias; and cardiomyopathy) conditions. The analysis employed a retrospective cohort design with a 3 years time period as the interval of interest. Schizophrenic adults (18,54) (n,=,2251) prescribed one of six atypical or two conventional antipsychotic medications were identified and comprised the analysis set. Results Incidence rates for cerebrovascular disorders ranged from 0.5 to 3.6%. No significant association between antipsychotic usage and cerebrovascular disorders was noted largely due to the low base rate. Incidence rates for overall cardiovascular conditions ranged from 6 to 20%. The odds of developing cardiomyopathy were significantly lower for aripiprazole (OR,=,,3.45; p,=,0.02), while the odds of developing hypertension were significantly lower for males (OR,=,,1.37; p,=,0.009) but significantly higher for patients prescribed ziprasidone (OR,=,1.91; p,=,0.01) relative to conventional antipsychotics. Conclusion No significant association between antipsychotic usage and cerebro- or cardiovascular disorders was noted. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]


    Incidence of inflammatory bowel disease in finnish children, 1987,2003

    INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES, Issue 8 2006
    Pieta Turunen MS
    Abstract Background: The incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been increasing in Western countries. In younger people, Crohn's disease (CD) predominates over ulcerative colitis (UC), but the finding is not universal. The present study aimed to characterize not only the incidence but also the clinical picture of IBD from 1987 to 2003 in a large pediatric population in Finland. Materials and Methods: Data were collected from the patient discharge and medical records at the 2 largest university hospitals in Finland. The study population covered a total of 619,340 children, representing 56% of the children <18 years old in the country. All of the cases diagnosed with IBD from 1987 to 2003 were reviewed. Clinical, endoscopic, and histological data were collected. Incidence rates were estimated based on statistical assumptions. Results: A total of 604 cases with IBD were diagnosed during the 17-year period. All of the patients had undergone endoscopy. The diagnosis was CD in 203 (34%) cases, UC in 317 (52%) cases, and indeterminate colitis (IC) in 83 (14%) cases. The mean annual incidence rate increased from 3.9/100,000 (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.5,5.8) in 1987 to 7.0/100,000 (CI 5.0,9.4) in 2003 (P < 0.001). The majority of cases were 12 to <15 years old (n = 200, 33%). Of the patients, 5.1% were <3 years old and 14% were <6 years old. IC was most common in young children; 29% of all IBD patients <3 years of age had IC. Of the patients, 97% had been followed up until the age 18 in the hospitals after initial diagnosis (median follow-up 3.1 years). Of the patients, 45.2% were initially treated with steroids, whereas 17.8% received immunosuppressive agents at the end of the follow-up. Operations had been performed in 21% of the cases before age 18. The median time interval from the diagnosis to the first operation was 1.8 (range 7.8) years. Conclusions: The incidence of pediatric IBD almost doubled in Finland from 1987 to 2003. Surgical intervention was common early in the disease course. [source]


    Changing cancer incidence in Kampala, Uganda, 1991,2006

    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 5 2010
    Donald Maxwell Parkin
    Abstract Incidence rates of different cancers have been calculated for the population of Kyadondo County (Kampala, Uganda) for a 16-year period (1991,2006). This period coincides with continuing social and lifestyle changes and the peak and subsequent wane of the epidemic of HIV-AIDS. There has been an overall increase in the risk of cancer during the period in both sexes, with the incidence rates of cancers of the breast and prostate showing particularly marked increases (4.5% annually). Prostate cancer is now the most common cancer in men. The incidence of cancer of the esophagus, formerly the most common cancer in men and second in frequency in women, has remained relatively constant, whereas the incidence of cancer of the cervix, the most common malignancy in women, continues to increase. Since the early 1990s the incidence of Kaposi sarcoma (KS) in men has declined, and while remaining relatively constant in women, it has been diagnosed at progressively later ages. The rates of pediatric KS have declined by about 1/3rd. The incidence of squamous cell cancers of the conjunctiva has also declined since the mid 1990s. Cancer control in Uganda, as elsewhere in sub-Saharan Africa, involves meeting the challenge of emerging cancers associated with westernization of lifestyles (large bowel, breast and prostate); although the incidence of cancers associated with poverty and infection (liver, cervix, esophagus) shows little decline, the residual burden of the AIDS-associated cancers remains a major burden. [source]


