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Immune Mediators (immune + mediator)
Selected AbstractsERRATUM: Female Genital Tract Secretions Inhibit Herpes Simplex Infection: Correlation with Soluble Mucosal Immune Mediators and Impact of Hormonal ContraceptionAMERICAN JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTIVE IMMUNOLOGY, Issue 5 2010Gail F. Shust No abstract is available for this article. [source] ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Female Genital Tract Secretions Inhibit Herpes Simplex Virus Infection: Correlation with Soluble Mucosal Immune Mediators and Impact of Hormonal ContraceptionAMERICAN JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTIVE IMMUNOLOGY, Issue 2 2010Gail F. Shust Citation Shust GF, Cho S, Kim M, Madan RP, Guzman EM, Pollack M, Epstein J, Cohen HW, Keller MJ, Herold BC. Female genital tract secretions inhibit herpes simplex virus infection: correlation with soluble mucosal immune mediators and impact of hormonal contraception. Am J Reprod Immunol 2010; 63: 110,119 Problem, Female genital tract secretions inhibit herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection, however, the intra- and inter-subject variability, contribution of specific mediators, and impact of reproductive hormones have not been defined. Method of study, Cervicovaginal lavage (CVL) (n = 89) obtained from nine cyclers and seven women on hormonal contraception (HC), who completed between three and eight weekly visits, were examined for anti-herpes simplex virus activity and concentrations of mediators. Results, The CVL inhibited HSV infection by a mean value of approximately 57% during the follicular or luteal phase, but only by 36% in hormonal contraceptive users. Human neutrophil peptides 1,3 (HNP1-3) (P = 0.03), IL-8 (P = 0.003), lactoferrin (P = 0.005), lysozyme (P = 0.003), IgA (P = 0.002), and IgG (P = 0.02) correlated with antiviral activity. Intra-subject and inter-subject variability was observed, suggesting that factors other than hormones contribute to innate defense. Conclusion, Endogenous antimicrobial activity may provide a biomarker of healthy mucosal immunity and may be reduced in the setting of HC. However, larger prospective studies are needed. [source] Stress and Pregnancy Loss: Role of Immune Mediators, Hormones and NeurotransmittersAMERICAN JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTIVE IMMUNOLOGY, Issue 2 2001Petra Clara Arck This review highlights recent studies investigating the impact of stress on pregnancy health or loss. Spontaneous abortion is the most common adverse pregnancy outcome, and stress has been suggested to be abortogenic in mice and humans. A wealth of information has been published on the effect of stress on the nervous, endocrine and immune systems during the past two decades. Stress- and/or pregnancy-related hormones (corticotropin releasing hormone, adrenocorticotropin, prolactin, and progesterone) might interact with peripheral and local immuncompetent cells, such as certain T cell subsets, mast cells or NK cells, and result in changes of cytokine production. Since a well-balanced interaction of nervous, endocrine and immune system is crucial for the maintenance of successful pregnancy, putative mechanisms and recent observations on stress-triggered pregnancy failure have been reviewed. [source] Ubiquitin protein modification and signal transduction: Implications for inflammatory bowel diseasesINFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES, Issue 12 2005Cormac Taylor PhD Abstract A dysregulated immune response to luminal antigen(s) is associated with the development of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). A complex network of inflammatory and immune mediators released by immune and nonimmune cells participate in the physiopathology of IBD. At the molecular level, events leading to the improper use of the signaling grid are likely responsible for the dysregulated activation of various transcription factors and subsequent induction of inflammatory genes. The posttranslational modification of signaling proteins by the ubiquitin system is a critical event in activation or repression of transcription factors. Two important transcriptional pathways in which ubiquitin is central are the nuclear factor-,B and hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) pathways, both of which are important components of intestinal homeostasis. In this review, we discuss the role of ubiquitin modification in relation to nuclear factor-,B and HIF-1 signaling and consider its impact on intestinal inflammation. A greater understanding of posttranslational ubiquitin modification may lead to the identification of new therapeutic opportunities for the treatment of IBD. [source] In vivo ,-defensin gene expression in rat gingival epithelium in response to Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans infectionJOURNAL OF PERIODONTAL RESEARCH, Issue 6 2006A. R. Kurland Background and Objective:, Human ,-defensins have been identified in the oral cavity and are predicted to play a role in the defense against pathogenic bacteria. Homologous rat ,-defensins (RBDs) have been identified, but their expression in the oral cavity has not been examined. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the expression of innate immune mediators in the rat gingival epithelium. Material and Methods:, Rats were pretreated with antibiotics to depress the normal oral flora, followed by the introduction of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in their food to allow colonization and the development of periodontal disease. At various time points, animals were killed and the gingival epithelium was extracted. Semiquantitative reverse transcription,polymerase chain reaction was performed to measure RBD and Toll-like receptor (TLR) mRNA levels. Results:, Three ,-defensins (RBD-1, -2 and -5) and two TLRs (TLR-3 and -4) are expressed in normal rat gingival epithelium. After the introduction of A. actinomycetemcomitans, RBD-1 and RBD-2 mRNA levels increased for the first week followed by a return to basal levels. No change in TLR mRNA levels was observed. Conclusion:, The rat model provides a good system for experimental analysis of the innate immune response to periopathogenic bacteria in the oral cavity, as well as the potential role of ,-defensins in the host response to colonization. [source] ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Keratinocyte Growth Factor Stimulates Macrophage Inflammatory Protein 3, and Keratinocyte-derived Chemokine Secretion by Mouse Uterine Epithelial CellsAMERICAN JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTIVE IMMUNOLOGY, Issue 3 2010Severina N. Haddad Citation Haddad SN, Wira CR. Keratinocyte growth factor stimulates macrophage inflammatory protein 3, and keratinocyte-derived chemokine secretion by mouse uterine epithelial cells. Am J Reprod Immunol 2010; 64: 197,211 Problem, Communication between uterine epithelial cells and the underlying stromal fibroblasts is critical for proper endometrial function. Stromal fibroblast-derived growth factors have been shown to regulate epithelial immune functions. The purpose of this study was to determine whether keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) regulates uterine epithelial cell chemokine and antimicrobial secretion. Method of study, Uterine epithelial cells were isolated from Balb/c mice and cultured in either 96-well plates or transwell inserts. Epithelial cells were treated with KGF, epidermal growth factor (EGF), or hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). Macrophage inflammatory protein 3, (MIP3,) and keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KC) levels were measured by ELISA. Results, Keratinocyte growth factor stimulated the secretion of MIP3, and KC. The effects on MIP3, by KGF were specific because EGF and HGF had no effect. In contrast, KGF, EGF, and HGF had similar effects on KC. Furthermore, KGF administered to the apical side of epithelial cells had no effect on MIP3, or KC secretion, indicating that the KGF receptor is located on the basolateral surface of uterine epithelial cells. Conclusion, We demonstrate that KGF plays a role in uterine epithelial cell secretion of MIP3, and KC, key immune mediators involved in the protection of mucosal surfaces in the female reproductive tract. [source] ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Female Genital Tract Secretions Inhibit Herpes Simplex Virus Infection: Correlation with Soluble Mucosal Immune Mediators and Impact of Hormonal ContraceptionAMERICAN JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTIVE IMMUNOLOGY, Issue 2 2010Gail F. Shust Citation Shust GF, Cho S, Kim M, Madan RP, Guzman EM, Pollack M, Epstein J, Cohen HW, Keller MJ, Herold BC. Female genital tract secretions inhibit herpes simplex virus infection: correlation with soluble mucosal immune mediators and impact of hormonal contraception. Am J Reprod Immunol 2010; 63: 110,119 Problem, Female genital tract secretions inhibit herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection, however, the intra- and inter-subject variability, contribution of specific mediators, and impact of reproductive hormones have not been defined. Method of study, Cervicovaginal lavage (CVL) (n = 89) obtained from nine cyclers and seven women on hormonal contraception (HC), who completed between three and eight weekly visits, were examined for anti-herpes simplex virus activity and concentrations of mediators. Results, The CVL inhibited HSV infection by a mean value of approximately 57% during the follicular or luteal phase, but only by 36% in hormonal contraceptive users. Human neutrophil peptides 1,3 (HNP1-3) (P = 0.03), IL-8 (P = 0.003), lactoferrin (P = 0.005), lysozyme (P = 0.003), IgA (P = 0.002), and IgG (P = 0.02) correlated with antiviral activity. Intra-subject and inter-subject variability was observed, suggesting that factors other than hormones contribute to innate defense. Conclusion, Endogenous antimicrobial activity may provide a biomarker of healthy mucosal immunity and may be reduced in the setting of HC. However, larger prospective studies are needed. [source] Octopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine mediate hemocytic phagocytosis and nodule formation via eicosanoids in the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exiguaARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY (ELECTRONIC), Issue 3 2009Geun Seob Kim Abstract Octopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) have been known to mediate cellular immune responses, such as hemocytic phagocytosis and nodule formation, during bacterial invasion in some insects. In addition, eicosanoids also mediate these cellular immune reactions in various insects, resulting in clearing the bacteria circulating in the hemolymph. This study investigated a hypothesis on signal cross-talk between both types of immune mediators in the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua, which had been observed in the effect of eicosanoids on mediating the cellular immune responses. In response to bacterial infection, octopamine or 5-HT markedly enhanced both hemocytic phagocytosis and nodule formation in S. exigua larvae. Their specific antagonists, phentolamine (an octopamine antagonist) or ketanserin (a 5-HT antagonist) suppressed both cellular immune responses of S. exigua. These effects of biogenic monoamines on the immune mediation were expressed through eicosanoids because the inhibitory effects of both antagonists were rescued by the addition of arachidonic acid (a precursor of eicosanoid biosynthesis). Furthermore, the stimulatory effects of both monoamines on the cellular immune responses were significantly suppressed by different inhibitors acting at their specific levels of eicosanoid biosynthesis. Taken together, this study suggests that octopamine and 5-HT can mediate hemocytic phagocytosis and nodule formation through a downstream signal pathway relayed by eicosanoids in S. exigua. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] Microencapsulation of an anti-VE,cadherin antibody secreting 1B5 hybridoma cellsBIOTECHNOLOGY & BIOENGINEERING, Issue 4 2001G. Orive Accumulating experimental evidence demonstrates that tumor growth and lethality are dependent on angiogenesis. Based on this concept, there is growing interest in the use of antiangiogenesis agents to inhibit tumor expansion. Compelling data implicate vascular endothelium (VE),cadherin (an endothelium specific protein) as a key factor in the last step of angiogenesis, where the endothelial cells join one to each other and form microtubules (future blood vessels). We propose a novel approach to the inhibition of angiogenesis by immobilizing VE,cadherin-secreting hybridoma cells in alginate,agarose microcapsules. Hybridoma cells can be protected with biocompatible and semipermeable membranes that permit exit of anti-VE,cadherin monoclonal antibodies but not entry of cellular immune mediators. Stability studies were performed to select the suitable microcapsule for cell immobilization. Alginate and agarose solid beads coated with poly- L -lysine and alginate were chosen according to their stability and diffusional properties. 1B5 hybridoma cells were grown within the microcapsules and secreted anti-VE,cadherin antibodies during the 9 days of culture, reaching a cumulative concentration of 1.7 ,g/mL. This antibody concentration inhibited microtubule formation (87%) in the in vitro angiogenesis Matrigel assay. Moreover, the antiangiogenic effect observed was antibody concentration related. These findings open a new alternative for the inhibition or prevention of angiogenesis and demonstrates the feasibility of using microencapsulated cells as a control-drug delivery system. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 76: 285,294, 2001. [source] Simultaneous quantification of 17 immune mediators in aqueous humour from patients with corneal rejectionACTA OPHTHALMOLOGICA, Issue 6 2006Mikkel Funding Abstract. Purpose:, To simultaneously quantitate and compare the concentrations of 17 immune mediators: (1) the cytokines interleukin-1,, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-17, tumour necrosis factor-,, interferon-,; (2) the growth factors granulocyte,monocyte colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), and (3) the chemokines CXCL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and macrophage inflammatory protein-1, in aqueous humour from patients with corneal rejection and patients with a non-inflammatory condition in the anterior chamber. Methods:, Aqueous humour was obtained by paracentesis of the anterior chamber in 14 patients with corneal rejection, three patients with cataract and six patients with Fuchs' endothelial dystrophy. Simultaneous quantitation of 17 mediators in 25 µl aqueous humour from each patient was performed by employing a highly sensitive Luminex® 100 multiplex array assay. Results:, All 17 immune mediators were detected in aqueous humour from rejection patients. The ranges of the immune mediators were determined. The immune mediators were significantly increased in aqueous humour from rejection patients compared with that from other patients. Conclusions:, The Luminex 100 multiplex array assay is very efficient in simultaneous quantitation of multiple immune mediators in small volumes of aqueous humour. A total of 17 immune mediators were increased in aqueous humour from rejection patients. This underlines the complex immunological interactions of the rejection process. [source] | ||||||||||