    Rapidly increasing incidence of papillary serous carcinoma of the peritoneum in the United States: Fact or artifact?,

    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 9 2009
    Marc T. Goodman
    Abstract Papillary serous carcinoma of the peritoneum (PSCP) has been recognized for almost 5 decades, but little is known about the etiology or pathogenesis of this uncommon malignancy. The objective of this analysis was to examine trends in the incidence of PSCP in the United States. Invasive PSCP cases (N = 4,389) were identified through 24 population-based registries in the United States during the period 1995-2004. Incidence rates were calculated per million population. PSCP is a disease of older women, with few cases diagnosed before the age of 40 years. The incidence of PSCP was 64% lower among black women and 47% lower among Asian-Pacific Islander women compared with white women. Rates among Hispanic women were 39% lower than among non-Hispanic women. The majority of PSCP (68%) was diagnosed at a distant stage, underscoring the difficulty of diagnosing this malignancy. The incidence of PSCP has increased dramatically during the past decade in the United States with the greatest rise (>13% per year) among non-Hispanic and white women. This trend was more pronounced among older women and women with early stage disease. The incidence of PSCP shows substantial racial and ethnic diversity. The increase in the rate of PSCP among all racial and ethnic groups during the 10-year observation period is cause for some alarm. Although the reason for this temporal trend is unknown, some of the increase may be attributable to reclassification of ovarian carcinoma to the peritoneum. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]


    Incidence rates of hepatocellular carcinoma in the U.S. and Denmark: Recent trends

    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 7 2007
    Peter Jepsen
    Abstract Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) incidence rates vary by gender, age, time and place. Geographic differences in gender-, age- and time-specific HCC incidence rates may improve the understanding of HCC risk factors. We computed annual standardized HCC incidence rates for the United States (U.S.) 1978,2004 and for Denmark 1978,2003. Among U.S. white men aged 45,59 the HCC incidence rates were comparable to the Danish rates until 1995, but more than tripled over the following 8 years to become over 2.5-fold higher than the Danish rate by 2003, with an additional small increase in 2004. HCC rates in black U.S. men aged 45,59 also increased sharply after 1995. Among women aged 45,59 the U.S. HCC rates were elevated in recent years, but did not show the sharp increase after 1995 observed among men; the Danish rates showed a decreasing trend throughout 1978,2003. U.S. rates in the 60,74 years age groups showed a protracted and gradual increase with no evidence of a sharp increase after 1995. In the 60,74 years age group, rates for Danish men were comparable to those for U.S. white men, but rates for Danish women decreased. The U.S. prevalence rates of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection are 2.1 and 1.1% for men and women, respectively, the Danish 0.2%. The disparity in HCV prevalence is the most likely explanation for the differences between Danish and U.S. trends in HCC incidence. Intravenous drug use and blood transfusions are the major sources of HCV, and we suggest that increased HCV infection prevalence among Vietnam era military veterans may contribute to the earlier and steeper HCC incidence increase for U.S. men than for U.S. women. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]


    Impact of reproductive factors and lactation on breast carcinoma in situ risk

    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 1 2004
    Kathleen Meeske
    Abstract Incidence rates for breast carcinoma in situ (CIS) have increased markedly over the past 20 years. Breast CIS, detected primarily on mammography, now represents 30,45% of all screened detected breast cancers. We conducted a large population-based case-control study to evaluate the impact of reproductive factors and lactation on breast CIS risk. Case subjects were newly diagnosed with breast CIS at ages 35,64 years between March 1, 1995 and May 31, 1998 (n = 567), resided in Los Angeles County and were born in the United States. Control subjects (n = 614), identified through random digit dialing, fulfilled the same eligibility criteria and were required to have had at least one screening mammogram in the 2-year period before their interview. Women with a positive family history of breast cancer had a 2-fold increase in breast CIS risk. Parous women were at reduced risk relative to nulligravid women (odds ratio [OR] = 0.67, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.46,1.00). Among nulliparous women, pregnancy was unrelated to breast CIS risk. Among parous women, risk declined with each additional term pregnancy (p -trend = 0.003). No associations were found with age at first term pregnancy, induced abortion or miscarriage. Long duration of breast-feeding (,24 months) was associated with increased risk (OR = 2.00, 95% CI = 1.11,3.60). The observed effects of family history and pregnancy on breast CIS risk are consistent with those observed for invasive breast cancer. The results for breast-feeding are contrary to what has been observed in studies of invasive breast cancer. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]


    Incidence of severe anorexia nervosa in Switzerland: 40 years of development

    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EATING DISORDERS, Issue 3 2004
    Gabriella Milos
    Abstract Objective The current study examined the development of the incidence of severe anorexia nervosa with five sampling periods covering the years 1956,1995 in a geographically defined region of Switzerland. Method Applying the same methodology as in the earlier sampling periods, the medical records of all hospitals of the canton of Zurich were screened manually for first-time hospitalizations of female anorexia nervosa patients during the years 1993,1995. Incidence rates were compared with the previous sampling period (1956,1985). Results The incidence rate of severe anorexia nervosa in the total population and the rate in the population at risk (females 12,25 years old) did not differ significantly from the incidence rates of 1983,1985. Discussion The incidence of severe anorexia nervosa in the canton of Zurich rose significantly during the 1960s and 1970s. Since then, the incidence appears to have reached a plateau. © 2004 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 35: 250,258, 2004. An erratum to this article is published in International Journal of Eating Disorders (2004) 36(1) 118,119. [source]


    Dental follicle infection following a dog bite

    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PAEDIATRIC DENTISTRY, Issue 2 2006
    G. WRIGHT
    Summary. Animal bite wounds and their subsequent infection are relatively common. Incidence rates for dog bites are significantly higher among children aged 0,9 years, especially among boys. Although bite wounds may initially look innocuous, they frequently lead to serious infection with a potential for life-threatening complications. The microbiology of dog bite wounds is usually polymicrobial, typically including anaerobes, Staphylococcus aureus and Pasteurella species. A case is described of a 22-month-old boy who, subsequent to a dog bite over the left maxilla, suffered infection of the dental follicle of the primary maxillary canine with Pasteurella multocida. The infection proved difficult to treat, requiring several attempts at incision and drainage of the abscess together with systemic antibiotics, and resulted in the eventual loss of the tooth. [source]


    Prevalence of renal cell carcinoma: A nation-wide survey in Japan, 2002

    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF UROLOGY, Issue 6 2007
    Ken Marumo
    Objective: To investigate the incidence of renal cell carcinoma, classified by sex, age group and region in Japan, following a 5-year interval after a previous survey performed in 1997. Methods: The survey was conducted between the beginning of January 2002 and the end of December 2002. A total of 1288 institutions in all 47 prefectures throughout Japan were requested to register cases. Results: There were 7405 persons with renal cell carcinoma, consisting of 5063 males and 2342 females. Crude incidence rates were 8.2 and 3.6 per 100 000 population for men and women, respectively. Incidence rates in the Hokkaido region were highest followed by the Shikoku region. Conclusions: Despite incidence of renal cell carcinoma increasing to 7405 from the 6358 persons in 1997, statistical data reported by the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare indicate that rising age-adjusted death rate for this tumor reached a ceiling in the past decade. Early detection may have contributed to this current trend; however, further epidemiological research is required to fully elucidate this. [source]


    The Occurrence of Dental Pain and Extractions over a 3-Year Period in a Cohort of Children Aged 3-6 Years

    JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH DENTISTRY, Issue 2 2008
    M. Tickle PhD
    Abstract Objectives: To describe the occurrence of dental pain and extractions in young children in relation to the caries and restoration history of their primary molar teeth. Methods: A prospective cohort study of 739 children aged 2.8 to 6.2 years attending 50 dental practices in the North West of England followed for 3 years. Incidence rates for pain and extraction in primary molar teeth were calculated for children with and without dental caries. Tooth years at risk of extraction or pain were calculated for each primary molar according to whether they were caries-free, carious and unrestored, or restored. Results: A total of 119 (16.1 percent) children had caries at recruitment and 157 developed caries during follow-up. Each year approximately one in five children with caries, but only one in 100, who was caries-free, presented with dental pain. In the whole population, each year, approximately one in 40 children had a primary molar tooth extracted but in children with caries it was one in 10. In the total cohort, incidence of pain was higher in unrestored carious teeth than restored, but incidence of extraction was higher in restored than in unrestored teeth. Conclusion: The majority of children attending general dental practice remained caries-free and did not experience pain or extraction over 3 years. Children with caries had a substantial risk of developing pain or having an extraction. The study was unable to demonstrate that restoring carious primary molar teeth prevents pain and extraction. [source]


    Is the hepatitis C virus epidemic over in Egypt?

    LIVER INTERNATIONAL, Issue 4 2010
    Incidence, risk factors of new hepatitis C virus infections
    Abstract Objectives: To estimate hepatitis C virus (HCV) incidence rates and identify risk factors for current HCV transmission with emphasis on the role of living with infected household family members in rural Egypt. Methods: A 4-year population-based, cohort study of seronegative villagers was conducted to identify incident HCV seroconversion cases. A risk factor questionnaire and blood samples for anti-HCV EIA-3 and HCV RNA polymerase chain reaction testing were collected at two rounds of follow-up. Incidence rates, relative risks and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated based on a Poisson distribution. A matched case,control analysis to explore specific behavioural predictors of infection was conducted and odds ratios were obtained by conditional logistic regression. Results: Twenty-five participants (11 females) seroconverted in 10 578 person years of follow-up (PY), (incidence rate of 2.4/1000 PY; 95% CI: 1.6,3.5). The median age at seroconversion was 26 years [interquartile range (IQR) 19,35] among males and 20 years (IQR 13,24) among females. The only significant risk factor identified for these cases was receiving injections [adjusted odds ratio (ORadj)=3.3; 95% CI: 1.1,9.8]. Two of the 17 viraemic seroconvertors were infected with the same strain as at least one of their family members. Conclusion: This study identified the important role of injections in spreading HCV infection in this rural community. National healthcare awareness and infection control programmes should be strengthened to prevent further transmission. Screening of families of infected HCV subjects should be an essential part of case management for early detection and management. [source]


    Allergic rhinitis in children: Incidence and treatment in Dutch general practice in 1987 and 2001

    PEDIATRIC ALLERGY AND IMMUNOLOGY, Issue 6 2009
    Cindy M. A. De Bot
    Allergic rhinitis is a common chronic disorder in children, mostly diagnosed in primary health care. This study investigated the national incidence and treatment of allergic rhinitis among children aged 0,17 yr in Dutch general practice in 1987 and 2001 to establish whether changes have occurred. A comparison was made with data from the first (1987) and second (2001) Dutch national surveys of general practice on children aged 0,17 yr. Incidence rates were compared by age, sex, level of urbanization and season. The management of the general practitioner was assessed regarding drug prescriptions and referrals to medical specialists, and compared with the clinical guideline issued in 1996. The incidence rate of allergic rhinitis increased from 6.6 (1987) to 9.2 (2001) per 1000 person-years. We found a male predominance with a switch in adolescence to a female predominance at both time points. The increase in incidence was the highest in rural (<30,000 inhabitants) and suburban areas (30,000,50,000 inhabitants). Compared to 1987, there was a significant increase in incidence in the central part of the Netherlands in 2001. In both years, the incidence was higher in spring compared with the other seasons. In 2001, children of natives and western immigrants visited the general practitioner more often with complaints of allergic rhinitis compared to 1987. In 1987, prescribed medication consisted mainly of nasal corticosteroids (36%) and in 2001 of oral antihistamines (45%). Although a clinical guideline was not issued until 1996, overall, the treatment of allergic rhinitis by general practitioners was in both years in accordance with the current clinical guideline, but with a stronger adherence in 2001. The results show an increased incidence in the past decades of allergic rhinitis in children in Dutch general practice. The shift to a smaller spectrum of prescriptions in 2001 may be a result of the 1996 clinical guideline. [source]


    Lower airway obstruction is associated with increased morbidity in children with sickle cell disease,

    PEDIATRIC PULMONOLOGY, Issue 3 2009
    Jessica H. Boyd MD
    Abstract Rationale The association between pulmonary function and morbidity in children with sickle cell disease (SCD) has not been previously evaluated. Our objective was to study the relationship between abnormalities in pulmonary function and morbidity as represented by the rate of hospitalizations for pain or acute chest syndrome (ACS) in children with SCD. Methods Results of pulmonary function tests obtained for clinical indications in children ages 6,18 years were classified as lower airway obstruction (forced expiratory volume in 1 sec/forced volume capacity <95% confidence interval adjusted for age, gender, race, and height), restriction (total lung capacity <80% predicted adjusted for gender, age, race, and height), and normal lung function. Incidence rates of pain or ACS were compared between children with lower airway obstruction or restriction and children with normal lung function. Results A total of 102 children, mean age at evaluation 12.0 years with follow-up of 3.8 years, were included. Children with lower airway obstruction had twice the rate of morbidity compared to children with normal lung function (2.5 vs. 1.2 hospitalizations for pain or ACS per patient-year, P,=,0.003) (Risk ratio: 2.0; 95% CI: 1.3,3.3). Children with restriction did not have different rates of future morbidity compared to children with normal lung function (1.4 vs. 1.2 hospitalizations for pain or ACS per patient-year, P,=,0.68) (Rate ratio: 1.1; 95% CI: 0.6,2.1). Conclusions We conclude that children with SCD who have lower airway obstruction should have increased surveillance for future morbidity. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2009; 44:290,296. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]


    The comparative safety of rosuvastatin: a retrospective matched cohort study in over 48,000 initiators of statin therapy,

    PHARMACOEPIDEMIOLOGY AND DRUG SAFETY, Issue 7 2006
    Andrew T. McAfee MD
    Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to compare incidence rates of hospitalization associated with rhabdomyolysis, myopathy, renal, or hepatic dysfunction, and of in-hospital death, between initiators of rosuvastatin and other statins. Methods This was a matched cohort study of statin initiators from the administrative database of a large health insurer in the US, during the first 6 months of rosuvastatin availability with up to 18 months of follow-up. All outcome events were verified by medical record review. Incidence rates, risk ratios, and associated 95% confidence intervals were estimated. Results From an initial pool of 12,217, 11,249 eligible rosuvastatin initiators were matched to 37,282 initiators of other statins. The incidence rate (IR) per 1000 person-years for rhabdomyolysis was 0.10 [0.00, 0.55] for rosuvastatin initiators (n,=,1) and 0.06 [0.01, 0.22] for other statin initiators (n,=,2), for a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.98 [0.18, 21.90]. The IR for myopathy was 0.20 [0.02, 0.71] for rosuvastatin initiators (n,=,2) and 0.00 [0.00, 0.09] for other statin initiators (n,=,0). The IR for renal dysfunction was 1.18 [0.61, 2.06] for rosuvastatin initiators (n,=,12) and 1.26 [0.91, 1.71] for other statin initiators (n,=,42), for a HR of 0.90 [0.47, 1.73]. The IR for hepatic dysfunction was 0.20 (0.02, 0.71) for rosuvastatin initiators (n,=,2) and 0.24 (0.10, 0.47) for other statin initiators (n,=,8), for a HR of 0.87 (0.18, 4.14). Conclusions This study found no difference between rosuvastatin and the other statins in the incidence of hospitalizations associated with renal or hepatic events, or death. The absolute incidence rates of rhabdomyolysis and myopathy were reassuringly low among all statin initiators but remain too small for firm conclusions to be drawn on any difference between the statins. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]


    Malignant mesothelioma in Australia, 1945,2000,

    AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE, Issue 3 2002
    James Leigh MB
    Abstract Background Australia has maintained a total national malignant mesothelioma case register since 1980. There has been a marked increase in the incidence of mesothelioma in the last 20 years. Currently 450,600 cases are notified annually in a population of 20 million. While the history of the Wittenoom (Western Australia) crocidolite mine and its aftermath is well known, these cases comprise only 5% of the total. This study describes the incidence of mesothelioma in Australia from 1945 to 2000. Methods Using register data, time trends in mesothelioma incidence were calculated. Analyses of incidence are reported by age, sex, anatomical site, and state of notification. Associations with occupational and environmental asbestos exposure histories are described. Lung fiber content measurements were made on a subset of cases. Results Australia has had 6,329 cases of mesothelioma from 1 January 1945 to 31 December 2000. (A further 620 cases were notified in the period from 1 January 2001 to 31 October 2001.) Annual incidence rates for Australia per million population ,,20 years (1997) were: male, 59.8; female, 10.9; total, 35.4. Incidence rates have been continually increasing and are the highest reported national rates in the world. While Western Australia has the highest rate (1997 total rate, 52.8), most cases arise from the two most populous eastern states, New South Wales and Victoria. In 88% (male 90%, female 61%) of cases, a history of asbestos exposure was obtained. Exposures occurred in a wide variety of occupational and environmental circumstances. In 80% of cases with no history of exposure, TEM lung asbestos fiber counts >,200,000 fibers >,2 ,m length per gm dry lung were obtained, suggesting unrecognized exposure. Conclusions Australia's high incidence of mesothelioma is related to high past asbestos use, of all fiber types, in a wide variety of occupational and environmental settings. The number of cases in total is expected to be about 18,000 by 2020, with about 11,000 yet to appear. Am. J. Ind. Med. 41:188,201, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]


    Breast Cancer Incidence in a Cohort of Women with Benign Breast Disease from a Multiethnic, Primary Health Care Population

    THE BREAST JOURNAL, Issue 2 2007
    Maria J. Worsham PhD
    Abstract:, Women with benign breast diseases (BBD), particularly those with lesions classified as proliferative, have previously been reported to be at increased risk for subsequent development of breast cancer (BC). A cohort of 4970 women with biopsy-proven BBD, identified after histopathology review of BBD biopsies, was studied for determination of subsequent development of BC. We report on 4537 eligible women, 28% of whom are African-American, whose BBD mass was evaluable for pathologic assessment of breast tissue. Ascertainment of subsequent progression to BC from BBD was accomplished through examination of the tumor registries of the Henry Ford Health system, the Detroit SEER registry, and the State of Michigan cancer registry. Incidence rates (IR) are reported per 100,000 person years at risk (100 k pyr). Poisson regression models were used to evaluate the association of demographic and lesion characteristics with BC incidence, using person years at the time of BBD diagnosis as the offset variable. The estimated overall BC IR for this cohort is 452 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 394,519) per 100 k pyr. Incidence for women age 50 and older is 80% greater than for younger women (p = 0.007, IRR = 1.8, 95% CI = 1.36,2.36). Neither marital status (p = 0.91, IRR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.73,1.29) nor race (p = 0.67, IRR = 0.9, 95% CI = 0.54,1.48) is associated with differences in BC IR. Compared with women having nonproliferative lesions, the risk for BC is greater for women with atypical ductal hyperplasia of (IRR = 5.0; 95%CI = 2.26,11.0; p < 0.001) and other proliferative lesions (IR = 1.7, 95% CI = 1.02,2.95; p = 0.04). BC risk for woman with atypical lesions is significantly higher than for women with proliferative lesions without atypia (IRR = 2.58, 95% CI = 1.35,4.90; p = 0.0039). Neither race nor marital status was a factor for BC incidence from BBD in this cohort. Age retained its importance as a predictor of risk. BBD lesion histopathology in the outcome categories of either proliferative without atypia or proliferative with atypia are significant risk factors for BC, even when adjusted for the influence of demographic characteristics. The risks associated with BBD histological classifications were not different across races. [source]


    Comparison of the Incidence of Malignancy in Recipients of Different Types of Organ: A UK Registry Audit

    AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTATION, Issue 8 2010
    D. Collett
    An increased incidence of malignancy is an established complication of organ transplantation and the associated immunosuppression. In this study on cancer incidence in solid organ transplant recipients in Britain, we describe the incidence of de novo cancers in the allograft recipient, and compare these incidences following the transplantation of different organs. Data in the UK Transplant Registry held by NHS Blood and Transplant (NHSBT) were linked with data made available by the cancer registries in England, Scotland and Wales. Incidence rates in the transplanted population were then compared with the general population, using standardized incidence ratios matched for age, gender and time period. The 10-year incidence of de novo cancer in transplant recipients is twice that of the general population, with the incidence of nonmelanoma skin cancer being 13 times greater. Nonmelanoma skin cancer, cancer of the lip, posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease and anal cancer have the largest standardized incidence ratios, but the incidence of different types of malignancy differs according to the organ transplanted. Patterns in standardized incidence ratios over time since transplantation are different for different types of transplant recipient, as well as for different malignancies. These results have implications for a national screening program. [source]


    Cutaneous melanoma in New Zealand: 2000,2004

    ANZ JOURNAL OF SURGERY, Issue 5 2010
    Jennifer J. C. Liang
    Abstract Background:, In 2004, we published data on the trends in New Zealand (NZ) cutaneous melanoma (CM) for the period 1995,1999. The present report documents the trends in the next period from 2000 to 2004. Method:, Data were obtained from the New Zealand Cancer Registry by way of a computerized search of CM ICD-10 (172) codes from 2000 to 2004. Only one registration per person was made to avoid including patients with metastatic melanoma. The exclusion criteria were: incorrect or absent data; benign naevi; and melanoma in situ. Incidence rates were age standardised to the Segi world population. Results:, The total study population was 8262 patients. There was no increase found in the overall incidence rate over the time period, but men had a statistically higher overall incidence rate (P= 0.0002) and thicker CMs (P= 0.003) compared with women. This gender difference was particularly marked in those patients aged greater than 59 years. Breslow thickness increased from 0.7 to 0.8 mm. The incidence rates varied quite significantly among District Health Boards, with Taranaki having the highest rate (70.3/100 000/year) and Southland had the lowest rate (20.1/100 000). Overall, NZ had a CM incidence rate of 41.2/100 000/year). Conclusion:, The current study confirmed that NZ has the highest overall CM incidence rate in the world. Elderly men (>59 years old) have the highest risk of developing melanoma. The increase in melanoma thickness with its associated higher mortality risk is of grave concern. [source]


    Trends in incidence and survival of mesenchymal neoplasm of the digestive tract within a defined population of Northern Norway,

    APMIS, Issue 3 2006
    SONJA ERIKSSON STEIGEN
    Population-based incidence and survival data for gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) are sparse due to the fact that GIST is a rather novel entity both clinically and pathologically, and has not been registered as a separate entity in population-based cancer registries. The aim of the present study was to reclassify all mesenchymal tumors within a defined population of northern Norway over a time-span of 30 years with the purpose of estimating trends of incidence and survival. One hundred and forty-one patients with mesenchymal neoplasms of the digestive tract were identified: 102 as GISTs, 32 as leiomyomatous tumors, 4 as schwannomas, and 3 as fibromas. Incidence rates of GIST showed a significant increase over the whole period, which was not observed for the non-GIST cases. Analysis of GIST cases showed that cases with more than 5 mitoses per 50 high power fields had an increased expected mortality 4 times that of those with fewer mitoses, and the combination of mitotic count and size of tumor can be recommended for categorizing the tumors into different risk levels. The study confirms that GIST is by far the most frequent mesenchymal neoplasm of the digestive tract and that the incidence has increased over the last 30 years. [source]


    Trends in incidence and mortality in rheumatoid arthritis in Rochester, Minnesota, over a forty-year period

    ARTHRITIS & RHEUMATISM, Issue 3 2002
    Michele F. Doran
    Objective To determine time trends in the epidemiology of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in a population-based cohort. Methods An inception cohort of residents of Rochester, Minnesota ,18 years of age who first fulfilled the American College of Rheumatology 1987 criteria between January 1, 1955 and December 31, 1994 (applied retrospectively, as appropriate) was assembled and followed up until January 1, 2000. Incidence rates were estimated and were age- and sex-adjusted to the 1990 white population of the US. A birth cohort analysis was performed, and survival rates over time were examined. Results The incidence cohort comprised 609 patients, 445 (73.1%) of whom were female and 164 (26.9%) were male, with a mean age at incidence of 58.0 years. The overall age- and sex-adjusted annual incidence of RA among Rochester, Minnesota, residents ,18 years of age was 44.6/100,000 population (95% confidence interval 41.0,48.2). While the incidence rate fell progressively over the 4 decades of study, from 61.2/100,000 in 1955,1964, to 32.7/100,000 in 1985,1994, there were indications of cyclical trends over time. Birth cohort analysis showed diminishing incidence rates through successive cohorts following a peak in the 1880,1890 cohorts. Incidence rates increased with age until age 85, but peaked earlier in women than in men. The survival rate in RA patients was significantly lower than the expected rate in the general population (P < 0.001), and no improvement was noted over time. Conclusion The secular trends demonstrated in this study population, including the progressive decline in the incidence of RA over the last 40 years, suggest that an environmental factor may play a role in the etiology of RA. [source]


    C-reactive protein: an independent predictor of cardiovascular disease in Aboriginal Australians

    AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH, Issue 2010
    Zhiqiang Wang
    Abstract Objectives: We assessed the independent contribution of C-reactive protein to the risk of cardiovascular disease in Aboriginal Australians. Methods: High sensitivity CRP levels were measured in 705 Aboriginal participants aged 20,74 years free from CVD at baseline. Participants were followed for a median of 11 years. Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess the association of CRP with the risk of developing CVD events. Results: A total of 114 participants were diagnosed with CVD. Incidence rates were 5.4 and 21.4 per 1,000 person-years for the lower (<3 mg/l) and the higher (,3 mg/l) CRP groups, respectively. After adjusting for age, sex, total cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, smoking status, diabetes, BMI and waist circumference, the association between CRP and CVD remained significant, with a hazard ratio of 2.40 (95% CI: 1.25, 4.62) for the higher CRP group relative to the lower CRP group. The population attributable risk was 52% (95% CI: 14%, 74%). Conclusions: CRP is an independent predictor of CVD in Aboriginal people. A large proportion of CVD cases are associated with elevated CRP levels. Therefore, controlling the conditions that cause inflammation may be beneficial to cardiovascular health in Aboriginal communities. [source]


    Trends in the incidence of ectopic pregnancy in England and Wales from 1966 to 1996

    BJOG : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS & GYNAECOLOGY, Issue 3 2000
    M. Rajkhowa Subspecialist Trainee (Reproductive Medicine)
    Objective To examine the incidence of ectopic pregnancy over the period 1966 to 1996. Setting England and Wales. Design Use of official statistics on hospital discharges, maternities, legal abortions and estimated populations of women aged 15,44 years. Main outcome measures Incidence rates of ectopic pregnancies. Results Between 1966 to 1970 and 1994 to 1996 the recorded incidence increased 4.5-fold from 3.45 to 15.5 per 1000 maternities, 3.8-fold from 3.25 to 12.4 per 1000 pregnancies and 3.1-fold from 30.2 to 94.8 per 100,000 women aged 15,44. The rate of increase was not uniform. Incidence approximately doubled between 1966 and 1985, when the official data collection system changed. By 1989, when data from the new system became available, there had been a further almost doubling of recorded incidence. Subsequently, the upward trend appears to have continued until 1991 to 1992 and has remained stable in the last four years of the study. The trends were similar in each of three 10-year age groups. Conclusions The recorded incidence of ectopic pregnancy has increased markedly over the last three decades. This may be partly due to artefacts of data recording and more sensitive diagnostic tests, but it is likely that the actual incidence has increased, probably due to a sexually transmitted agent. [source]